Rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain SQRT3-Mediated Induced Systemic Resistance Controls Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum seriously threats tomato growth in tropical and temperate regions around the world. This study reported an antagonistic bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain SQRT3, isolated from the rhizosphere soil of tomato plants, which strongly inhibited in vitro growth of pathogenic R. solanacearum. The suppression of tomato bacterial wilt by strain SQRT3 was demonstrated under greenhouse conditions. Additionally, induced systemic resistance (ISR) in tomato as one of the potential disease suppression mechanisms was investigated in the plants inoculated with the isolated bacterial strain SQRT3. The results showed that strain SQRT3 applied with R. solanacearum by drenching significantly reduced tomato bacterial wilt by 68.1% biocontrol efficiency (BE) and suppressed the R. solanacearum populations in the rhizosphere soil compared to the control only drenched with R. solanacearum. The BE of the isolated bacterial strain SQRT3 against tomato wilt increased to 84.1% by root-dipping. Tomato plants treated with both strain SQRT3 and R. solanacearum showed increases in activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase compared with other treatments. The application of strain SQRT3 reduced membrane lipid peroxidation in tomato leaves. The expressions of marker genes for jasmonic acid-and salicylic acid-dependent signaling pathways were faster and stronger in tomato plants treated with both strain SQRT3 and R. solanacearum than in plants treated with either R. solanacearum or strain SQRT3 alone. Collectively, the findings indicated that strain SQRT3 can effectively control tomato wilt.     

Effect of Ralstonia solanacearum on Mineral Nutrients and Infrared Temperatures in Two Tomato Cultivars

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine how the responses of two tomato cultivars to Ralstonia solanacearum relate to their leaf infrared temperature and acquiring of nutrients from soil. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars of disease susceptible-‘FL 47’ and resistant-‘H 7998’ were grown in soil inoculated with R. solanacearum. Bacterial wilt incidence, leaf infrared temperatures, and uptake of nutrients were measured for 28 d. In bacterial wilt-resistant cultivar ‘H 7998’, concentration of sulfur (S; +77%), calcium (Ca; +66%), boron (B; +60%) were found higher and nitrogen (N; ?26%) were found lower, compared with susceptible ‘FL 47’. Infrared temperatures were correlated with wilt percentage at 14 d, but not at 7 d. These results provide evidence that there is a correlation between bacterial wilt resistance and translocation of some nutrients in the shoots. Additionally, data indicates that the infrared thermometer could only detect wilting after obvious symptoms were visibly incited by R. solanacearum in tomato.     

生物质炭载体联合有益菌防控番茄土传青枯病的效果研究

土传青枯病是由青枯菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）引起的一种细菌性病害。根际有益细菌在青枯病的防控中发挥着重要作用,其在根际有效定殖是发挥生防作用的前提。以玉米秸秆、木块（松木）和稻壳为原料制成的3种生物质炭为有益菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens T-5的载体,探究生物质炭对有益菌防控番茄土传青枯病效果的影响,并利用室内模拟试验探究生物质炭对青枯菌的吸附、固持以及对根系分泌物的吸附作用,旨在阐述施用生物质炭提升有益菌T-5抑制病原青枯菌能力的可能机制。温室试验结果表明：单独施用3种生物质炭均显著降低青枯病的发病率和根际青枯菌的数量,其中具有高比表面积的木块生物质炭的防控效率达到60.56%。3种生物质炭作为有益菌T-5的载体均能够显著提升有益菌T-5的根际定殖数量及其防病效率,其中木块生物质炭的提升效果最好。与仅接种青枯菌的对照相比,木块生物质炭与有益菌T-5组合处理的根际青枯菌数量降幅达97.42%;与单独有益菌T-5处理相比,有益菌T-5以木块生物质炭为载体使其根际定殖数量提高了5.71倍。进一步研究发现,木块生物质炭能够有效吸附青枯菌,吸附...     

Control of tomato bacterial wilt and root-knot diseases by Bacillus thuringiensis CR-371 and Streptomyces avermectinius NBRC14893

Ralstonia solanacearum and Meloidogyne incognita are two soilborne pathogens that cause serious damage and great losses in the production of tomato. For this purpose, a bacterial isolate, Bacillus thuringiensis CR-371, and an actinomyces isolate, Streptomyces avermectinius NBRC14893, were examined for their ability to protect tomato from root-knot nematode and bacterial wilt diseases under glasshouse conditions. Treatment of tomato roots with B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 followed by challenge inoculation with R. solanacearum and M. incognita significantly decreased disease severity of bacterial wilt alone, root-knot nematode alone, or mixed infection by both pathogens compared to the control. Furthermore, pretreatment of tomato roots with B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 significantly reduced bacterial proliferation of R. solanacearum both in pathogen alone inoculated plants and in plants co-inoculated with R. solanacearum and M. incognita. In conclusion, our results suggest that the treatment of tomato roots with B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 simultaneously suppresses bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode diseases. Therefore, B. thuringiensis CR-371 and S. avermectinius NBRC14893 could provide new options for integrated pest management strategies against plant diseases, especially against bacterial-nematode disease complexes that cause synergistic yield losses.     

Effect of calcium concentration in nutrient solution before and after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum on resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt

We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) significantly affected the resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the Ca-dependent resistance, the effect of the Ca concentration in the nutrient solution applied before and after inoculation with the pathogen on the resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt was studied. One week before inoculation, seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing Ca at concentrations of 0.4, 4.4, or 20.4 mM. Soon after inoculation, the seedlings that were treated with each concentration of Ca before inoculation were transferred to solutions containing the same three concentrations of Ca. Although the disease development was not affected by the concentration of Ca in the solution before inoculation, a higher concentration of Ca after inoculation reduced the disease severity. This result suggests that the concentration of Ca in the host, especially in the cell walls, before infection may not be directly involved in the Ca-dependent resistance of tomato seedlings to bacterial wilt.     

生物有机肥对田间蔬菜根际土壤中病原菌和功能菌组成的影响

利用实时荧光定量PCR方法对田间条件下连作番茄和辣椒施用生物有机肥(BOF)和常规施肥(CK)的根际土壤微生物中青枯病原菌和功能菌群(固氮菌和荧光假单胞菌)的数量进行定量研究.结果表明:与CK相比,BOF处理的番茄和辣椒产量分别提高了26.0％和19.9％,青枯病发病率分别降低了41.5％和44.7％,番茄和辣椒植株根际土壤固氮菌数量分别增加了23.5％和25.8％、荧光假单胞菌数量分别增加了29.5％和20.2％、病原菌数量分别减少了73.2％和90.1％.生物有机肥能够调控根际微生物区系的组成,降低土传病害的发病率,促进作物健康生长;实时荧光定量PCR方法能够快速准确地检测根际土壤中功能微生物种群数量变化.     

Evaluation of Bacillus-fortified organic fertilizer for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt in greenhouse and field experiments

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most serious tobacco diseases worldwide, and no effective control measures are available to date. Three Bacillus isolates (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR-7 and SQR-101 and Bacillus methylotrophicus SQR-29) were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of tobacco. These bacilli exhibited strong inhibition against R. solanacearum and produced indole acetic acid and siderophores. The three antagonistic strains were used to fortify organic fertilizers to produce bioorganic fertilizers (BOFs named for each isolate) for the control of tobacco bacterial wilt. The application of BOFs delayed wilt development and effectively decreased the disease incidence under both greenhouse and field conditions. The tobacco bacterial wilt control efficacy was 44.3%, 70.5%, and 85.1% using BOF101, BOF29, and BOF7 in the greenhouse. Although the control efficacies in the field were lower, the application of BOF7 still achieved 58.0% and 56.2% control efficacies in two years field experiments. The application of bioorganic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.001) repressed the pathogen R. solanacearum in soil in both pot and field experiments, though the abundance of R. solanacearum increased as during the growth period of the tobacco plants. In general, the populations of the antagonistic bacterial strains declined after soil application and as the tobacco plants grew; however, the density of SQR-7 and SQR-29 in the rhizosphere soil remained at a high level (≥10⁶ cfu/g) in the later growth stages. Additionally, the application of bioorganic fertilizers promoted tobacco growth and increased the leaf yield.     

土壤生物消毒对土壤改良、青枯菌抑菌及番茄生长的影响

针对目前作物集约化和单一化种植所造成的土壤连作障碍以及退化问题,通过土壤培养试验和田间试验研究了土壤生物消毒(土壤中添加2%的米糠、麦麸、茶籽麸后覆盖塑料薄膜,以不添加物料不覆盖为对照)对土壤特性、防控青枯病、番茄生长及产量和品质的影响,以期为土壤生物消毒法的理论研究和实践应用提供参考。结果表明,与对照相比,不同土壤生物消毒处理均能显著提高土壤温度、pH和电导率,降低土壤Eh,显著减少土壤中97.27%~99.14%青枯菌数量;同时显著增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,而对全磷和全钾影响不显著。不同土壤生物消毒处理能显著降低青枯病发病率29.41%~42.65%。此外,土壤生物消毒显著提高番茄叶片F_v/F_m,对光合参数净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度影响不显著;显著增加番茄株高(16.90%~29.15%)和产量(41.41%~56.25%);果实糖酸比、可溶性糖含量也有所增加。以添加麦麸的生物消毒在提高pH、防控青枯病及提高产量的效果最佳。综合来看,作为一种非化学土壤消毒方法,土壤生物消毒在改良土壤、防控土传病害青枯病和促进番茄生长方面表现出较好的优势,值得推广应用。     

Calcium uptake and resistance to bacterial wilt of mutually grafted tomato seedlings

Bacterial wilt of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Smith is a serious disease in Japan. We previously reported that calcium (Ca) nutrition in tomato significantly affected the resistance to the disease, and that highly resistant cultivars were characterized by a high Ca uptake. We examined the relationship between the Ca uptake and resistance using mutually grafted seedlings of tomato cultivars differing in their resistance. A susceptible (‘Ponderosa’) or moderately resistant (‘Zuiei’) cultivar (scion) was grafted on the rootstock of a susceptible, moderately resistant, or highly resistant cultivar (‘Hawaii 7998’). Roots or petioles of the grafted seedlings were inoculated with the pathogen, and the development of bacterial wilt was observed. Although Ca uptake by shoot increased by grafting on the rootstock of a highly resistant cultivar, the development of the disease was not influenced by the difference in Ca uptake, and depended on the resistance of the cultivar to which the inoculated part of the graft belonged. It was concluded that the differences in Ca uptake of the shoot of the grafted tomato seedlings might not be related to the expression of the resistance to bacterial wilt.     

Physiological Responses of Calcium-Efficient and Calcium-Inefficient Tomato Genotypes to Differential Bacterial Wilt Conditions

Bacterial wilt (BW) disease, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, can severely limit tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in southern United States. Tomato genotypes display variable responses to BW disease. The physiological mechanism underlying BW resistance is not well understood. In this study, experiments were conducted to compare two tomato genotypes, PI117566 [calcium (CA)–efficient] and PI109315 (Ca-inefficient), for wilting, shoot growth, final fresh weight, and shoot Ca concentrations when inoculated with R. solanacearum. The inoculation concentration of R. solanacearum varied from 0 to 10⁸ colony forming units/ml. Genotype PI109315 appear to be more BW-resistant compared with genotype PI117566 under sufficient Ca conditions. Furthermore, we found that genotype PI109315 had greater shoot growth and final fresh weight than genotype PI117566. These findings implied that Ca-efficient tomato genotypes may not play a key role in BW resistance of tomato under sufficient Ca conditions because Ca efficiency showed no effect on the suppression of BW.     

Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization on Microbial Community in Rhizosphere Soil and Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato

Fusarium wilt is caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 and was infected with wilt disease. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate effects of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus etunicatium) on the microbial community in the rhizosphere soil and Fusarium wilt in tomato (cv. Oogatafukuju). The results indicated that AM fungal inoculation suppressed the Fusarium number in the rhizosphere soil of tomato and decreased the Fusarium wilt disease index. Compared to the control, AM fungal inoculation increased the actinomycete number but increased bacterial number. Bacterial and fungal numbers were high but actinomycetes number was low when tomato basal stems became discolored brown. Fusarium inoculation significantly suppressed development of AM colonization and decreased polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in leaves and roots of tomato. Inoculation with AM fungi and Fusarium maintained high PPO activity in leaves and roots. The AM colonization increased root growth of tomato, whereas Fusarium inoculation had no significant effect on tomato growth. These findings suggest that because AM fungal inoculation changes microbial communities and enhances PPO activity, it should suppress occurrence of Fusarium wilt in tomato.     

Development of Microbial-Fortified Rice Straw Compost to Improve Plant Growth,Productivity, Soil Health,and Rice Blast Disease Management of Aerobic Rice

In aerobic rice cultivation systems, compost mulching and incorporation are important to rehabilitate the soil. Microbial-fortified compost is increasingly accepted as a safe approach in agro-waste management to recycling of crop residuals in agriculture soil and also to promote growth and suppress disease. This study aims to examine the stability and viability of the selected plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) in rice straw compost (RSC) over incubation period and its bio-efficacy in promoting rice (Oryza sativa) plant growth, productivity, soil health, and controlling of Pyricularia oryzae in aerobic cultivation conditions. Six selected PGPM: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (UPMP1), Corynebacterium agropyri (UPMP7), Enterobacter gergoviae (UPMP9), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (UPMS3), Trichoderma harzianum (UPMT1), and Trichoderma virens (UPMT2) were used as a consortium of microbial inoculants to develop the microbial-fortified rice straw compost (MRSC). The MRSC was incorporated into mineral soil used for aerobic rice cultivation and its bio-efficacy was evaluated at harvest. The viability of Trichoderma spp. found stabilized at 6.78–6.00 log cfu/g and declined for all the bacterial isolates. At harvest, soil amended with MRSC significantly increased in plant height, leaf area index, 1000 grain weight, and productivity. The MRSC amended plots had significant low in rice blast disease severity with area under disease progress curve (AUDCP) of 748.22 unit/square, as compared to control (1782.67 unit/square). The physicochemical and microbiological properties of soil amended with MRSC were improved at harvest. The application of MRSC has potential to improve plant growth, productivity, rice blast disease management, and soil health of rice under aerobic cultivation systems.     

Suppression of Ralstonia solanacearum in soil following colonization by other strains of R. solanacearum

The effect of prior colonization of a sterile loam soil and a sterile clay loam soil by individual soil bacteria on the subsequent growth of a bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum YU1Rif43 (tRNA type III: Seal et al. 1992: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 3759–3761) was investigated. Various strains, belonging to the same type, the same species, the same genus, Gram-negative, Grampositive, or fungi, were used. The degree of suppression of the growth of R. solanacearum YU1Rif43 was markedly different depending on the species that had previously colonized the soil, hereafter referred to as priorcolonists. All the strains belonging to R. solanacearum type III suppressed the growth of R. solanacearum YU1Rif43 markedly, while strains of R. solanacearum type I and type II showed a moderate suppressive effect on R. solanacearum YU1Rif43. The suppressive effect of the strains belonging to species other than R. solanacearum, including fungal strains, was relatively limited, or some strains did not show any suppressive effect. The production of bacteriocin did not appear to be related to the strong suppressive effect of the R. solanacearum type III strains. Possible mechanisms for the suppressive effect of priorcolonists on R. solanacearum YU1Rif43 are discussed in relation to nutrients and physical sites in soil available for growth.     

烟草青枯病菌拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及生防特性研究

烟草青枯病危害严重,以拮抗菌进行防病的生物防治手段成为研究热点。从不同烟田分离纯化出238株细菌菌株,首先经牙签接种初筛,选取对青枯病菌抑制效果较好的菌株制备其抑菌物质的粗提物,以牛津杯法复筛,最终获得3株对烟草青枯病菌有明显抑制作用的拮抗细菌。全细胞脂肪酸、16S rDNA及gyrB基因测序等分析结果表明,菌株H19、Y6为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),菌株H34为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(B.methylotrophicus)。3株拮抗菌经CAS检测平板法和Salkowski比色法,发现均具有产铁载体和吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)的能力,以菌株H19能力最强。温室促生试验结果表明,3株拮抗菌能显著促进烟草株高、鲜重及干重等指标,与对照相比,平均增长率分别达到70%~115%、40%~49%和32%~42%。温室控病试验结果表明,菌株H19、H34和Y6明显降低烟草青枯病的发病率,防效达76.57%、60.98%和69.83%,稍逊于农用链霉素处理的78.66%。     

病原青枯菌土壤存活的影响因素研究进展

土传青枯病是一种毁灭性的细菌性病害,广泛分布于热带、亚热带和温带地区,严重威胁世界粮食安全。病原青枯菌主要从土壤中侵染作物根系,其在土壤中存活能力强,因此防治极为困难。明确病原青枯菌土壤存活的关键影响因素有助于开发高效阻控土传青枯病的措施。国内外学者在青枯菌的土壤存活方面开展了大量研究,但由于影响青枯菌土壤存活的因素复杂,而相关研究多围绕单一因素展开,缺乏针对青枯菌土壤存活规律和影响因素的系统性认识。本文系统梳理了青枯菌的自身特性（基因、行为和代谢产物）及土壤生物、非生物因素对其在土壤中存活的影响,阐明了青枯菌在寄主存在时土体存活、向寄主根表方向运动迁移时根际存活以及入侵寄主根系时根表存活的主要影响因子,以期为土传青枯病的系统阻控提供参考。     

Biocontrol efficiency of Fusarium wilt diseases by a root-colonizing fungus Penicillium sp.

Soil-inhabiting fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum often causes severe yield losses in many crops. We investigated the effect of a plant growth-promoting fungus, Penicillium sp. EU0013 on Fusarium wilt disease. In dual culture experiments, EU0013 inhibited the growth of Fusarium wilt pathogens by producing an inhibition zone. In experiments using sterile potting medium under controlled conditions, EU0013 significantly reduced the severity of Fusarium wilt on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). In non-sterile soil, benomyl-resistant mutants of EU0013 were selected by exposing the conidial solution of EU0013 to ultraviolet light. The selected mutant EU0013_90S isolate did not show any distinct differences from EU0013 in colony characteristics, growth rate or antifungal activity against Fusarium wilt pathogens in dual culture. The effect of EU0013_90S on tomato wilt was studied under greenhouse conditions using non-sterile soil. Two-weeks old tomato seedlings were dipped in four different concentrations of EU0013_90S conidial suspension (1?×?10³, 1?×?10⁴, 1?×?10⁵, and 1?×?10⁶ conidia mL^–1). Seedlings were then planted in soil inoculated with either F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 1 CU1 or race 2 JCM 12575 (1?×?10⁶ bud-cells g^–1). We found the greatest disease suppression occurred when seedlings were dipped in the highest concentration of EU0013_90S conidia. This same inoculum concentration of EU0013_90S also resulted in the highest disease reduction in soil infested with JCM 12575. Higher root colonization with EU0013_90S showed a significant reduction in Fusarium wilt disease, suggesting that colonization by Penicillium sp. EU0013_90S is important for efficient biocontrol of these diseases.     

Effects of bio-organic fertilizer plus soil amendment on the control of tobacco bacterial wilt and composition of soil bacterial communities

Tobacco bacterial wilt (TBW) is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), a severe pathogenic agent with a wide host range. In this study, lime?+?ammonium bicarbonate (L?+?AB), organic fertilizer (OF), bio-organic fertilizer (BOF), and integrated treatment (L?+?AB?+?BOF) were assessed for the ability to control TBW and to influence the composition of native soil bacterial communities. The results showed that disease incidence of L?+?AB?+?BOF for two growth seasons in pot experiment was the lowest, with only 15.56 and 11.11 % at seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The integrated treatment could also significantly suppress TBW in the field, with a disease incidence of only 14.27 % compared with 35.41, 50.03, and 31.32 % in L?+?AB, OF, and BOF treatments, respectively. With application of the integrated treatment in pot and field experiments, the abundances of R. solanacearum were both significantly lower than those with other treatments. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns showed that application of BOF significantly affected composition of bacterial communities of rhizosphere. The analysis of 454 sequencing data showed that application of integrated treatment recruited more beneficial bacteria than other treatments, such as Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Arthrobacter, and Streptomyces, while the abundance of Ralstonia with the integrated treatment was decreased. Overall, these results suggested that application of integrated agricultural management could effectively suppress bacterial wilt by affecting the composition of bacterial community and reducing the population of R. solanacearum.     

Evaluating crude extracts of Monsonia burkeana and Moringa oleifera against Fusarium wilt of tomato

Fusarium wilt is one of the major soil-borne diseases of tomato crop globally. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of medicinal plants in the control of Fusarium wilt in tomato. Methanolic extracts of Monsonia burkena and Moringa oleifera were assessed in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. The in vitro experiments evaluated the effect of both extracts on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici growth and response to varying concentrations. In greenhouse experiment, tomato seedlings cv. HTX14 were inoculated with conidial suspension of F. oxysporum and transplanted into pasteurised growth media amended with plant extract. Seedlings were treated with aqueous extracts at varying concentrations with an interval of 7 days between applications. Control treatments were treated with sterile distilled water. Both plant extracts significantly reduced pathogen growth in vitro and reduced wilt severity under greenhouse conditions. The highest mycelial growth suppression was observed in Mon. burkeana treatments. Under greenhouse conditions, both plant extracts significantly (P?≤?0.05) reduced Fusarium wilt severity and had a positive effect on plant growth parameters. A significant increase in soil-pH was also recorded in extract treated soil resulting in reduction in disease severity. The results further provide new scientific information on how their effect on soil pH can be beneficial in the control of Fusarium wilt.     

Effect of calcium concentration in nutrient solution on development of bacterial wilt and population of its pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in grafted tomato seedlings

We examined the effect of the calcium (Ca) concentration in the nutrient solution on the development of bacterial wilt and the population of its pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Momotarou) seedlings grafted onto the rootstock of a highly resistant cultivar (cv. Hawaii 7998). The grafted seedlings were cultured in a nutrient solution containing Ca at concentrations of 0.4, 4.4, and 20.4 mm, and inoculated with the pathogen by stem puncture at the base of the stem of the rootstock, and the disease incidence was recorded for a period of 21 d. In another experiment, xylem exudates were collected from decapitated scions of the Ca-treated seedlings 5 d after inoculation, and the population of the pathogen in the exudates was counted by plating on a selective medium. The grafted tomato seedlings were highly resistant to bacterial wilt, when cultured in the nutrient solution containing Ca at 20.4 mm. The population of the pathogen in the xylem exudates decreased with increasing concentration of Ca in the solution. However, even in the presence of Ca at a high concentration, infection with the virulent pathogen was observed in the xylem of the scion.     

健康与罹患青枯病的番茄土壤细菌群落特征比较

应用实时荧光定量PCR及MiSeq高通量测序技术,全面地研究了连作番茄田块中健康与感染青枯病植株周围土体及根际土壤细菌群落结构和组成。结果表明:健康番茄土体土壤的pH及全碳含量显著高于感病番茄土体土壤;土体及根际土壤的细菌群落结构和组成明显不同于感病番茄土体及根际土壤细菌群落。与感病番茄根际相比,健康番茄根际细菌的数量显著升高而青枯菌数量显著降低;细菌群落的Shannon多样性指数显著增高;拟杆菌门及其所含的噬几丁质菌属、金杆菌属、动杆菌属、黄杆菌属及Taibaiella的相对丰度显著增高而变形菌门及其所含的青枯菌属的相对丰度显著降低。综上,抑制土传青枯病发生的番茄根际土壤细菌群落特征明显,其生物量及多样性高,土著有益菌群数量多而病原菌数量少,为番茄土传青枯病的生物防控提供了指导方向与理论依据。