柳树农田防护林造林效果及遮荫作用研究

研究了沙埋深度对荒漠植物红砂幼苗出土和生长的影响.进行了0.1,2,3和5 cm共5个深度处理,每个处理5个重复.结果表明,出苗率与沙埋深度呈显著负相关,且集中在O-2 cm的沙埋深度,3cm沙埋深度只有1苗出土,5 cm沙埋深度没有出苗;随着沙埋深度增加,第一次出苗所需天数增加;幼苗生长高度受沙埋深度和生长时间的影响显著,相对高度生长率随沙埋深度增大而增大,幼苗高度随沙埋深度增加而降低,但生长一定阶段后,随着沙埋深度的增大,幼苗高度也增大;生物量并不随沙埋深度变化而变化,但生物量分配却随沙埋深度增大而更多地分配给地下部分,这种变化可将有限的种子能量传给地下茎.进而促进出苗.红砂幼苗出土和生长的最佳沙埋深度约为1 cm.     

风沙土中荒漠植物出苗和生长的比较研究

选择了5种荒漠植物红砂（Reaumuria soongorica）、泡泡刺（Nitraria sphaerocarpo）、花棒（Hedysarum scoparium）、白刺（Nitraria tangutorum）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum），设计了沙埋和幼苗生长两个控制实验，来研究它们的萌发出苗和生长定植能力。结果表明：5种植物的高出苗率、快出苗现象集中在0～3cm的沙埋深度；红砂、泡泡刺、花棒、白刺、沙拐枣的最佳沙埋深度分别为1cm、2cm、2．5cm、2cm和5cm。出苗率与沙埋深度方程的斜率显著相关于种子重量。种子重量与幼苗的绝对生长率、相对生长率正相关。相对生长率与单位叶速率和叶面积干重比显著正相关，但和叶面积比率和叶干重比率显著负相关。种子重量与根绝对伸长速率无关，但与根长比率和根长叶面积比率显著负相关。种子重量和单位叶速率是出苗和生长的较好的指示者，但仅仅种子重量和幼苗相对生长率并不能预示植物成活能力。     

沙埋和种子处理对樟子松贮藏种子萌发出苗的影响

樟子松是我国北方荒漠化地区生态环境建设的重要树种,近年来樟子松人工林出现不同程度的衰退问题,自然更新障碍则是限制樟子松人工林发展演替的关键因子.为探究樟子松人工林自然更新的限制因子,通过不同沙埋深度及不同种子处理方法等室内发芽试验,对樟子松种子萌发出苗的影响进行研究.结果表明:1)在沙埋深度为0 ～3.00 cm范围内,无沙埋时樟子松种子萌发出苗能力最强,随着沙埋深度的增加,种子萌发出苗能力不断降低,沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗;2)4℃低温冷藏保存的种子比常温保存和-18℃低温冷冻保存的种子,在萌发出苗上更具优势;3)种子经25～30℃温水浸种24 h处理后,在出苗率和出苗时间等方面优于55 ～ 60℃热水浸种和不浸种处理,表现为樟子松种子较为适宜的处理方式.其研究可为解决樟子松人工林自然更新障碍问题提供参考和借鉴,并为樟子松人工育苗提供技术支撑.     

中国特有植物沙地云杉的濒危机制

[目的]探索中国特有植物沙地云杉濒危的原因,为制定沙地云杉天然林保护措施提供理论依据。[方法]通过栖息地不同储藏时间种子质量测定,研究种子萌发对温度、光照和沙埋的响应以及种子萌发和幼苗生长对盐分胁迫耐受性。[结果](1)种子成熟时生活力仅为79%,其中12%的种子遭受了冻害,其余67%种子不同程度遭受了虫害和病害,且种子生活力随着栖息地埋藏每年以9.5%速度下降。(2)种子在大于10℃温度范围内萌发率均大于40%,且在黑暗/光照交替下萌发速度大于其他光照条件,而沙地云杉出苗最适沙埋深度为0.5cm,满足种子萌发温度和光照条件,这增加了在栖息地大量种子萌发后死亡的危险。(3)种子萌发和幼苗生长随着盐分胁迫浓度增加显著降低,当盐分浓度0~100mmol/L时,种子初始萌发率(RIG)由69%降到49%,恢复萌发率(RGR)由0增加到6%,初始幼苗长度(LIS)由7.12cm降到1.16cm,恢复幼苗长度(LRS)仅由0cm增加到0.03cm,当盐分浓度大于100mmol/L时,种子萌发和幼苗生长受到严重抑制(RIG49%,LIS1.16cm)且恢复能力极差(RGR10%,LRG1cm),但土壤含盐量大于100mmol/L的沙地在沙地云杉的栖息地很容易找到。(4)出苗率随着沙埋深度增加显著降低。在0.5cm时出苗率69%,在2cm时降为8.50%,在沙地云杉栖息地沙埋厚度很容易超过2cm,因此,出苗率小于8.5%。而小于8.5%幼苗出土后还要反复遭受虫害、病害、冻害、水盐胁迫和种间竞争等影响。[结论]栖息地自然土壤种子库中沙地云杉种子病虫害严重,生活力低和幼苗存活率低以及环境恶劣是导致沙地云杉濒危主要原因。     

基于HYDRUS-2D模型的玉米高出苗率地下滴灌开沟播种参数优选

开沟播种是一种可显著提高地下滴灌春玉米出苗率的新型播种方式,为了优化该技术模式,该文通过两年田间试验分析了地下滴灌玉米出苗率与灌水后种子处土壤有效饱和度(effective saturation)的关系,并基于HYDRUS-2D构建了地下滴灌开沟播种土壤水分运动模型,以90%玉米出苗率为前提,研究了不同土质和土壤初始含水率条件下3个技术参数——开沟深度、滴灌带埋深和灌水量对种子处土壤有效饱和度的影响.结果表明:1)出苗率随土壤有效饱和度线性递增,土壤有效饱和度不小于0.77时,出苗率超过90%;2)地下滴灌开沟播种HYDRUS-2D模型模拟精度较高,模拟得到的土壤有效饱和度随开沟深度增大而增大,随滴灌带埋深增大而减小;3)满足土壤有效饱和度为0.77所需的出苗水灌水量随土壤黏粒含量、土壤初始含水率和开沟深度增大而减小,随滴灌带埋深增大而增大.当表层土壤初始含水率为40%田持~60%田持时,开沟深度每增加5cm,砂壤土的出苗水灌水量减小15~20mm,粉壤和粉黏土的出苗水灌水量减小6~18mm;滴灌带埋深由30cm增大到35cm时,砂壤土的出苗水灌水量增大16~21mm,粉壤和粉黏土的出苗水灌水量增大4~14mm.不同埋深和开沟深度下,当表层土壤初始含水率由40%田持增大到60%田持时,砂壤土的出苗水灌水量减小9~14mm,粉壤和粉黏土的出苗水灌水量减小9~19mm;4)综合考虑土壤质地、玉米根系分布、机械作业、耗能、耕作深度和土壤水深层渗漏以及土壤初始含水率,玉米地下滴灌适宜的滴灌带埋深为30~35cm,开沟深度为10~15cm,灌水量范围为25~67mm.农业生产者可以根据当地实际情况对以上3个技术参数进行合理配置.     

外来入侵植物银胶菊的生物学特性

采用田间观察和室内盆栽试验相结合的方法,对银胶菊（Parthenium hysterophorus L.）的物候期、生育习性、不同条件下种子萌发情况等主要生物学特性进行观察研究。结果表明：银胶菊为一年生有害杂草,以种子进行有性繁殖,其生长历期约为170d;3月中旬至9月下旬均有出苗,出苗高峰期为4月上旬和8月下旬,其出苗率分别为21．65％和11．9％;植株分枝期在5月中旬至7月初,5月下旬至8月上旬为开花期,7月中旬至8月下旬为结果盛期;单株瘦果量为7500～10000粒,千粒重为0．74～0．76g。瘦果在成熟后约有3个月的休眠期,种子萌发的适宜温度为15～30℃。种子出苗率与瘦果土埋深度有密切关系,瘦果处于土表时,种子出苗率最高,瘦果土埋深度超过1．5m时,种子不能出苗。     

半干旱区不同整地方式与灌草配置对土壤水分的影响

 采用工程与生物措施相结合的方法,在黄土丘陵半干旱区进行柠条灌木林的建设与土壤水分过耗及调控恢复的定位试验研究。结果表明:生物调控最佳立体配置模式水平阶整地为柠条-披碱草、柠条-草木樨、柠条-芨芨草类型;水平沟整地为柠条-芨芨草、柠条-草木樨类型;鱼鳞坑整地为柠条-草木樨、柠条-芨芨草、柠条-本氏针茅类型。水平阶整地0～500cm土层的土壤含水量比对照提高1.6％～5.0％;水平沟整地提高1.5％～3.0％;鱼鳞坑整地提高1.1％～2.7％。工程整地栽植5年、10年、15年的柠条灌木林0～500cm土层的土壤储水量年生长初期分别比对照提高了82.84mm、56.63mm、210.66mm,年生长终期增加了15.96mm、67.64mm。50.36mm。灌、草生物量分别比对照提高97.09％～104.9％和320％～650％。     

模拟气候变化对2针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

气候变化影响林木早期生长,设置温度和水分的双因素三水平控制实验,研究山西气候变化对关帝山林区2种针叶树种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响作用.结果表明,增温2℃和降水量增加20％利于这2树种种子出苗:出苗稳定期提前,出苗率提高;但增温6℃,降水减少20％时,种子出苗稳定期延迟,出苗率降低.气候变化对2树种的影响作用不同:华北落叶松对暖干化气候更敏感,增温或减少降水时,该种幼苗的死亡率大幅增加,苗高降低;温度和降水量变化对油松幼苗存活率和地上生长的影响作用不明显.降水量减少条件下的增温,促进华北落叶松和油松幼苗的主根和侧根伸长.发生土壤干旱时,华北落叶松和油松幼苗生长策略改变,优先满足根系生长.暖干化气候不利于华北落叶松种群的更新,生长季高温降低了幼苗适应性,即使降水量增加亦不能缓解.     

土壤温度,水分胁迫和播种深度对玉米种子萌发出苗的影响

萌发试验同时在实验室和田间进行。试验结果表明，当土壤含水量低于１０％时，玉米种子将不能顺利萌发。温度变化可以加速种子萌发，田间条件下，５０％种子萌发所需的积温范围为１８．６－２３．８℃，决定于昼夜的温差。播种深度影响出苗速率，５０％了苗所需的时间播深８厘米比播深６厘米推迟半天（相当于积温３－５℃），８０％出苗所需的时间播深８厘米比播深５厘米推迟１天（相当于积温７－１０℃）。     

西鄂尔多斯4种荒漠植物种子萌发对水分条件的响应

研究了不同土壤水分处理对霸王、沙冬青、长叶红砂及蒙古扁桃这4种荒漠植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,土壤含水量显著地影响着种子萌发和幼苗生长。霸王种子在6%的土壤含水量下萌发率和萌发指数最高,活力指数和幼苗生物量也最大,幼苗生长良好。沙冬青种子在12%的土壤含水量、长叶红砂和蒙古扁桃种子在16%的土壤含水量下萌发和生长良好。种子萌发策略反映了物种对荒漠水分条件不同的适应机制,并影响种群的更新和扩展。     

Fluazifop-p-butyl herbicide: Implications for germination, emergence and growth of Australian plant species

Five experiments were implemented to collect information related to the effects of fluazifop-p-butyl (active chemical in grass selective herbicides, Fusilade^® and Fusilade Forte™) on seed germination, seedling emergence, growth and health of species native to southwest Australia (a grass and non-grasses), together with several co-occurring introduced species (grasses and a non-grass). Experiments investigated effects of herbicide concentrations, seed burial depths, seed-sowing times since herbicide application and application locations (foliage versus soil). Both herbicides, at half to quadruple strength of recommended field application concentrations, adversely affected development of native and introduced species, both grasses and non-grasses. Herbicidal effects were observed during the seed germination phase, and if germination had occurred, during seedling emergence and, finally, during plant establishment. However, effects were more pronounced after seed germination, particularly on development of seedlings and plants, with retardation and/or discoloration of either radicles or shoots. Not unexpectedly, seedlings from seeds buried deeper in the sand medium (20 mm) struggled to emerge. Both herbicides demonstrated residual characteristics by impeding seedling emergence and growth from seeds sown at various dates (up to maximum test duration of 3 weeks) following exposure of the sand medium to the herbicides. Further, herbicide application to sand only, produced effects on 5-6 months old plants that were similar as application to foliage only, demonstrating herbicide uptake from sand. While the findings support independent research, they contradict the purported herbicide characteristics by commercial sources - grass selective, post-emergent, non-residual, rapid breakdown and active through foliar application only. Implications of these herbicides for biodiversity conservation are discussed.     

Increasing seed protein content enhances seedling emergence and vigor in wheat

Deep seeding of wheat, a common practice when soil moisture is deficient, causes poor seedling emergence and stand establishment. We investigated whether increasing seed protein content by nitrogen fertilization of parental plants might increase emergence rate and vigor of winter wheat seedlings from deep‐planted seeds. Four seeding depths, three cultivars, and three seed protein contents were compared in different soil mixtures and fertility regimes. Under all treatments, emergence rate and dry weight of seedlings markedly decreased as seeding depth was increased. Increasing protein content of seeds sometimes, but not always, increased seedling emergence rate and commonly increased seedling dry weight regardless of soil mixture or fertility regime. Differences were greatest at 4.8‐ and 12‐cm seeding depths; seedlings failed to emerge from 16‐cm depth under any treatments. We concluded that increasing seed protein content by nitrogen fertilization of parent plants is an economic and efficacious method of enhancing wheat establishment when seed must be deeply planted.     

砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物及林下土壤持水特性

为了探究砒砂岩区不同造林树种水文特征,以该地区油松、侧柏、青杨、山杏、沙棘、柠条为研究对象,通过浸泡法和环刀法,对比分析了不同树种枯落物层和土壤层的持水特性。结果表明:砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物蓄积量变动范围为1.55~7.89t/hm~2,青杨林下枯落物最大持水率最高为281.26%,其他树种枯落物最大持水率依次为油松(217.14%)、侧柏(201.05%)、山杏(202.79%)、沙棘(170.96%)、柠条(158.08%)撂荒地(143.88%)。油松林下土壤层容重最小为1.46g/cm3,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度最大分别为43.55%和36.99%,毛管持水量最大为14.50mm;山杏林下土壤非毛管孔隙度最大为13.12%,非毛管持水量最大为6.86mm。油松枯落物及其林下土壤层持水能力良好,更适宜作为砒砂岩地区植被建设树种。     

Groasis Waterboxx造林技术在沙丘的造林效果

[目的]为解决干旱荒漠区沙丘造林成活率低的技术难题,从荷兰Groasis引进Waterboxx保水、节水造林器及技术,并分析其应用效果。[方法]在甘肃省民勤县流动沙丘和半固定沙丘上,用梭梭、花棒、柠条锦鸡儿、柽柳等固沙植物进行造林试验,采用直观统计观测的方法,研究Groasis Waterboxx在沙丘上造林后的风蚀、温度、保水和苗木成活率情况。[结果](1)春季用Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术,流动沙丘风蚀情况比半固定沙丘严重2.0~6.0倍,造林效果差;从沙丘迎风面不同部位的风蚀情况来看,流动沙丘和半固定沙丘总体均表现为:顶部中部底部;(2)Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术在高温季节能有效降低苗木根际土壤地温近50%,保护苗木免受高温灼伤,促进苗木生长;低温季节还能有效保持根际表面地温在5℃左右,防止苗木遭受低温冻害;(3)Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术能使苗木周边0—40cm表土层含水量长期保持在6%~12%,保证苗木成活期的水分持续供给;(4)Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术能显著提高苗木成活率30%~60%。[结论]Groasis Waterboxx沙丘造林技术在半固定沙丘造林效果优于流动沙丘,能够显著提高苗木成活率。     

室内模拟降雨条件下黄土植被边坡径流试验研究

通过室内人工模拟降雨,分别对种植柠条锦鸡儿、披碱草的两个坡面土槽及一个裸地坡面土槽进行不同降雨强度、降雨历时以及不同季节的降雨试验,试验得出边坡种植柠条锦鸡儿和披碱草后降雨的产流量、产流历时、径流转化率等指标,按柠条锦鸡儿、披碱草、裸地顺序递增,雨后土壤含水量的变化是按裸地、柠条锦鸡儿、披碱草顺序递减。该项试验结果,对于进一步研究黄土植被边坡护坡水文效应、评价草本和灌木植物护坡贡献,以及有效防治水土流失、滑坡等浅层地质灾害的发生,具有重要的理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

正压式气流排种器排种效果试验

为了探讨正压式气流排种器的排种均匀性,论文对具有代表性的苜蓿种子、披碱草种子和玉米种子进行了排种试验。结果表明,该排种器排种均匀性和通用性较好,对豆科牧草种子（苜蓿）、禾本科牧草种子（披碱草）和大田作物种子（玉米）均可较均匀的排种,且都达到了行业标准要求。风速和喂入速度对种子的各行排量一致性变异系数和总排量稳定性变异系数V 有显著影响,相关系数都高达0.97左右。最后,通过优化试验方案,得出各种种子的最佳工作条件：披碱草种子,喂入速度为470～500 g/min,风速为27～30 m/s;苜蓿种子,喂入速度为505～525 g/min,对应的风速为30～33 m/s;玉米种子,喂入速度为5200～5500 g/min,风速为32～35 m/s。     

沙柳和柠条灌丛分枝生长对模拟降雨改变的响应

利用模拟降雨操纵试验(对照、降雨增加45％和减少50％),研究第2年沙柳和柠条灌丛不同径级分枝生长对模拟降雨改变的响应.结果表明:1)沙柳10～15 mm径级的分枝基径、枝长和生物量对降雨改变有一定响应,15 ～ 20 mm径级分枝枝长和生物量对降雨改变有响应;干旱显著降低了10 ～ 15 mm径级枝长和生物量的增加量,而增水增加了15～20 mm径级枝长和生物量的增加量,其他径级对降雨改变无显著响应.2)柠条＜20 mm径级的基径生长对降雨改变均有显著的响应,但只有＜ 10 mm径级枝长对降雨改变有显著响应,小径级分枝对降雨改变的响应更敏感.增水增加了＜ 10 mm径级生物量,而干旱并未导致该径级生物量显著降低;增水对10～20 mm径级生长季生物量并未产生影响,但干旱导致该径级生物量显著降低.3)增水导致沙柳和柠条每丛生物量增加量分别为11.3％和35.5％,而干旱导致每丛生物量增加量分别下降14.2％和36.8％,降水改变对柠条生长的影响要大于沙柳.该研究可为未来降雨格局改变下,2种灌木的生长动态和生产力预测提供理论依据.     

Effects of tillage, seeding method and time of sowing on the establishment of mungbean in drying, previously puddled soil

Two field experiments were conducted on small plots in the Philippines to determine the effects of tillage, seeding method and time of sowing on the establishment of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. IPB-M79-17-79) in seedbeds created in drying soil that had been puddled as for an immediately preceding wetland rice crop.

Conditions following rice were simulated by flooding, puddling and then draining the plots. Mungbean was sown at 2–14 days after draining (DAD) as the soil dried. In one experiment, seeds were sown manually into plots that were either non-tilled or for which the surface 10 cm had been ploughed and harrowed. In a second experiment, manual sowing into non-tilled plots was compared with prototype machine seeding. Soil matric potential and temperature were monitored throughout the experiments, and germination and seedling emergence recorded.

Surface cultivation slowed the rate of water loss from depths below 5 cm and resulted in lower thermal diffusivity than in non-tilled soil. Germination results indicated that following drainage of a seedbed in previously puddled soil, manual sowing at a depth of 5 cm could be delayed until 8 DAD (while soil matric potentials remained > − 0.1 MPa) without a significant reduction in seed germination. The seeding machine was quicker and easier to use, but its constraint of shallow sowing (maximum depth 2 cm) meant that sowing could be delayed only to 5 DAD before germination and emergence were inhibited. Predictions of germination from measured values of temperature and water potential were made using equations derived from controlled-environment studies. Differences from germination observed could probably be accounted for by seed/soil/water contact effects, which appeared to be especially important in dry soil (< − 0.7 MPa). Subsequent seedling emergence was, however, often severely restricted in non-tilled soil by soil mechanical constraints in the drying, strengthening seedbed. In the first experiment, these conditions were alleviated by the cultivation treatment; in the second, disturbance of surface soil before drainage resulted in greater emergence and faster seedling growth.