纳米复合相变蓄冷材料的制备及蓄冷特性分析

针对生鲜冷链物流领域冷藏运输温度要求,通过差示扫描量热仪（DifferentialScanning Calorimeter,DSC）对甘氨酸、山梨醇、甘露醇、氯化钾进行筛选,经优化后配置出主储能为0.6mol/L甘氨酸+0.1mol/L山梨醇（命名为TA2）,以此体系为基液添加纳米二氧化钛和纳米氧化铝,并添加高吸水性树脂（Super Absorbent Polymer,SAP）对防泄漏现象进行优化,探究添加纳米粒子后复合相变蓄冷材料的相变潜热和热循环稳定性。将该复合材料应用于自制保温箱,以水晶梨为试验对象进行了蓄冷箱保冷特性试验,对比蓄冷保温箱载货与空载情况下箱内各点的温度变化,综合考虑蓄冷保温箱内蓄冷剂侧面布置和顶层布置加侧面布置这两种摆放方式对保冷性能的影响。结果显示,添加质量分数为0.5%的纳米二氧化钛粒子可使基液的导热系数达到最大值,经优化的最终材料为TA2+0.5%TiO2 + 0.25%SAP,相变潜热为294.57 J/g,Onset温度为-5.8 ℃,经过200次循环试验,复合材料热性能稳定。蓄冷剂以侧布加顶布的摆放方式下的大部分箱内空间平均温度为1.9 ℃,可在0～5 ℃保持480 min,温度场更均匀,利于保持生鲜产品新鲜度。研究结果为相变材料在生鲜冷链物流中的研制及应用提供参考。     

超声波改善乳酸钙-氯化铵-水复合相变材料过冷特性

针对无机相变材料过冷度高的问题,对乳酸钙-氯化铵-水相变体系做超声震荡处理以及在凝固过程加入超声外场,研究超声波对乳酸钙-氯化铵-水相变体系凝固特性的影响。试验发现,增加超声波震荡后,过冷度降低0.62℃,相变过程持续了7755 s,溶液的相变潜热为276.2J/g,增加了4.14%;溶液凝固时增加超声波相变体系没有出现过冷现象,相变过程持续了8 256 s溶液的相变潜热为283.5 J/g,增加了6.9%。试验表明,在乳酸钙-氯化铵-水相变体系凝固过程中加入超声场,有利于乳酸钙-氯化铵-水相变体系的性能提高。     

芒硝基相变材料性能及其在简易温室中升温效果试验

该文研究芒硝基相变储能材料相变性能及其在青藏高原地区冬季简易温室的保温效果,采用物理法制备芒硝基复合相变储能材料,通过温度-时间曲线、差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)和热常数分析仪(Hot Disk)等方法表征了材料性质。当添加成核剂硼砂质量分数为4%时,芒硝基复合相变材料的过冷度消失,添加增稠剂羧甲基纤维素钠质量分数1.5%时,芒硝基复合相变材料相分层现象基本消失,添加导热剂石墨粉质量分数为1%时,复合相变材料导热系数为1.0216 W/(m·K),材料相变潜热为127 k J/kg,放热峰值为15.4℃,同时经过300次相变循环,材料仍旧能保持较好的相变性能。芒硝基复合相变材料模拟在温室升温试验中表明:当芒硝基相变材料添加量为25、35和45 kg时清晨日出前最低温度可以提高1、3.6和4.4℃。分析相变材料温室石膏后墙结果表明:正午最高温度分别降低1.1、2.2和3.0℃,清晨日出前最低温度分别提高0.4、2.4和4.0℃。综合试验表明,该芒硝基复合相变材料适用于高寒气候环境下简易温室。     

温室多壁碳纳米管芒硝基相变材料储能性能

该文对比不同温度下强酸处理多壁碳纳米管(multi-walled carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)对其表面结构改性,并以物理分散制备出含MWCNTs的十水硫酸钠基复合相变储能材料。探讨不同酸化温度下MWCNTs对十水硫酸钠基复合相变储能材料的过冷和相分层影响。并对其比热,导热系数及相变潜热特征进行分析。结果表明:酸化处理后MWCNTs产生羧基;添加质量分数1%的120℃酸化后的MWCNTs的A、B两种十水硫酸钠基复合相变储能材料过冷度降低最大;添加酸化处理后的MWCNTs的十水硫酸钠基复合相变储能材料相容性较好;含120℃酸化后的1%的MWCNTs的A、B两种十水硫酸钠基复合相变储能材料比热及导热系数在相变温度点附近都达到最大,分别为5.095 mm2/s和0.932 5 w/mk、4.235 6 mm2/s和0.941 3 w/mk;含质量分数1%的120℃酸化处理的MWCNTs的B类复合相变储能材料较A类的潜热值大,其分别为143.6 J/g,97.42 J/g;该试验表明含1%MWCNTs-B相变储能材料更适合应用于温室。     

十水硫酸钠相变蓄冷保温箱保冷特性的试验研究

针对果蔬保鲜冷链物流中2~8℃的运输温区要求,为了保证运输中果蔬等农产品的品质,研发一种经济性较高,相变温度为6.4℃,相变潜热为141 J/g的硫酸钠水合盐体系,其成分为(75.5%Na2SO4·10H2O+3%硼砂+1.25%聚丙烯酸钠+16%NH4Cl+4%KCl+0.25%去离子水).相变材料封装于聚乙烯蓄冷板中,应用于发泡聚丙烯(expanded polypropylene)保温箱和真空绝热板(vacuum insulation panel)保温箱中,组成蓄冷式冷链运输装备.利用产品供应规范(good supply practice GSP)验证设备建立保温箱温度测试系统,得到箱内各点的升温曲线,通过平均保冷时间来评价保温箱的保冷效果,对比了保温箱载货与空载情况下箱内各点的温度变化.综合考虑保温箱内侧面布置、顶层布置等不同的摆放方式,聚丙烯发泡与真空绝热板不同保温箱体材质对保冷性能的影响.研究表明真空绝热板的保温效果优于发泡聚丙烯,可提高保冷时间13.31%;蓄冷剂在侧布形式下的保冷时间较侧布加顶布方式延长4.7%;在真空绝热板保温箱中分析了载货情况下的保冷性能较空载保冷时间减少0.77 h.研究结果为蓄冷保温箱在冷链物流中的进一步设计和优化提供支持,以及蓄冷技术在果蔬冷链物流中的应用提供参考.     

石蜡/ZIF-8@ZIF-67定形相变材料的储热性能

针对固-液相变材料在相变过程中由于体积变化产生的芯材泄漏现象,该研究以ZIF-8@ZIF-67核壳结构为载体,以石蜡（paraffin）为相变芯材,采用溶剂蒸发法制备了质量分数为50%、60%、70%和75%的石蜡/ZIF-8@ZIF-67定形相变材料。通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射、傅里叶红外光谱、BET比表面积、热重分析、差式扫描量热和瞬态平板热源等测试手段对定形相变材料的形貌、结构、热稳定性、相变潜热、热导率进行表征;采用Fluent软件对填充相变材料的相变蓄热供暖系统进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明：ZIF-8@ZIF-67形貌为大小均匀的菱形十二面体,石蜡的最高负载量为70%,且石蜡与ZIF-8@ZIF-67 MOF载体之间没有发生化学变化。质量分数为70%的石蜡/ZIF-8@ZIF-67经50次热循环后,熔化焓为54.36 J/g,与循环前相比无明显下降（循环前熔化焓为59.59 J/g）,说明其具有良好的热循环稳定性。研究表明质量分数为70%的石蜡/ZIF-8@ZIF-67相变材料可以很好的保持整体系统的温度稳定性,具有良好的蓄-放热效果。     

外挂型相变储能装置在日光温室中的蓄放热试验

为了验证和评价外挂型相变储能装置在严寒地区日光温室中长周期的蓄放热性能。将传统日光温室分割成4个隔断温室,并以中间两个隔断温室（东侧：相变温室（加相变材料）;西侧：对照温室（不加相变材料））为试验对象。以优化后配比为3%CMC+3%SrCl2·6H2O+35.96%CaCl2+58.04%H2O的复合相变材料为储能介质,采用PVC-U管进行封装并外挂布置于相变温室的北墙内表面,进行了为期51d的相变温室与对照温室的现场试验。基于试验数据,从温室内空气温度、过冷不适宜生长率及有效积温变化等方面讨论了相变温室的蓄放热性能。通过分析获得结果如下：1）所采用的相变材料,试验前后其相变温度较为稳定,没有发生明显的过冷和相分离问题,蓄热、放热过程的相变潜热分别减小了11.5%和13.2%;2）相变储能装置在典型晴天条件下的蓄放热性能最好,阴天次之,雪天最差,可以提高夜间相变温室平均温度分别为3.1、1.9、0.9 ℃; 3）相变温室过冷不适宜生长降低率为40%,过冷不适宜生长降低率概念可用于相变温室蓄放热性能的定量评价。4）相变温室比对照温室提高了约58.4%的有效积温。研究为相变温室在严寒地区的实际推广和应用提供了数据支持,同时也为相变温室蓄放热性能的长周期分析提供了理论方法。     

生物化学复合防腐剂在橙汁防腐保鲜中的协同增效作用

该文以天然生物防腐剂乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、化学防腐剂山梨酸钾、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)以及食品抗氧化剂异Vc钠为原料，对通过复配后得到的各组复合型防腐剂在橙汁保鲜中的协同增效作用进行研究，并且与单一的防腐剂保鲜效果进行比较，得出一组适合在橙汁中使用的高效复合型防腐剂。结果表明，上述各种抑菌剂单独使用时均不能完全抑制橙汁中微生物的生长；正交试验结果表明，当选择0.05 g/kg Nisin、0.1 g/kg山梨酸钾、0.01 g/kg异Vc钠、0.03 g/kg EDTA作为复配型抑菌剂的最佳添加配比时，能显著地抑制橙汁中微生物的生长，第14、17、21 d对菌落总数的抑制率分别达到99.9%、99.9%和99.6%，其抑菌效果显著优于单一防腐剂的抑菌效果。因此，Nisin与三者复合使用时具有协同增效性，该复合防腐剂添加至橙汁中可起到良好的防腐保鲜效果。     

相变蓄热砌块墙体在日光温室中的应用效果

日光温室墙体的保温蓄热性能直接影响温室内气温和作物的生长。该文选用石蜡与硬脂酸正丁酯按质量比为5∶5制成复合相变材料,以稻壳为载体采用自然吸附法进行吸附得到相变骨料。相变骨料与建筑材料混合制成相变蓄热砌块,并以其为墙体建造相变蓄热温室。采用差示扫描量热法测试复合相变材料和稻壳骨料DSC（热流-温度）曲线,相变温区为15～45℃;复合相变材料的熔解潜热为116.2 kJ/kg,凝固潜热为118.5 kJ/kg,相变稻壳的凝固潜热值为70.63 kJ/kg,熔解潜热值为58.14 kJ/kg。用多点温度计测量相变温室和普通温室室内外气温和墙体内外表面温度,相变温室室内气温波动幅度比对照温室小4.1℃,最低气温比对照高1.7℃,而最高气温则比对照低2.4℃。通过在温室内栽培金鹏一号番茄试验,表明相变温室中番茄的生长状况明显优于普通温室。因此,该文采用的相变蓄热砌块墙体建成的日光温室比普通温室具有更好的蓄热保温性能,更有利于冬季作物生长。     

复合抗氧化剂浸渍处理提升冻藏罗非鱼片品质

为了提高罗非鱼片的冻藏稳定性,以硫代巴比妥酸值(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)、Ca2+-ATPase活性、盐溶性蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量及质构等为试验指标,进行了维生素E、异抗坏血酸钠及茶多酚等抗氧化剂溶液浸渍处理对冻藏罗非鱼片品质影响的单因素试验,并在单因素试验的基础上进行抗氧化剂复配的正交优化试验。获得了不同的抗氧化剂浸渍浓度对冻藏罗非鱼片品质的影响规律,以主观赋权法对TBA值、Ca2+-ATPase活性、盐溶性蛋白含量、TVB-N和质构(硬度和弹性)5个指标分别赋权后计算各指标的综合评分,确定了各抗氧化剂的较佳浸渍浓度及最佳复合抗氧化剂的组合配方。结果表明,维生素E溶液和异抗坏血酸钠溶液的较佳质量浓度均为6 g/L,茶多酚溶液的较佳质量浓度为4 g/L,在较佳质量浓度条件下各品质指标综合评分与蒸馏水浸泡60 min的对照组相比分别提高了29.11%,18.46%和46.28%。参照成本分析与较优品质结合优化组合的复合抗氧化剂的配方为:异抗坏血酸钠质量浓度为4 g/L、维生素E为质量浓度2 g/L和茶多酚质量浓度为3 g/L,经此配方处理后的冻藏罗非鱼片对应的品质指标分别为TBA值0.1248 mg/kg,Ca2+-ATPase活性3.12μmol/(mg·h),盐溶性蛋白质量分数为77.72 mg/g,均优于单一抗氧化剂的作用,与蒸馏水浸泡60 min的对照组相比,各指标提升幅度为:Ca2+-ATPase活性提高52.20%,盐溶性蛋白质量分数提高16.78%,TBA值下降46.07%。研究结果为复合抗氧化剂的开发及其在冻藏水产品中的应用提供参考。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI