鼎湖山土壤有机质深度分布的剖面演化机制

根据鼎湖山森林植被带(SL)、灌丛—草甸过渡带土壤剖面(GC)有机质含量,有机质Δ14C、δ13C值,土壤粘粒含量及孢粉分析结果,研究华南亚热带山地土壤有机质深度分布特征的成因机制。结果表明土壤有机质的深度分布特征与土壤剖面的发育过程密切相关,随深度增大,有机质的来源数量不断减少,而成土时间增加,分解作用导致的有机质含量降低幅度增大,有机质含量不断减少。土壤有机质14C表观年龄随深度增加,土壤有机质δ13C值与有机质含量的深度变化具有明显对应关系,这些都是土壤剖面发育过程中有机质不同更新周期组分呈规律性分解的结果。粘粒的深度分布反映土壤剖面淋滤淀积的特点,表明土壤剖面经受了长期成土风化。土壤剖面的上述特征均为剖面发育过程中不断沉积、不断成土的结果,表明土壤剖面成土演化对于有机质深度分布具有显著制约。     

Change in soil microbial biomass and regulating factors in an alpine meadow site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACT

The change in soil microbial biomass (SMB) content and its direct links to soil organic matter (SOM) and environmental factors are not well understood for high-elevation regions. Therefore, this research investigated the temporal variation of SMB and its relationship with SOM and environmental factors in an alpine meadow site on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in alpine meadows showed monthly and seasonal variations and were higher in colder months, and the soil C/N ratio was higher in winter and in autumn than it was in the other seasons (P < 0.05). In addition, the changes in the SMB C and SMB N contents were notable at monthly and seasonal scales, whereas the SMB C and SMB N contents were higher in the winter and spring than they were in the other seasons (P < 0.05); the ratio of SMB C/SOC was higher in spring than it was in the other seasons; the ratio of the SMB N/TN content was higher in cold or cool months than it was in the other months; and the ratio of the SMB C/SMB N was highest in August (P < 0.05). Moreover, the SMB C and SMB N contents were significantly positively correlated to the SOC and TN contents (P < 0.01), and the SMB content was also significantly positively correlated to soil water content and air temperature (P < 0.05), or to soil bulk density and soil pH (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the change in the SMB in the alpine meadows was highly regulated by the SOC and TN and by monthly and seasonal changes in the soil bulk density, the soil pH, soil moisture, and air temperatures.     

Chemical stabilization of soil organic nitrogen by phenolic lignin residues in anaerobic agroecosystems

This review summarizes independent reports of yield decreases in several agricultural systems that are associated with repeated cropping under wet or submerged soil conditions. Crop and soil data from most of these agroecosystems have led researchers to attribute yield decreases to a reduction in crop uptake of N mineralized from soil organic matter (SOM). These trends are most evident in several long-term field experiments on continuous lowland rice systems in the Philippines, but similar trends are evident in a continuous rice rotation in Arkansas, USA and with no-till cropping systems in North American regions with cool, wet climatic conditions in Spring. Soil analyses from some of these systems have found an accumulation of phenolic lignin compounds in SOM. Phenolic compounds covalently bind nitrogenous compounds into recalcitrant forms in laboratory conditions and occurrence of this chemical immobilization under field conditions would be consistent with field observations of reduced soil N supply. However, technological shortcomings have precluded its demonstration for naturally formed SOM. Through recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, agronomically significant quantities of lignin-bound N were found in a triple-cropped rice soil in the Philippines. A major research challenge is to demonstrate in the anaerobic agroecosystems that these lignin residues bind sufficient quantities of soil N to cause the observed yield decreases. A key objective will be to elucidate the cycling dynamics of lignin-bound N relative to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand. Anaerobic decomposition of crop residues may be the key feature of anaerobic cropping systems that promotes the accumulation of phenolic lignin residues and hence the covalent binding of soil N. Potential mitigation options include improved timing of applied N fertilizer, which has already been shown to reverse yield decreases in tropical rice, and aerobic decomposition of crop residues, which can be accomplished through field drainage or timing of tillage operations. Future research will evaluate whether aerobic decomposition promotes the formation of phenol-depleted SOM and greater in-season N mineralization, even when the soil is otherwise maintained under flooded conditions during the growing season.     

褐土区氮磷在土壤发生层中淋溶的差异性

农业氮磷淋溶已经成为地下水污染最普遍和突出的问题。为揭示氮磷在包气带不同土层的淋溶特征,以典型褐土的5个土壤发生层（耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层）为研究对象,采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,在施肥量相同的条件下分析不同形态氮磷淋溶量,研究氮磷在不同土壤发生层中的迁移特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）进行5次淋溶,耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层淋溶液中可溶性总氮总量分别为2412.63 mg·L^-1、3028.94 mg·L^-1、244.16 mg·L^-1、3648.99 mg·L^-1和3356.51 mg·L^-1,淋溶层、黏化层和母质层可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于耕层,而钙积层可溶性总氮淋溶量较耕层显著减少;耕层淋溶液中可溶性总磷总量为0.52 mg·L^-1,且显著高于其他4层。2）在试验初期,耕层、淋溶层的硝态氮、可溶性总氮和正磷酸盐淋溶量显著高于黏化层和母质层,进行到第4、5次淋溶,黏化层、母质层的硝态氮和可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于其他3层,而各发生层间正磷酸盐淋溶量无显著差异;单次淋溶黏化层和母质层铵态氮淋溶量均显著高于其他3层,而耕层可溶性总磷淋溶量始终显著高于其他各层。3）耕层和钙积层的淋溶液中硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态,占可溶性总氮比例分别为69.0%和85.4%,而在淋溶层、黏化层和母质层中分别为41.3%、5.1%和4.6%;在可溶性磷中,以无机态正磷酸盐为主,最高占可溶性总磷的75.9%。4）土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量对土壤氮磷的迁移转化有明显主导作用。有机质与氮磷淋溶量呈显著正相关关系,有机质含量高,会增加淋溶初期氮磷的淋溶风险;而阳离子交换量和黏粒含量则与氮磷淋溶呈显著负相关关系,阳离子交换量大和黏粒多能减少氮磷素的淋溶风险。该试验结果说明,由于5种发生层土壤理化性质不同,各发生层氮磷淋溶特征及其淋溶形态也有差异,并且氮磷的淋溶受土壤本身阳离子交换量、黏粒和有机质含量的影响。     

不同土壤质地和含水率对炭基肥料氮素矿化的影响

为了探究土壤特性对炭基肥料氮素矿化的影响,采用室内培养和大田小区试验,分析了炭基肥在不同土壤质地(砂质壤土、粉砂质壤土、黏土)及含水率(80%、60%、40%田间最大持水量)条件下,氮素矿化动态变化特征。结果表明:在室内培养条件下,对于不同土壤质地,炭基肥在砂质壤土条件下矿化势最高,其次为黏土,最低的为粉砂质壤土;对于不同田间持水量,在粉砂质壤土条件下,炭基肥矿化势最高的为80%田间最大持水量(80%SMC),其次为60%SMC,最低的是40%SMC;在砂质壤土和黏土条件下,炭基肥的矿化势均表现为60%SMC>80%SMC>40%SMC。培养状态下粉砂质壤土、砂质壤土、黏土条件下最大氮素有效性分别是34.12%、56.31%、41.14%,而在大田条件下,炭基肥单季氮素最大矿化率在粉砂质壤土、砂质壤土、黏土3种土壤质地下分别是50.61%、32.27%、34.29%。     

小麦玉米秸秆连续还田对土壤有机质红外光谱特征及氮素形态的影响

通过6年的田间定位试验,探讨了CK(不施肥,秸秆不还田)、SF(施肥,秸秆不还田)、T1(施肥,玉米秸秆还田)、T2(施肥,小麦秸秆还田)、T3(施肥,玉米小麦秸秆还田)5种处理对土壤氮素形态和有机质红外光谱特征的影响。结果显示:与SF相比较,T1、T2、T3处理使土壤有机氮含量分别增加3.7%、15.9%和18.5%,土壤无机氮含量分别减少15.5%、15.9%和24.0%,其中铵态氮分别降低11.3%、6.0%和12.0%,土壤硝态氮含量分别降低19.3%、22.9%和32.1%;与SF相比较,T1、T3处理土壤有机质(SOM)的C/N分别降低2.8%和1.4%,T2处理SOM的C/N提高1.4%;C/O分别提高9.2%、12.8%和12.1%;而H/C分别降低4.6%、5.5%和4.6%。红外图谱分析显示,T1、T2、T3处理引起3 500~3 200 cm?1处的吸收峰增加,2 924 cm?1处出现了新的弱峰,表明SOM的脂肪族特征增加,且以1 630 cm?1处为中心的宽带吸收峰强度明显增加,SOM芳构化程度增强。研究表明,施肥显著提高了土壤有机氮、无机氮含量,以及土壤有机质的C/N和C/O。而秸秆还田降低了土壤无机氮,提高了土壤有机氮,使SOM的C/N、H/C下降,C/O上升,同时提高了SOM中酚基、羟基、羧基、芳香碳和酰胺含量,其中以小麦、玉米秸秆双季还田的效果最为显著。     

Spatial variability of selected soil properties and its impact on the grain yield of oats (Avena sativa L.) in small fields

Abstract

To investigate spatial variability in topsoil (0–20?cm) pH, available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), total nitrogen (N), and soil organic matter (SOM) of small fields (～2?ha), and to determine the impact of soil heterogeneity on the spatial variability of crop yield two fields were cropped with spring oats and one with winter wheat under humid-temperate conditions. In the two oat fields, some of the measured soil properties (P, K) and the grain yield varied considerably, and strong spatial trends were recorded for most of the soil traits. In the third field, soil properties showed only a moderate spatial variation, and no spatial trends were found. The spatial distribution of SOM and total N in the topsoil had some influence on the spatial pattern of the oat grain yield in the field of Gränichen; however, spatial relationships between soil chemical properties and grain yield were rather weak in our study.     

Effects of long-term annual inputs of straw and organic manure on plant N uptake and soil N fluxes

This study investigated the effects of long‐term annual inputs of animal manure and straw on the rate of gross nitrogen (N) mineralization–immobilization turnover (MIT), net N mineralization and potential nitrification, and examined how these N transformation rates affect plant N availability. The experiment was conducted during May–June 2001 in long‐term field experiments in Askov, Denmark, where organic manure and barley straw had been applied annually for 11 and 20 years prior to the year 2000, respectively. Thus, any differences could be attributed to residual effects from the previous years of application. Inputs of straw and organic manure to soil increased soil organic matter (SOM)‐N content in soil in the order: without straw, without manure < without straw, with manure < with straw, without manure < with straw, with manure. The inputs did not change net N mineralization in the soil. There was a distinct but non‐significant trend towards higher gross N mineralization with increasing SOM‐N. Gross N immobilization was enhanced by straw inputs and to a lesser extent by organic manure inputs, while potential nitrification was enhanced by both amendments. The results show that long‐term annual inputs of straw and organic manure can increase MIT rate and potential nitrification rate without influencing net N mineralization rate. MIT and potential nitrification explained 23–31% of the variation in plant N uptake, while net N mineralization rate only explained 1%. Plant N uptake therefore seems to be more influenced by MIT rate and potential nitrification rate than by net mineralization rate, presumably because mineral N in the transition between gross N mineralization and gross N immobilization is available for assimilation by plants.     

有机肥对棕壤不同粒级有机碳和氮的影响

采集棕壤长期肥料定位试验站不施肥和施用不同用量有机肥的土壤,通过超声波分散—离心分离得到细黏粒(<0.2μm)、粗黏粒(0.2～2μm)、粉粒(2～53μm)、细砂粒(53～250μm)和粗砂粒(250～2000μm)5个颗粒级别后,分析全土及不同粒级中土壤有机碳和氮并进行含量与分布的比较。结果表明,有机质主要分布于黏粒级中,其含量占全土有机碳的42.8%、全氮的58.3%,碳氮比随着粒级的增加而逐渐增大,表明氮易于在小粒级中富集。长期施用有机肥后,全土及各粒级有机碳和氮含量均有显著增加;砂粒级中有机碳和氮的富集系数升高,黏粒级中富集系数降低,粉粒级和砂粒级中的碳氮比降低。增加有机肥的用量加强了全土和各粒级对有机碳和氮的积累,同时加强了粉粒级和砂粒级碳氮比降低的程度。     

氮肥和土壤质地对滴灌棉花根系分布及产量的影响

通过大田二因素随机区组试验,研究了滴灌条件下不同质地棉田土壤棉花根长密度和根表面积的垂直分布特征及其对产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥、灌水都可以显著降低棉花根长密度和根表面积,其关系表现为显著负相关;(2)花期之前棉花在0~20 cm土层根长密度表现为砂土黏土壤土,花期之后表现为砂土壤土黏土;在20~40 cm土层表现为壤土黏土砂土,且深层土壤砂土中棉花根长密度下降势显著高于壤土、黏土;在不同质地土壤中,粗根表面积均表现为N2(施氮量360 kg/hm~2)N3(施氮量480 kg/hm~2)N1(施氮量240 kg/hm~2)CK(不施氮处理);(3)根系分布特征参数与籽棉产量相关性分析结果显示,根长密度、根表面积对籽棉产量的形成均有显著影响,棉花籽棉产量的有效提高手段之一是在某些特定生育期适度地降低根系特征参数。     

不同无性系杉木人工林土壤氮素转化特征

为揭示福建省洋口林场不同无性系杉木人工林土壤氮素转化特征,以15年林龄的第三代优良组培材料和实生苗(包括洋003（Y003）、洋008（Y008）、洋020（Y020）、洋061（Y061）、洋062（Y062）、第2代种子园良种（Ysec）和无性系混系扦插苗（Ymix）)共计7种无性系杉木人工林土壤为研究对象开展室内培养试验,测定培养期间土壤无机氮含量变化,进而计算不同无性系杉木人工林土壤的净矿化速率和净硝化速率。结果表明：不同无性系杉木人工林土壤的净矿化速率和净硝化速率均处于较低水平（净矿化速率和净硝化速率分别为-0.093~0.118 mg?kg-1?d-1和-0.021~0.051mg?kg-1?d-1）均处于较低水平,表明亚热带地区杉木人工林土壤的供氮能力较弱。但在不同无性系间氮净矿化和硝化速率均存在显著差异。Y061土壤的平均净矿化速率显著高于其他无性系人工林土壤,为0.118 mg?kg-1?d-1,其次为Ymix和Y062无性系,分别为0.046 mg?kg-1?d-1和0.033 mg?kg-1?d-1;而其他4种无性系土壤平均净矿化速率均为负值,表现为无机氮的净同化作用;对不同无性系杉木人工林土壤而言,Y008的净硝化速率最高,为0.051 mg?kg-1?d-1,其次为Ymix和Y020无性系,分别为0.003和0.007 mg?kg-1?d-1,其他4种土壤平均净硝化速率均为负值,表现为硝态氮的净同化作用,因而保氮能力强。综上,Y061和Y062两种无性系杉木人工林土壤的供氮能力和保氮水平显著高于其他无性系,而Y008土壤发生淋溶等氮素损失的风险高于其他无性系,在实际栽植中应当合理选择无性系树种以保证更好的土壤肥力供应。     

Single‐Hole Soil Sampling for Nitrogen in the Potato Hill

Abstract

The nitrate distribution in the soil profile varies with fertilization and tillage practices in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production. Band‐applied fertilizers localized near the seed at planting must diffuse through the bulk soil during the growing season. The hilling operation transforms soil surface into an undulating field landscape and redistributes the split‐applied nitrogen fertilizers between the hill and the interrow. The soil sampling procedure during the growing season thus becomes extremely tedious when searching to quantify nitrate accumulation in the entire soil volume. The objective of this study was to assess seasonal nitrate accumulation in a soil volume from a single boring in the potato hill. An intensive sampling was conducted at four places in the 0‐ to 50‐cm profile in potato fields receiving three rates of split-applied nitrogen (N) before hilling. Treatment and time effects provided a large range of nitrate concentrations throughout the soil profile. Nitrate content increased with N fertilization and organic‐matter mineralization and decreased as a result of plant uptake and nitrate leaching. Averaged across the season, nitrate accumulation in the 0‐ to 50‐cm profile represented 78% of that accumulated in the center of the hill on a per ha basis (r²=0.90). A single boring in the center of the hill considerably reduced sampling time and cost and provided a fair estimate of seasonal nitrate accumulation in the 0‐ to 50‐cm soil profile.     

不同栽培模式及施氮对玉米-小麦轮作体系土壤肥力及硝态氮累积的影响

以在陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土区进行的连续6年定位试验为对象,研究了长期覆盖栽培及施氮量对玉米?小麦轮作体系下土壤有机质、全氮及土壤剖面硝态氮残留量和分布的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式对土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响为覆草垄沟常规节水,其中覆草模式影响达显著水平。增施氮肥不同程度地提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量。经过12季玉米-小麦的轮作,不同栽培模式0～200cm土壤剖面硝态氮残留量为垄沟节水覆草常规,垄沟和节水栽培模式与常规栽培硝态氮累积量差异达显著水平。随种植年限和施氮量增加,0～200cm土壤中硝态氮累积量明显增加,施240kg·hm-2N(N240)处理0～200cm土壤硝态氮累积量显著高于施120kg·hm-2N(N120)处理。不同施氮量下硝态氮在0～200cm土壤剖面的分布存在差异,与不施氮(N0)和N120处理相比,N240处理下各栽培模式在120cm以下的土壤硝态氮含量随深度增加而显著增加。     

红壤丘陵坡地不同利用方式的土壤N矿化特征

以坡地不同利用方式定位试验为研究对象,应用间歇淋洗培养方法和计算机模拟模型,求得土壤氮素矿化参数,并探讨了速效氮、氮素矿化势(No)、全氮、有机质组分之间的关系。结果表明,在35℃条件下进行好气培养,一级动力学方程能够很好的拟合试验数据,模拟方程和模拟参数均达到极显著水平。经过8年的不同经营管理,退化利用方式土壤氮的矿化势最低,变动在34.7~39.2mg kg-1之间,旱农利用方式土壤氮矿化势最高,变动在47.8~53.9mg kg-1之间,园地利用方式(落叶果、常绿果、茶园)的土壤氮素矿化势在46.2~49.5 mg kg-1之间;氮素矿化势、土壤全氮、土壤有机质、土壤活性有机质、土壤易氧化有机质之间的相关分析表明,各指标之间均达到显著或极显著正相关,氮素矿化势可以作为红壤丘陵区坡地开发利用过程中土壤供氮强度的指标之一。     

人为与环境因子对农田土壤有机质影响的比较研究——以典型黑土区和水稻土区为例

目前关于土壤有机质(SOM)影响因子的研究多涉及单一或少量因素,缺少环境因子与农田管理相结合的详细分析。为综合分析环境和人为因素对农田SOM的影响,利用2011年采集于典型黑土样区的281个样点和水稻土样区的193个样点,结合相应农田管理调查数据,采用双样本Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验、Kendallτ相关分析、随机森林模型进行对比研究。结果表明,通过综合环境与农田管理措施数据,随机森林方法可以较好地预测农田SOM含量,对其变异的解释度达到80%以上。人为与环境因素对SOM变异的解释能力在两样区间存在差异。SOM含量水平在黑土区受环境因子影响为主,在水稻土区受人为因子主导。相对重要性分析显示黑土区水热条件、黏粒含量影响显著,水稻土区田间管理作用明显。     

Tillage Effects on Soil Quality Indicators and Nematode Abundance in Loessial Soil under Long‐Term No‐Till Production

Abstract: Soil quality indicators and nematode abundance were characterized in a loessial soil under long‐term conservation tillage to evaluate the effects of no‐till, double‐disk, chisel, and moldboard plow treatments. Indicators included soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil texture, soil organic matter (SOM), and total particulate organic matter (tPOM). Nematode abundance was positively correlated with EC, silt content, and total POM and negatively correlated with clay content. Clay content was the main source of variation among soil quality indicators and was negatively correlated with nematode abundance and most indicators. The gain in SOM in the no‐till system amounted to 10887 kg over the 24 years or 454 kg ha^?1 year^?1, about half of this difference (45%) resulting from soil erosion in plowed soils. The balance of gain in SOM with no till (249 kg ha^?1 year^?1) was due to SOM sequestration with no till. No‐till management reduced soil erosion, increased SOM, and enhanced soil physical characteristics.     

辽宁地区保护地土壤有机质含量及其影响因素的研究

在对辽宁省主要保护地蔬菜生产区生产状况进行实地调查的基础上,自蔬菜保护地和与之相邻的露地大田采集土壤样品,研究保护地土壤有机质含量变化特点,分析了改作保护地后种植年限、有机肥施用量等因素对保护地土壤有机质含量的影响。结果表明:(1)蔬菜保护地土壤有机质含量总体上已经显著高于露地大田土壤,且这一差异0~20 cm土层明显大于20~40 cm土层;(2)保护地土壤有机质含量表现出随着改作保护地后种植年限延长而增加的变化趋势;(3)在改作保护地后种植年限相近的条件下,保护地土壤有机质含量及其增量与有机肥施用量呈明显的正相关关系。(4)辽宁各地保护地土壤有机质含量差异明显,其中大连地区保护地土壤有机质含量较高,其他地区处于中-低水平,需要增加投入、提高土壤有机质含量以进一步培肥地力。     

Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) and long-term balances — tools for evaluating sustainable productivity of soils

Using data from long-term experiments at the Loess-Chernozem site, Bad Lauchstädt und 12 other European sites, the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in soils, the determination of decomposable soil organic matter (SOM), the effect on yield of SOM as well as carbon and nitrogen balances are discussed. Both C and N in SOM have to be divided into an inert and a decomposable fraction. The inert C is strongly correlated with clay content, while most changes in both C and N occur in the readily decomposable fraction. In the experiments considered the latter ranges between 0.2 to 0.6% C and 0.02 to 0.06% N. The annual changes of the C_org content amount only to about 0.01% C_org corresponding to 500 kg/ha, even under extreme changes of the fertilizing system. Hot water extractable C (C_hwe) has proved to be an appropriate criterion for the calculation of the decomposable C and thus for the N release from soil. Different methods to maintain a SOM balance are compared and first guideline values for an agronomically and ecologically justified SOM content of arable soils are recommended. In arable soils the exceeding of an upper C_org value influences neither crop yield nor the C and N balance in a positive way. In terms of ecology and environment, set-aside-programmes or fallows in a crop rotation affect the balances negatively. Atmospheric N deposition can amount to about 50 kg/ha·yr.     

种植苹果树对渭北果园土壤胶结物质分布的影响

本研究通过系统研究种植果树对土壤胶结性物质的演化规律及其与土壤团聚体稳定性之间关系的影响,探索影响果园土壤团聚体状态的因素,以期为果园科学管理提供理论依据。在渭北旱塬苹果主产区分别选取10 a、20 a的苹果园和农田(冬小麦-夏玉米轮作,对照)各4个,在果树冠层投影范围内距树干2/3处逐层采集0~100 cm土层土壤样品和0~50 cm土层原状土壤样品,研究不同植果年限果园及农田土壤剖面黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3等团聚体胶结物质的分布及其与团聚体稳定性之间的关系。结果发现:在0~100 cm土层范围内,各果园土壤黏粒含量基本随土层深度的增加而递增,且在0~40 cm土层表现为农田10 a果园20 a果园,40 cm以下土层则呈现相反的态势;种植果树相比农田可显著增加0~100 cm土层土壤有机质总储量,但随着种植果树年限的增加,土壤有机质总储量呈递减趋势;在0~100 cm土层土壤CaCO_3总储量表现为10 a果园农田20a果园,但在0~40 cm土层CaCO_3含量及储量表现为10 a果园农田20 a果园,而40~100 cm土层则为20 a果园10 a农田。皮尔森相关分析发现(29)0.25 mm土壤团聚体的数量和平均重量直径(MWD)与土壤黏粒、有机质和CaCO_3含量密切相关,其中机械稳定性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中CaCO_3、有机质含量的影响,水稳性团聚体的数量和稳定性主要受土壤中黏粒和CaCO_3的影响。总之,植果显著改变了土壤中黏粒、有机质、CaCO_3的演化过程和趋势,随植果年限增加,果园土壤黏粒和CaCO_3在土壤较深土层淋溶淀积明显;各果园土壤有机质总储量虽然高于农田,但随植果年限增加,有逐渐减少的趋势。可见植果明显加速了渭北黄土塬地土壤的残积黏化和钙化过程,影响着表层土壤团聚作用和底层土壤的紧实化和坚硬化程度。     

喀斯特坡地浅层岩溶裂隙土壤团聚体稳定性与养分垂向变化特征

浅层岩溶裂隙（SKF）为植物提供生长空间、水分和养分,是石漠化地区的重要生境类型。以矩形和漏斗形SKF剖面为研究对象,采用干、湿筛分法和Le Bissonnais法,分析了不同土层土壤团聚体稳定性特征和破坏机理,测定了团聚体中土壤有机质（SOM）、碱解氮（AHN）和有效磷（AP）的含量。结果表明：SKF剖面粒径＞0.25 mm的团聚体均超过90%,PAD值范围为0.01%~4.75%。干、湿筛作用下,MWD值变化范围分别为4.63~7.69 mm和1.33~4.24 mm,团聚体分形维数D范围分别为1.57~2.18和1.55~2.15。SKF土壤团聚体的稳定性随剖面深度加深而降低,矩形SKF土壤团聚体的稳定性要强于漏斗形SKF,快速湿润产生的消散作用是造成团聚体破碎的主要机制。团聚体破坏率（PAD）、团聚体分形维数（D）和平均重量直径（MWD）这三类指标均表明,SKF土壤团聚体水稳定性、通透性均较好。SKF剖面30 cm以下土层,团聚体SOM、AHN和AP含量相较0~20 cm土层大幅下降,含量范围分别为13.27±0.94~37.53±3.47 g?kg-1、71.58±3.27~198.54±22.63 mg?kg-1和0.15±0.03~ 0.38±0.10 mg?kg-1,土壤AP十分贫乏。SKF形态会影响SOM含量随土层深度的变化,矩形SKF 30 cm以下土层含量随深度加深而降低,而漏斗形SKF则没有显著性差异。随土层深度加深,矩形和漏斗形SKF剖面AP含量的变化趋势一致,AHN含量的变化趋势则与SKF形态之间没有明显关联。SOM、AHN和AP含量越高,SKF剖面团聚体水稳定性越强。