基于流变特性的不同品种苹果果皮质地评价

为探究苹果果皮表面碎裂损伤的原因和评价不同品种果皮的质地。采用电子万能试验机对丹霞、红富士和新红星苹果果皮进行拉伸松弛和蠕变特性试验,得到了果皮松弛的初始应力、残余应力、应变保持和蠕变的初始应变、应力保持、蠕变量;建立了苹果果皮松弛和蠕变的数学模型,对松弛和蠕变特性参数进行了相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:松弛和蠕变试验结果揭示出不同品种果皮的流变特性和内部组织结构存在差异。不同品种果皮的初始应力较大时,松弛平衡后的残余应力较大;初始应变较大时,蠕变量较小。新红星果皮的弹性因子贡献率较高,而红富士果皮的黏性因子贡献率较高,反映出红富士果皮表面中较新红星和丹霞果皮表面容易碎裂损伤,在采收、运输等过程中红富士的果皮较新红星和丹霞的果皮易受机械损伤。研究结果可为苹果品种的优育及其质地评价体系的建立和完善提供参考。     

籽棉压缩与应力松弛力学特性及模型构建

为深入研究籽棉压缩及应力松弛过程的力学特性并构建其本构模型,该研究以籽棉为研究对象开展试验,分别利用改进西原模型和五元件广义Maxwell模型对压缩和应力松弛的应力应变曲线进行描述。通过定义的本构模型对不同含水率及喂入量的籽棉力学特性试验数据结果进行参数辨识,得到相关模型参数,并探究不同因素对压缩及松弛过程应力的影响规律。研究结果表明:曲线拟合法求解籽棉压缩及应力松弛过程本构模型参数的决定系数均大于0.9,改进西原模型、五元件广义Maxwell模型可以较好地描述籽棉压缩力学特性和应力松弛特性。对籽棉压缩及应力松弛力学特性解析显示,模型参数表现出明显的应力规律:通过Duncan均值比较结果可知:籽棉压缩本构模型参数中不同含水率组间弹性模量差异均显著(P0.05),不同喂入量组间串联虎克体弹性模量差异显著(P0.05),压缩应力值与含水率、喂入量呈正相关关系;籽棉应力松弛模型参数中不同含水率及喂入量组间弹性模量及粘性模量差异均显著(P0.05),弹性模量、粘性模量与含水率及喂入量均呈正相关关系。籽棉压缩与应力松弛力学特性的研究可为籽棉压缩过程机理研究、模拟仿真提供理论依据,缩短机具研发过程。     

水稻秧苗抗拉力学特性及穴盘拔秧性能的力学试验研究

该文通过对水稻穴盘秧苗的抗拉力学特性和穴盘拔秧性能的试验研究，探讨水稻穴盘秧苗拔秧机理，为水稻穴盘秧苗拔秧机构的设计提供理论依据。试验结果表明：水稻秧苗的抗拉断力随秧苗秧龄、秧苗高度的增加而增大，随秧苗夹秧位置的提高而下降；秧苗所需从育秧穴盘中拔出的拔秧力与秧苗秧龄无明显关系，但受秧苗钵体湿度的影响较大，随秧苗钵体湿度的增加而减小，在相对湿度为40%～60%时，取得最小值；在正常条件下，单株或多株秧苗抗拉断力都远远大于从育秧穴盘拔取秧苗所需的拔秧力，采取拔取的方式将秧苗从育秧穴盘取出是可行的。     

基于松弛试验的光皮树果实冷态压榨流变模型

该文以研究光皮树果实冷榨制油过程中的流变特性为目标,利用自制直筒式压榨试验装置进行不同压榨应变水平的应力松弛试验,基于岩石流变基本模型分段模拟应力应变关系,建立其流变模型并进行验证。结果表明:光皮树果实加载过程中应力应变关系呈现线性和非线性两部分,屈服应变为0.4,应力松弛量随着压榨应变的增大而增大。采用分段模拟建模分析,并确定相应的模型参数。首先利用弹性元件和阻尼器模组合而成的广义Maxwell模型模拟线性段松弛过程,再利用线性与川北公夫模型叠加共同模拟非线性段松弛过程,构建了直筒式冷态压榨的流变模型,并进行了参数求解。误差分析表明:应变为0.5时,相对误差较大;而实际压榨过程中光皮树果实压榨应变均大于0.55,在此段应变范围内的模型平均相对误差均在7%之内,因此该模型为研究光皮树果实直筒式冷态压榨设备时应力应变参数的选取提供基础数据。     

收割期芦竹底部茎秆机械物理特性参数的试验研究

试验研究芦竹底部茎秆的机械物理特性，以获得其最大破坏应力、弹性模量等机械物理特性参数，并分析芦竹切割过程中应力、应变分布状态，能为芦竹切割刀具和切割方式的设计提供理论依据和基础技术参数，对低能耗、高效率的芦竹切割器的设计具有重要的指导意义。该文利用微机控制电子万能材料试验机对收割期的芦竹底部的茎秆进行了顺纹拉伸、压缩、弯曲试验，获得试验条件下顺纹拉伸、压缩、弯曲的应力－应变曲线，并进行了分析。试验测得芦竹底部茎秆顺纹拉伸最大抗拉强度平均值为123 MPa，弹性模量值为1260 MPa；顺纹压缩最大抗压强度平均值为52 MPa，弹性模量值为595 MPa；顺纹弯曲最大抗弯强度平均值为125 MPa，弹性模量值为1715 MPa。结果表明，芦竹破坏应力参数接近毛竹，远大于玉米、小麦等茎秆的破坏应力参数，芦竹的机械化收割不宜采用传统的切割器。     

薇菜类蔬菜生物力学性质试验研究

通过研究野生富硒植物薇菜的粘弹性力学性质等为食品物性学研究提供生物力学参数。选用吉林省汪清县山区野生薇菜为研究对象，对野生薇菜茎进行拉伸、压缩、弯曲、冲击、应力松驰、蠕变试验。得出了薇菜拉伸最大载荷、应力、应变、弹性模量、弯曲弯矩、弯曲应力，得出了薇菜冲击功、冲击韧性；还得出了薇菜茎应力松驰、蠕变试验数据和曲线，用三参数模型对应力松驰，蠕变数据进行拟合，得出了应力松驰方程，蠕变方程，得出了薇菜应力、应变随时间的变化规律。薇菜具有良好的生物力学性能，属于粘弹性材料。     

秸秆-薯渣混合物料应力松弛分数阶模型的建立及参数分析

为更加精确地解析农业松散物料压缩时表现出的应力松弛行为及松弛后的成型效果,简化应力松弛模型并获得更加直观的应力松弛特征参数,该研究将Riemann-Liouville分数阶微积分理论引入农业松散物料流变学特性研究中,以农业生产后残留的玉米秸秆与马铃薯废渣为研究对象,推导建立了用于描述秸秆-薯渣混合物料应力松弛特征的分数阶模型,并以松弛比与松弛时间比率为试验指标,完成了混合物料在不同压缩密度下的应力松弛试验,利用所建立分数阶模型对应力松弛试验曲线进行了拟合回归分析,并与广义Maxwell模型的拟合结果进行了对比与参数相关分析。结果表明:1)分数阶模型可准确描述秸秆与薯渣混合物料的应力松弛过程,其对松弛曲线的拟合精度高于五元件广义Maxwell模型,决定系数R~2介于0.996 4～0.999 5之间。2)分数阶模型仅有两个模型参数,分数阶阶数β与粘弹性系数K,其中β与应力松弛后残留弹性的占比、松弛比均极显著负相关,可直接用于表征物料松弛后的永久变形程度,预测其成型效果;K与弹性模量及粘性系数、松弛时间比率均极显著正相关,可用于表征混合物料的粘弹性特征及其应力松弛快慢程度。该研究成果推动了分数阶微积分理论在农业松散物料流变学特性研究领域的应用,通过分数阶模型建立了秸秆-薯渣混合物料的应力松弛特性与成型效果的联系,可为进一步改进农业松散物料成型方法、获取最佳成型条件提供依据。     

穴盘苗自动移栽钵体力学特性试验

穴盘苗钵体的力学特性,是穴盘苗自动移栽机取苗机构设计的重要依据。以黄瓜为育苗对象,选用镇江培蕾育苗有机土,使用128孔正方形锥体穴盘,在Venlo型玻璃温室培育穴盘苗。试验时,穴盘苗苗龄28d,长出两片子叶和第一片心叶,钵体含水率范围为54.21%～60.47%。对穴盘苗钵体进行了平板压缩、加卸载循环和蠕变试验,试验仪器为TA-XT2i型质地分析仪,测前、测试、测后速度均为1mm/s。钵体压缩试验测试10mm压缩量下的抗压特性,试验重复20次,钵体加卸载循环试验测试2、4、6、8mm压缩量下的加卸载特性,每个压缩量重复10次,钵体蠕变试验试验测试2、4、6、8N不同加载力下的蠕变特性,保持时间为120s,每个测试力重复10次。试验表明穴盘苗钵体的抗压力与变形呈非线性变化,抗压力随着变形的增大先缓慢增大再显著增大。在平板压缩过程中,钵体无明显的屈服破坏点。穴盘苗钵体的压缩破坏是从钵体盘根较少的区域开始,逐渐扩大破碎度。在弹塑性方面,随着压缩量的增大,滞后损失、抗压峰值力均增大,弹性度减小,并且穴盘苗钵体压缩变形越大,其塑变能力越强,具有一定的可塑性,可以从两侧或四周夹紧钵体而不破坏其整体性。利用Burgers模型能有效表征穴盘苗钵体的压缩蠕变特性,获得了对应的黏弹性参数。通过钵体不同压力下的蠕变试验,得到随着加载力的增大,瞬时弹性系数、延迟时间均减小,在1s内,加载力为2、4、6、8N时,钵体平均蠕变量分别为0.0244、0.0308、0.0446、0.0549mm,表明其蠕变量比较小,这对快速夹取穴盘钵体的夹紧松弛特性影响不大,即钵体一旦夹紧不会松弛掉落。     

水稻钵苗机械手取秧有序移栽机的改进

提出了一种人机结合的全自动2自由度机械手式穴盘水稻钵苗有序移栽机械的设计方案，由人驾驶操作实现机器作业的路径规划，由单片机控制的机械手自动地完成穴盘水稻秧苗的有序抛栽作业。该文讨论了该机械的结构和工作原理，给出了利用光电式传感器和磁电式传感器自动检测秧苗到位的两种方案并作了室内试验，结果表明在一定的工作距离范围内，两种传感器均可准确地检测到穴盘秧苗的到位。对机械手整体工作方式和秧夹开启方式进行了改进设计，将2个独立工作的、运动轨迹相似的机械手改进设计为合用一个水平运动机构，将原来利用电磁铁开启秧夹的方式改为利用24VDC电机驱动凸轮来开启秧夹，使设计更加合理。分秧滑道是所设计的有序行抛移栽机械的另一关键部件，对其实物模型进行了室内土槽台车试验，结果表明所设计的一组7条曲线型分秧滑道完全可以满足水稻秧苗有序抛秧移栽的农艺要求。     

穴盘水稻秧苗通过分秧滑道的运动仿真与分析

为了研究所设计的分秧滑道的性能,利用Pro/E和ADAMS软件对穴盘水稻秧苗通过分秧滑道运动进行了仿真。建立了2种秧苗营养土钵模型,球体模型和实际尺寸营养土钵模型。结果发现秧苗在通过分秧滑道圆弧段时其速度、加速度和接触力会发生突变;秧苗通过7条滑道需要的时间最长为0.633 s,最短为0.463 s;当滑道相对竖直平面倾斜2°布置时,秧苗通过滑道的通过性与滑道竖直布置时的差异不大。通过仿真可得到7穴秧苗不同时间点在7条滑道中的运动轨迹,以及在滑道运动的状态下,秧苗通过2组分秧滑道后在田间的定植情况。研究结果为今后分秧机构的进一步优化设计和试验研究提供了参考依据。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.