柳树农田防护林造林效果及遮荫作用研究

研究了沙埋深度对荒漠植物红砂幼苗出土和生长的影响.进行了0.1,2,3和5 cm共5个深度处理,每个处理5个重复.结果表明,出苗率与沙埋深度呈显著负相关,且集中在O-2 cm的沙埋深度,3cm沙埋深度只有1苗出土,5 cm沙埋深度没有出苗;随着沙埋深度增加,第一次出苗所需天数增加;幼苗生长高度受沙埋深度和生长时间的影响显著,相对高度生长率随沙埋深度增大而增大,幼苗高度随沙埋深度增加而降低,但生长一定阶段后,随着沙埋深度的增大,幼苗高度也增大;生物量并不随沙埋深度变化而变化,但生物量分配却随沙埋深度增大而更多地分配给地下部分,这种变化可将有限的种子能量传给地下茎.进而促进出苗.红砂幼苗出土和生长的最佳沙埋深度约为1 cm.     

沙埋和水分对3种灌草植物种子萌发及出苗的影响

选取柠条、紫花苜蓿和披碱草3种沙区常见灌草植物进行大田盆栽实验,研究种子在不同沙埋深度和供水条件下的萌发及出苗特性.结果表明：1）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子主要在2.5 ～5.0 mm供水量条件下出苗,柠条种子的最大出苗率为59.00％±7.21％,紫花苜蓿种子出苗率未超过40％,2.5 mm供水量条件下紫花苜蓿幼苗死亡率较大,存在萌发后大量死亡的现象,披碱草种子在5.0～9.0mm供水量条件下出苗较好,最大出苗率为52.67％士10.67％;2）柠条和紫花苜蓿种子的适宜沙埋深度分别为0.5～1 cm和0.5cm,随着埋深的增加,二者的出苗率显著降低,在4.5cm埋深时,柠条种子萌发后未出土幼苗数最多,披碱草种子对沙埋的适应性较好,4.5 am沙埋深度时出苗率最大.     

保水剂对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响

[目的]研究不同保水剂用量对4种典型荒漠植物种子萌发的影响,筛选种子包衣保水剂的适宜用量,为荒漠区植被恢复和荒漠化防治提供科学依据。[方法]以红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、泡果白刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)4种典型荒漠植物为研究对象,采用1%,4%,7%,10%,13%的保水剂对4种种子进行处理,测定4种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数。[结果]随保水剂用量的增加柠条种子发芽率呈现下降趋势,花棒、泡果白刺和红砂呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时发芽率最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条和红砂种子发芽势影响显著(p0.05)。随着保水剂用量的增加发芽势均呈现先增加后减小趋势,当保水剂用量为1%时柠条种子发芽势最高,4%时花棒、泡果白刺和红砂种子的发芽势最高;不同量保水剂处理对柠条、泡果白刺和红砂种子平均发芽速率和发芽指数影响显著(p0.05),泡果白刺和红砂种子随着保水剂用量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,当保水剂用量为4%时平均发芽速率和发芽指数最高,当保水剂用量为1%时,柠条种子发芽指数最大。[结论]保水剂用量对种子萌发的影响因物种而各异,适量的保水剂对典型荒漠植物种子的萌发具有促进作用。     

中国特有植物沙地云杉的濒危机制

[目的]探索中国特有植物沙地云杉濒危的原因,为制定沙地云杉天然林保护措施提供理论依据。[方法]通过栖息地不同储藏时间种子质量测定,研究种子萌发对温度、光照和沙埋的响应以及种子萌发和幼苗生长对盐分胁迫耐受性。[结果](1)种子成熟时生活力仅为79%,其中12%的种子遭受了冻害,其余67%种子不同程度遭受了虫害和病害,且种子生活力随着栖息地埋藏每年以9.5%速度下降。(2)种子在大于10℃温度范围内萌发率均大于40%,且在黑暗/光照交替下萌发速度大于其他光照条件,而沙地云杉出苗最适沙埋深度为0.5cm,满足种子萌发温度和光照条件,这增加了在栖息地大量种子萌发后死亡的危险。(3)种子萌发和幼苗生长随着盐分胁迫浓度增加显著降低,当盐分浓度0~100mmol/L时,种子初始萌发率(RIG)由69%降到49%,恢复萌发率(RGR)由0增加到6%,初始幼苗长度(LIS)由7.12cm降到1.16cm,恢复幼苗长度(LRS)仅由0cm增加到0.03cm,当盐分浓度大于100mmol/L时,种子萌发和幼苗生长受到严重抑制(RIG49%,LIS1.16cm)且恢复能力极差(RGR10%,LRG1cm),但土壤含盐量大于100mmol/L的沙地在沙地云杉的栖息地很容易找到。(4)出苗率随着沙埋深度增加显著降低。在0.5cm时出苗率69%,在2cm时降为8.50%,在沙地云杉栖息地沙埋厚度很容易超过2cm,因此,出苗率小于8.5%。而小于8.5%幼苗出土后还要反复遭受虫害、病害、冻害、水盐胁迫和种间竞争等影响。[结论]栖息地自然土壤种子库中沙地云杉种子病虫害严重,生活力低和幼苗存活率低以及环境恶劣是导致沙地云杉濒危主要原因。     

黑河流域沙区植被恢复及演替研究——以高台县为例

用机械和植物措施固定流动沙丘后,随着土壤和水分等生态因子的改善,原来适应于流沙环境或弱固定沙地生境的天然植被趋向于适合固定沙丘生长的人工、天然植被.高台沙区人工和天然植被经25a变化后.多枝柽柳+沙蒿+花棒群落演变为多枝柽柳+油蒿+花棒群落,盖度达到42%,蒙古沙拐枣+多枝柽柳+油蒿群落演变为多枝柽柳+罗布麻+油蒿群落.盖度达到9%,花棒+沙蒿+多枝柽柳+骆驼刺群落演变为多枝柽柳+罗布麻+花棒+油蒿+骆驼刺群落,盖度达65%,沙拐枣+红砂群落被多枝柽柳+骆驼刺所替代.     

沙埋和种子处理对樟子松贮藏种子萌发出苗的影响

樟子松是我国北方荒漠化地区生态环境建设的重要树种,近年来樟子松人工林出现不同程度的衰退问题,自然更新障碍则是限制樟子松人工林发展演替的关键因子.为探究樟子松人工林自然更新的限制因子,通过不同沙埋深度及不同种子处理方法等室内发芽试验,对樟子松种子萌发出苗的影响进行研究.结果表明:1)在沙埋深度为0 ～3.00 cm范围内,无沙埋时樟子松种子萌发出苗能力最强,随着沙埋深度的增加,种子萌发出苗能力不断降低,沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗;2)4℃低温冷藏保存的种子比常温保存和-18℃低温冷冻保存的种子,在萌发出苗上更具优势;3)种子经25～30℃温水浸种24 h处理后,在出苗率和出苗时间等方面优于55 ～ 60℃热水浸种和不浸种处理,表现为樟子松种子较为适宜的处理方式.其研究可为解决樟子松人工林自然更新障碍问题提供参考和借鉴,并为樟子松人工育苗提供技术支撑.     

河西走廊沙漠－绿洲过渡带固沙植物根区土壤物理性质及持水特性

河西走廊中部的临泽绿洲位于巴丹吉林沙漠西南缘,在沙漠－绿洲过渡带上生长发育了大量的防风固沙植物。以梭梭、沙拐枣、泡泡刺三种固沙植物根区的土壤为研究对象,探究不同固沙植物根区土壤物理性质指标和持水特性的变化规律及其相互间的关系,旨在为防沙治沙工程实践中固沙植物的选择和空间配置提供科学依据。结果表明:（1）三种固沙植物根区的土壤容重均随土层深度增加而降低,均值表现为:沙拐枣 > 泡泡刺 > 梭梭;土壤孔隙度均随土层深度增加而增大,均值表现为:梭梭 > 泡泡刺 > 沙拐枣;三种固沙植物根区的土壤物理性质指标随土层加深差异性增大。（2）0 ~ 120 cm土层深度范围内,梭梭根区的土壤持水特性最好,泡泡刺次之,沙拐枣最低;0 ~ 40 cm土层深度范围内三种固沙植物根区的土壤持水特性均不存在显著差异;40 ~ 60 cm土层深度范围内梭梭与沙拐枣根区的土壤持水特性存在显著差异;60 ~ 80 cm土层深度范围内三种固沙植物根区的土壤持水特性均存在显著差异。（3）三种固沙植物根区的土壤持水特性均与土壤容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度呈显著相关关系（P < 0.01）,但与非毛管孔隙度的相关性却不同,其中梭梭根区的土壤持水特性非与毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,而沙拐枣、泡泡刺根区的则呈不显著相关关系。     

西鄂尔多斯4种荒漠植物种子萌发对水分条件的响应

研究了不同土壤水分处理对霸王、沙冬青、长叶红砂及蒙古扁桃这4种荒漠植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量显著地影响着种子萌发和幼苗生长。霸王种子在6%的土壤含水量下萌发率和萌发指数最高,活力指数和幼苗生物量也最大,幼苗生长良好。沙冬青种子在12%的土壤含水量、长叶红砂和蒙古扁桃种子在16%的土壤含水量下萌发和生长良好。种子萌发策略反映了物种对荒漠水分条件不同的适应机制,并影响种群的更新和扩展。     

模拟增温对C_3/C_4植物种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响

以内蒙古草原群落中共存的不同生活型的两组C3/C4植物即草本本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)/白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum)和小半灌木冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)/木地肤(Kochia prostrata)为研究对象,采用开顶式生长室(OTC)模拟增温的方法,观测两组植物从种子出苗至幼苗早期生长及生物量积累与分配特征,分析不同光合类型植物的种子出苗及幼苗生长对气温升高的响应。结果表明:⑴与C3植物(本氏针茅和冷蒿)相比,C4植物(白羊草和木地肤)在增温下的出苗率和出苗速率均显著增加(P0.05),出土幼苗死亡速率显著降低(P0.05),出苗优势较大。⑵不同光合类型植物的幼苗生长对增温的响应方式不同,增温处理下,C3植物幼苗的株高极显著增加(P0.01),而C4植物幼苗的叶片长度、单叶面积均显著增加(P0.05)。⑶增温处理对C3植物幼苗的生物量积累影响较小,但能明显促进C4植物幼苗的地上部分生物量积累。⑷增温处理使C3植物冷蒿的根生物量分配显著增加(P0.05),而其它3种植物幼苗的生物量分配未发生明显变化。由此可以预测,未来气温升高2℃更有利于C4植物的出苗与生长。研究结果可为气候变化下C3/C4植物的种类组成、分布与适应性的深入研究提供依据。     

干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究干旱胁迫对窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为野生种驯化和种群恢复提供参考。[方法]以窄叶鲜卑花种子为实验材料,采用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫环境,研究干旱协迫强度对窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸胀速率、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及幼苗生长情况的影响。[结果]随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,窄叶鲜卑花种子的吸水过程表现出急速吸水期、缓慢上升期和吸水平稳期3个阶段;其发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和种子抗旱萌发指数及苗高、根长,苗重与胁迫强度均呈负相关;当PEG浓度达30%时,种子萌发完全被抑制。另一方面,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%所需时间随胁迫强度的增加而越发延迟,且各阶段对环境临界水势要求不同,出苗阶段最为严格,表明种子出苗过程对环境水分胁迫较为敏感,耐旱能力较弱。[结论]干旱胁迫显著抑制了窄叶鲜卑花种子的萌发和幼苗生长,也说明水分是窄叶鲜卑花种子萌发和幼苗形成的主导因素之一,在较干旱地区种植需要考虑水分的供给。     

Fluazifop-p-butyl herbicide: Implications for germination, emergence and growth of Australian plant species

Five experiments were implemented to collect information related to the effects of fluazifop-p-butyl (active chemical in grass selective herbicides, Fusilade^® and Fusilade Forte™) on seed germination, seedling emergence, growth and health of species native to southwest Australia (a grass and non-grasses), together with several co-occurring introduced species (grasses and a non-grass). Experiments investigated effects of herbicide concentrations, seed burial depths, seed-sowing times since herbicide application and application locations (foliage versus soil). Both herbicides, at half to quadruple strength of recommended field application concentrations, adversely affected development of native and introduced species, both grasses and non-grasses. Herbicidal effects were observed during the seed germination phase, and if germination had occurred, during seedling emergence and, finally, during plant establishment. However, effects were more pronounced after seed germination, particularly on development of seedlings and plants, with retardation and/or discoloration of either radicles or shoots. Not unexpectedly, seedlings from seeds buried deeper in the sand medium (20 mm) struggled to emerge. Both herbicides demonstrated residual characteristics by impeding seedling emergence and growth from seeds sown at various dates (up to maximum test duration of 3 weeks) following exposure of the sand medium to the herbicides. Further, herbicide application to sand only, produced effects on 5-6 months old plants that were similar as application to foliage only, demonstrating herbicide uptake from sand. While the findings support independent research, they contradict the purported herbicide characteristics by commercial sources - grass selective, post-emergent, non-residual, rapid breakdown and active through foliar application only. Implications of these herbicides for biodiversity conservation are discussed.     

苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应

以采集于河西走廊中部荒漠边缘的苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)和披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolate L.)种子为试验材料, 以不同渗透势PEG-6000 溶液模拟干旱条件, 研究了2 种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征。研究结果显示, 随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧, 2 种植物种子吸胀速率、萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、苗高、根长和组织饱和含水量等指标均表现出明显降低趋势, 而幼苗干重、根干重和根冠比均呈先升后降趋势。2 种植物种子萌发对干旱胁迫均较为敏感, 苦豆子和披针叶黄华种子能够萌发的最低渗透势阈值分别为-0.65 MPa 和-0.42 MPa。2 种植物因干旱胁迫未能萌发的种子复水后萌发率均较高。分析认为, 2 种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱胁迫的响应特征对幼苗的成功定植和种群的自然更新具有重要生态学意义, 但在人工栽培时保证土壤墒情应是保障建植成功的关键措施。     

Response of soyabean (Glycine max Mer.) to wheat straw mulching in different cropping seasons

Abstract. The favoured temperature range for soyabean seed germination is 25–30 °C and the crop is sensitive to water stress. In northern India, the crop is sown in the hot-dry months of May–June. Straw mulching can alter the soil's hydrothermal regime by lowering the temperature and reducing evaporation losses. A field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 at the Research Farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana on a loamy sand soil to evaluate the effect of wheat straw mulch on soil temperature, soyabean seed yield and crop growth. Maximum soil temperatures at sowing depth, recorded during the 1-month period after sowing (seed germination to seedling establishment stage), were high under no-mulch, ranging from 30.6 to 48.6 °C, while mulching substantially reduced these temperatures by 1.4 to 12.7 °C. Mulching increased soyabean seed yield by 4.4 to 68.3% in different cropping seasons; it also increased plant biomass by 17 to 122% and nodule mass by 8 to 220%. Leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves and number of pods per plant were all increased. Seed yield improvement under mulch was negatively correlated with rainfall distribution (number of rainy days) and amount during the whole cropping season. The percentage increase in seed yield with mulching was regressed against the total number of rainy days and total rainfall in millimetres in the cropping season. Thereby 93% of the variation in response to mulching in different cropping seasons was explained by the distribution and amount of rainfall.     

Pelleting or Priming Seed with Calcium Improves Groundnut Seedling Survival in Acid Soils

A growth chamber experiment and a field experiment were conducted to investigate the effects of pelleting or priming groundnut seed with calcium (Ca), either as calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂], calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) or Calcimax on growth of groundnut seedlings in acid soils. In the growth chamber experiment, Ca-treated and non-treated groundnut seeds were planted in acid-washed sand and watered with a dilute nutrient solution of pH 4.0 or 5.5. In the field experiment, the seeds were planted in an acid sand clay loam of pH [potassium chloride (KCl)] 4.8. Generally, pelleting or priming the seed with a Ca compound significantly reduced seedling mortality. Also, pelleting groundnut seed with Ca enhanced plant growth. An additional effect of priming was earlier emergence. The most effective Ca compound was CaSO₄ among the priming treatments, whereas CaCO₃ was the most effective among the pelleting treatments to reduce seedling mortality.     

Intense fragmentation and deep burial reduce emergence of Rumex crispus L.

Abstract

Mechanical control through different tillage methods is a common measure against perennial weeds. However, non-optimal tillage can potentially increase the vegetative regeneration instead of reducing it. Aspects of regenerative capacity in the perennial weed species Rumex crispus L. was studied in three pot and box experiments as follows: (1) regeneration from different root fragments under varying test conditions; (2) effects of root size and burial depth on time of emergence and emergence rate; and (3) effects of burial depth and cutting on biomass production and seed production. In experiment 1, sprouting occurred mainly from the neck of the roots, consisting of underground stem tissue. A few shoots were observed also from the upper half of the true taproot and from a side root. No difference in sprouting was found between test conditions. In experiment 2, total emergence rate was positively related to root size and negatively related to burial depth. Time to first emergence was defined by an interaction between the two factors. Roots larger than 100 g gave rise to a high degree of emergence from all burial depths, while emergence from roots weighing 20–30 g was less than 30% from 12 cm and nonexistent from 18 cm. When emergence and shoot production were tested under different cutting regimes (experiment 3), the separated top fragments of the roots sprouted faster and produced more shoot biomass than intact rootstocks, even at a second harvest. Our results indicate that fragmentation can stimulate sprouting from the regenerative tissue of the taproot. Hence, if tillage is carried out as weed control it is important that root fragments are buried at ploughing depth, especially if the population consists of adult plants.     

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿更新方式研究

以不同恢复年限的人工和天然小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,采用样地调查和室内外实验相结合的方法对小叶锦鸡儿的更新方式进行了研究。结果表明,不同年限小叶锦鸡儿结种量和百粒重差异明显;小叶锦鸡儿土壤种子库丰度随时间降低很快;虽然沙埋有助于提高种子萌发率,但野外条件下小叶锦鸡儿幼苗很难存活;平茬处理后小叶锦鸡儿枝条长势良好;小叶锦鸡儿到达一定年限后可通过自然萌生进行更新。说明在自然条件下,小叶锦鸡儿难以实现种子更新;自然萌生和人工平茬是其主要且有效的更新方式。     

Seed Nitrogen Mobilization in Soybean: Effects of Seed Nitrogen Content and External Nitrogen Fertility

Soybean breeding programs have developed genetic lines with relatively low seed protein, which could negatively impact early seedling growth in low fertility conditions commonly encountered in the field. In these experiments, seed protein mobilization and its regulation in situ in soybean lines with different seed protein levels was investigated. The results showed that rates of nitrogen (N) release from cotyledons were much lower with decreasing levels of N in seed. Patterns of proteolysis of the storage proteins glycinin and β -conglycinin and their subunits were not different, but breakdown rates were slower. Seed N release rates increased somewhat when external N was supplied to roots of the developing seedlings, suggesting the involvement of source/sink controls. The effect appeared to be down-stream from proteolysis, as rates of protein breakdown were not altered. The results indicate that low seed protein levels will lead to reduced seedling fitness in low fertility soil conditions unless fertilizer N is applied.