菊粉对低脂乳化肠质构及风味品质的影响

为探究菊粉对低脂乳化肠质构及风味品质的影响,本研究以猪后腿肉为原料制作低脂乳化肠,并在肠中添加不同量浓度(0%、1%、2%、3%、4%和5%)的菊粉,以高脂组为对照,研究其对乳化肠基本营养成分、色泽、蒸煮损失、质构特性、微观结构、风味及感官品质的影响。结果表明,随着低脂乳化肠中菊粉添加量的增加,乳化肠水分和蛋白质含量均先增加后显著下降;加入适量菊粉可以降低低脂乳化肠的蒸煮损失;菊粉的加入增加了乳化肠的硬度和咀嚼性,提高了凝聚力。扫描电镜结果表明,菊粉添加量为4%时乳化肠的微观结构孔洞最小且致密;风味及感官评价结果表明,菊粉添加量为5%时醛类和醇类等风味成分含量达到最高,菊粉添加量达到 3%及以上时与对照组相比感官评价总分无显著差异。综上,低脂乳化肠中加入菊粉有利于降低低脂乳化肠的蒸煮损失,改善低脂乳化肠的质构特性及风味和感官品质。本研究结果可为低脂肉制品的生产提供一定的理论依据。     

调质大米半干法磨粉制备鲜米粉及其品质测定

为考察半干法磨粉对鲜米粉品质的影响,该研究选用旋风磨和布勒磨对调质后含水率为28%和30%的大米进行磨粉,分析大米粉的白度、凝胶特性及糊化特性,对加工鲜米粉的质构特性、蒸煮特性和感官品质进行了分析。结果显示:调质大米可以减小磨粉仪器机械力和热能对大米粉品质的破坏,其中调质大米经布勒磨粉碎后的白度显著高于湿磨粉白度(P0.05);旋风磨含水率为30%调质粉的凝胶硬度最大为3.45 N/cm2,与湿磨粉的无显著差异(P0.05);2种调质粉相比于湿磨粉其崩解值较小,其中布勒磨含水率为30%调质粉回生程度较低,与湿磨粉无显著差异(P0.05)。对于鲜米粉的品质,筛选得到的旋风磨含水率为30%鲜米粉的硬度为35.10 N/cm2,弹性为0.97,较湿磨米粉更柔软弹滑,感官评价总分和蒸煮特性与湿磨米粉无显著差异。以上结果表明,含水率为30%的大米经旋风磨粉碎后能够制得与湿法磨浆相媲美的鲜米粉,可为解决湿磨法废水量大、产品得率低等问题提供参考。     

蛋白质中二硫键对稻米淀粉黏滞性的影响

在6个不同品种的稻米粉中添加二硫苏糖醇以打破米粉中蛋白质的二硫键,用快速粘度分析仪测定淀粉的黏滞谱,研究稻米中蛋白质二硫键对稻米黏滞性的影响。结果显示,样品中添加DTT（二硫苏糖醇）后,糊化温度降低,糯稻的峰值粘度下降,其他样品的峰值粘度上升,而消减值极显著降低。蛋白质影响米饭的蒸煮食味品质,可能是二硫键结合形成的蛋白质网络的变化引起稻米吸水性改变而起作用。     

适量燕麦β-葡聚糖改善面团流变学特性

为探讨燕麦β-葡聚糖在强化面粉中应用的可行性,该文利用粉质仪、拉伸仪和糊化仪分析质量分数为0.5%~5.0%燕麦β-葡聚糖的添加对低筋面粉、中筋面粉、高筋面粉及馒头专用粉的流变学特性的影响。结果表明,随着β-葡聚糖添加量的增加,4种面粉面团的的吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间均增大;0.5%~2.0%添加量增强了4种面粉面团的最大拉伸阻力,0.5%~1.0%添加量能够使低筋面粉的拉伸特性接近馒头专用面粉的拉伸特性;燕麦β-葡聚糖能够使中筋面粉的糊化温度稍有升高,但亦能降低馒头专用粉的糊化温度及4种面粉(2.0%~4.0%添加量的低筋面粉及4.0%添加量的高筋面粉除外)的最高黏度、保持黏度、最终黏度、衰减值和回生值。研究表明适量的燕麦β-葡聚糖能够改善面团的流变学特性,研究结果为燕麦β-葡聚糖在强化面粉中的应用提供参考。     

茶多酚对生鲜面品质及抗氧化特性的影响

为探究茶多酚对生鲜面品质及抗氧化性的影响,利用质构仪、扫描电子显微镜、感官评价和抗氧化模型,分别研究添加0、0.1%、0.5%、1.0%茶多酚的生鲜面的蒸煮特性、质构特征、微观结构、感官品质、贮藏品质以及自由基清除率。结果表明,添加茶多酚后,面条的硬度和咀嚼性均显著增强,面条整体的面筋网状结构变得致密、均匀,内部结构得到明显改善;此外,茶多酚的添加可以有效抑制微生物的生长。在本试验条件下,茶多酚添加量为0.5%时,感官评价总分最高,且DPPH和ABTS自由基清除率较对照均提高了1.5倍,表明在面条中添加0.5%茶多酚可生产出具有一定生理功能的生鲜面产品。本研究结果为功能性生鲜面产品的加工提供了理论依据。     

影响米粉品质的稻米质量指标分析

大米原料的质量是影响米粉加工性能、烹煮性能和感官品质的重要因素。影响米粉品质的大米原料质量指标主要有直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、糊化温度、蛋白质含量和储藏时间等,本文对近年来有关这些指标的研究进行了归纳总结,对各项指标对米粉品质的影响进行了逐一评述。通过总结分析可以得出,直链淀粉含量较高的籼米适宜于生产米粉;胶稠度与稻米其他各项指标有显著的相关性,可以作为选取米粉原料的主要指标;不同种类大米的糊化温度是不同的,可以根据糊化温度来指导米粉生产,避免淀粉过度糊化和米粉品质降低;蛋白质含量不仅决定大米的营养品质,也影响大米制品外观、加工和食用品质;使用陈化一段时间的大米制作米粉能够提升米粉品质。     

碾磨方式和米粉粒径对稻米溶血磷脂含量的影响

溶血磷脂(LPLs)是一类极性脂质,常以淀粉-脂质复合物的形式存在,对稻米储藏、加工及食用品质均会造成影响。为明确不同米粉颗粒粒径中淀粉LPLs的提取效果和分布规律,采用液质联用技术,通过外标法测定了球磨和旋风磨2种碾磨方式及粗、中等、细3种米粉颗粒的稻米LPLs含量。结果表明,稻米LPLs各组分主要受基因型控制,基因型效应约占LPLs总变异的74.7%~99.5%。碾磨方式、米粉颗粒大小、基因型×碾磨方式、基因型×米粉颗粒大小、碾磨方式×米粉颗粒大小互作效应虽然也对稻米LPLs含量具有显著影响(P0.001),但分别只占LPLs总变异的0%~2.5%、0.1%~5.9%、0%~6.7%、0%~8.3%和0.1%~1.8%。溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)16∶0、LPC18∶2、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(LPE)16∶0和LPE18∶2是稻米中最主要的LPLs组分。除LPC18∶3和LPE18∶3外,旋风磨米粉中其他LPLs组分含量显著高于球磨米粉(P0.05),变幅为2.7%~27.4%。除LPC18∶3、LPE18∶3和LPE16∶0外,中等颗粒米粉中各LPLs组分含量显著高于粗颗粒和细颗粒米粉(P0.05),变幅为12.0%~29.2%。本研究结果为精确测定稻米中的LPLs组分含量和稻米精深加工提供了理论依据。     

银耳蒂头粉对面条蒸煮特性、营养品质及风味成分的影响

银耳蒂头是银耳加工的副产物。为探讨银耳蒂头粉对面条品质与风味成分的影响,本研究以小麦面粉为基体,辅助添加不同比例(0%、5%、8%、11%、14%、17%)的银耳蒂头粉,制作银耳小麦复合面条,测定分析复合面条的蒸煮特性、质构、色泽、感官、营养成分及风味化合物。研究发现,随着银耳蒂头粉的质量分数从0%增加到17%,面条的熟断条率从0%上升到8.33%,烹调损失率从2.02%上升到5.52%,白度指数从80.127下降到76.213,咀嚼硬度从543.835 g下降到322.576 g;银耳蒂头粉添加量为11%时,复合面条的感官品质最佳;与普通面条相比,银耳复合面条的氨基酸总量(12.27 g·100 g^-1)无显著变化,膳食纤维含量从3.3 g·100 g^-1上升到10.0 g·100 g^-1,镁、锌、钙和铁矿物质总量从540.637 mg·kg^-1上升到603.02 mg·kg^-1;银耳蒂头粉对面条的挥发性成分含量影响不明显,但增加了庚醛、己酸、7-甲基十七烷等10种挥发性风味化合物。本研究结果为银耳蒂头的利用和营养功能性面条的开发提供了理论依据。     

不同制粉方式对运黑161全麦粉加工特性的影响

为探讨不同制粉方式及不同粒度对黑小麦流变学特性及加工品质的影响,将运黑161黑小麦经直接粉碎法和回添法制得的全麦粉分别过80、100、120目筛,以运黑161黑小麦面粉为对照,分析全麦粉淀粉含量、水合特性、发酵特性以及流变学特性。结果表明,直接粉碎且过80目筛的全麦粉支链淀粉含量最高,为80.18%,破损淀粉含量最低,为9.93%,溶解度、膨润力最小,分别为2.5%和3%。回添法制备的全麦粉面团发酵高度、持气率小于直接粉碎法。直接粉碎且过80目筛全麦粉的粉质质量指数最高,为59.5,形成时间和稳定时间分别为3.45和3.2 min,较接近于黑小麦面粉,且该全麦粉的阻力值、最大阻力值在醒发时间135 min时最大,用该全麦粉制作的面包感官得分最高。综上,以直接粉碎且过80目筛制备的全麦粉为原料制作的全麦面包品质较好。本研究结果为黑小麦全麦面包研发提供了理论基础。     

不同品种稻米品质形成对盐胁迫的响应

为明确盐浓度对稻米品质形成的影响及其机制,以江苏省大面积种植水稻品种南粳9108和盐稻12号为试验材料,种植于土培池中,全生育期以盐水灌溉代替淡水灌溉,盐浓度设置0.10%、0.15%、0.20%、0.25%、0.30%、0.35%,并以淡水(盐浓度0%)灌溉为对照(CK),研究不同盐浓度对稻米品质形成的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,在低盐浓度(0.10%~0.15%)下,直链淀粉含量显著降低,稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率增加,稻米淀粉黏滞特性(RVA谱)的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和最终黏度增加,米饭的外观、黏度、平衡度和食味值在0.10%盐浓度下高于CK,南粳9108和盐稻12号的胶稠度在0.10%盐浓度下分别较CK高4.5和3.5 mm;在中、高盐浓度(0.20%~0.35%)下,稻米的加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和稻米淀粉黏滞特性明显降低。稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度随着盐浓度的增加而减小。综上可知,在低盐浓度(0.10%~0.15%)下,稻米的品质总体有一定的改善;高盐浓度(0.35%)下,稻米品质明显变劣。本研究通过分析不同盐浓度下水稻的品质状况,为滩涂水稻高产与品质调优栽培提供了参考。     

Quality and Fortificant Retention of Rice Noodles as Affected by Flour Particle Size

Rice noodles, which are widely consumed noodles in Southeast Asia, were evaluated as a potential carrier for fortificants such as vitamin A, folic acid, and iron. Because flour particle size was found to affect the noodle properties, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of five different particle sizes (≤63, 80, 100, 125, and 140 µm) of dry‐milled rice flour on the cooking quality, microstructure, texture, and sensory characteristics of the rice noodles. The retention of fortificant in the noodles at every stage of processing as affected by the flour particle size was also determined. It was found that the rice noodles produced from flour with the smallest particle size studied (≤63 µm) had the best quality and were the most liked by the consumers. In addition, the noodles had the most compact and regular structure, which could be attributed to having the most severely gelatinized starch. This starch would have caused the least leaching of the fortificant into the surrounding water during the boiling stage of the rice noodle processing. Retention of iron in the cooked fortified rice noodles prepared from flour with the smallest particle size was high at around 87%, whereas that of vitamin A and folic acid were below 15%. Because the losses of the fortificant from the rice noodles were mostly owing to the boiling process, further improvements of the rice noodle processing conditions are required for reduction of the vitamin losses.     

Studies on Quality of Potato Flour Blends with Rice Flour for Making Extruded Noodles

The effects of rice flour on the physicochemical properties of the raw material system and the quality of extruded potato–rice noodles were studied. The results demonstrated that the amylose content, pasting viscosities, storage modulus (G′), and loss modulus (G″) gradually increased with the included levels of rice flour, whereas the swelling power, solubility, and pasting temperature decreased with increasing rice flour content. The extruded potato–rice noodles exhibited desirable cooking qualities and textural properties with rice flour contents of up to 40%. Additionally, sensory evaluations revealed that the scores for chewiness, firmness, slipperiness, elasticity, and overall acceptability increased gradually with increasing rice flour content in the blends. Additionally, the results indicated the possibility of replacing potato flour with rice flour at a ratio of 6:4 to produce extruded potato–rice noodles of acceptable quality.     

The Impact of Oat Quality on White Salted Noodles Containing Oat Flour

This research compared the physicochemical properties of six milling oat cultivars from Western Australia over two growing seasons (2011 and 2012). Variations among the cultivars in physicochemical properties, particularly β‐glucan content, were assessed to determine their suitability for incorporation into white salted noodles at a level of 30% of the flour component. The average across six oat cultivars grown in 2012 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) for protein content, lipid content, and volume of smaller sized particles (<100 µm) and significantly lower for ash content, starch damage, and volume of larger particles (>100 µm) in comparison with the average across the same oat cultivars grown in 2011. The year of cultivation by cultivar interaction was significant (P < 0.05) for ash content, protein content, β‐glucan content, starch damage, and particle size. Oat cultivar Mitika had the highest peak viscosity for 100% oat flour (whole groat) and 30% oat–wheat (OW) flour blend, which may be owing to lower amylose percentage, high protein content, and greater volume of smaller particles. The effect of growing season had greater impact on OW noodle firmness than the genetic effect of cultivars. The eating and cooking quality attributes of OW noodles, such as color, color stability, firmness, and cooking solid loss were superior for those incorporated with 2012 oat flour (whole groat) compared with 2011 oat flour. Among the six oat cultivars, Williams produced noodles with poor cooking and eating quality, and Mitika was easier to handle during processing and produced noodles with superior brightness and color stability in comparison with other oat cultivars evaluated.     

Cooking Quality,Antioxidant Properties,and Starch Digestibility of Wheat Noodles Substituted with Extruded Brown Rice Flour

The effect of extruded brown rice flour (EBR) contents (0–50%) on antioxidant activity, phenolics, in vitro digestibility, color, and cooking quality of noodles containing mixtures of wheat and EBR was investigated. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content increased, especially ferulic and coumaric acids in bound forms, whereas the in vitro glycemic index, optimal cooking time, water absorption, hardness, and color were diminished in noodles with the addition of EBR; cooking loss increased as a function of the EBR percentage. The partial replacement of wheat flour with EBR can be favorably used in the wheat noodle formulation. The results provide the basis for the development of staple foods with nutritional characteristics for today's functional food markets.     

Effects of Vacuum Mixing,Water Addition,and Mixing Time on the Quality of Fresh Chinese White Noodles and the Optimization of the Mixing Process

In this study, the effects of mixing process parameters (degree of vacuum, water addition, and mixing time under vacuum) on the cooking and sensory quality properties of Chinese white noodles were investigated by using one commercial‐scale noodle production line and one typical commercial wheat flour. Noodle appearance, firmness, elasticity, smoothness, and total quality scores were significantly improved as the degree of vacuum increased from 0 to 0.06 MPa, although lower sensory scores and larger cooking losses occurred when noodles were mixed at 0.08 MPa. Noodles with a water addition of 35% had the highest total score and the highest scores for each sensory factor. As mixing time increased, the sensory score of cooked noodles increased initially and then decreased. With a mixing time of 7 min, the sensory score was the highest and cooking loss was the lowest. The results of response surface methodology indicated that fresh noodle quality was most affected by the water addition, followed by vacuum degree. Added water was a more important source of variation for appearance, firmness, stickiness, smoothness, total score, and cooking loss than degree of vacuum and mixing time, whereas degree of vacuum was the predominant source of variation for color and elasticity. The interactions between the factors had little effect on sensory and cooking properties. The optimal mixing conditions were determined to be as follows: degree of vacuum, 0.06 MPa; added water, 35.6%; and mixing time, 7.25 min. Furthermore, vacuum mixing produced a more even, coherent, and closed microstructure for the sheeted dough than nonvacuum mixing.     

Great Northern Bean Could Improve the Nutritional Value of Instant Noodles

Instant noodles were prepared by substituting hard red winter (HRW) wheat flour with Great Northern bean powder (GNBP) at selected levels (0–60%) using a pilot‐scale noodle processing machine. The functional properties, water absorption, water solubility, and pasting profiles of flour mixtures were tested to verify the process tolerances of ingredients. Prepared noodle samples were evaluated for color, cooking quality, texture, and sensory properties. Slight color differences, an increased cooking loss, and reduced chewiness, cohesiveness, and hardness were observed in cooked noodles that were prepared with GNBP up to 25% of HRW wheat flour weight. The results suggest that HRW wheat flour could be replaced up to 20% (w/w) with GNBP, while still using the conventional processing conditions, to improve the product nutritional value (i.e., increased protein and fiber contents and reduced fat content) (P < 0.05).     

Effects of Particle Size and Starch Damage of Flour and Alkaline Reagent on Yellow Alkaline Noodle Characteristics

A hard white spring wheat was milled to yield three patent flours with different starch damage levels by manipulating reduction grinding conditions, and each flour was sieved to give three different particle sizes (85–110, 110–132, 132–183 μm). Raw alkaline noodles were prepared using either 1% w/w kansui (sodium and potassium carbonates in 9:1 ratio) or 1% w/w sodium hydroxide. Noodles prepared with sodium hydroxide were significantly brighter, less red, and more yellow than those made with kansui. Differences in noodle color among flour treatments were evident but were attributable to differences in flour refinement rather to than particle size or starch damage. Noodles were rested for 1 hr after processing before cooking. Alkaline reagent was the main factor associated with cooking loss, being ≈50% greater for sodium hydroxide noodles because of higher pH compared with kansui noodles. Cooked sodium hydroxide noodles were thicker than kansui noodles, and cooked strands for both noodle types became thicker as starch damage increased and as particle size became coarser. Instrumental assessment of cooked noodle texture showed that maximum cutting stress (MCS), resistance to compression (RTC), recovery (REC), stress relaxation time (SRT), chewiness (CHE), and springiness (SPR) were influenced by the type of alkaline reagent. Flour particle size and starch damage also influenced noodle texture but the magnitude of the effects and the trends were dependent on alkaline reagent. MCS of kansui noodles was much greater than for sodium hydroxide noodles. MCS of kansui noodles increased as starch damage increased but, in contrast, MCS of sodium hydroxide noodles decreased with increasing starch damage. REC of kansui noodles increased with increasing starch damage and decreased with larger particle size, whereas for sodium hydroxide noodles REC decreased with increasing starch damage and declined dramatically with larger particle size. Kansui noodles exhibited significantly shorter SRT than sodium hydroxide noodles. SRT of kansui noodles was only moderately affected by starch damage and particle size, whereas for sodium hydroxide noodles, SRT became much shorter as flour became coarser and starch damage became higher. CHE of kansui noodles was greater than for sodium hydroxide noodles. CHE of kansui noodles increased as starch damage increased. In contrast, CHE of sodium hydroxide noodles decreased as starch damage increased and also decreased as flour became coarser. SPR of both noodle types decreased as flour became coarser and starch damage became greater. On the basis of these experiments, flour of smaller particle size is an asset to the cooking quality of sodium hydroxide noodles, but high starch damage is to be avoided. For kansui noodles, the impact of flour particle size on cooked noodle texture was less evident and low starch damage, rather than high starch damage, was an asset.     

不同品种小麦粉的粉质特性对速冻熟制面条品质的影响

为研究不同品种小麦粉与速冻熟制面条质构特性之间的关系,选取30种小麦制粉,用FOSS定氮仪、快速黏度仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪等测定面粉品质指标,制作速冻熟制面条,用质构仪测定质构特性。采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对30种小麦面粉和速冻熟制面条的质构关系进行了分析。结果表明:不同品种小麦粉的湿面筋、糊化温度、弱化度、粉质质量指数与硬度呈极显著相关(P0.01);蛋白质、湿面筋、总淀粉含量、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度、粉质吸水率、粉质曲线稳定时间、面团形成时间、弱化度、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力与剪切力呈极显著相关(P0.01);小麦粉的粉质特性,除衰减值、峰值时间和延伸度外,均与拉伸力呈极显著相关(P0.01)。根据方差贡献率提取出可以反映原变量84.023%信息的5个因子,因子1主要反映面粉的粉质拉伸特性,因子2反映小麦粉糊化特性,因子3反映蛋白质特性,因子4和因子5共同反映小麦粉的淀粉特性。这些性状在小麦粉的评价方面起着重要作用,在加工中要注重对它们的选择。聚类分析将30种小麦粉分为4类,结果表明,不能仅凭小麦粉的指标数据和质构数据来选择制作速冻熟制面条的原料,还需考虑到感官评价的影响。该结论可为小麦粉在速冻熟制面条加工应用方面提供一定的理论参考。