不同地区再生季稻米蒸煮食味品质及淀粉结构与性能差异研究

为探究再生季稻米蒸煮食味品质在不同生态区的差异,并从淀粉结构与性能角度揭示其差异机理,本试验以杂交稻甬优4149、晶两优1468为供试材料,按再生稻栽培模式分别种植于肇庆、长沙、信阳3个生态区,研究了再生季齐穗后温光条件对稻米蒸煮食味品质、RVA 谱特性及淀粉热性能和晶体结构的影响。结果表明,肇庆试验地区的再生季稻米蒸煮食味品质优于长沙、信阳,其直链淀粉含量适中,胶稠度长,糊化温度较低,总淀粉含量较高。再生季齐穗后温光条件与稻米胶稠度、糊化特性以及淀粉热性能和相对结晶度具有显著相关性。籽粒灌浆初中期的温度和光照对再生季稻米淀粉的糊化性能与热性能影响较大;淀粉的相对结晶度受中后期的日均温度影响最为显著。本研究将有助于绿色农业的可持续发展和优质稻米的生产。     

通过养分管理调控水稻胚乳成分提高稻米食味品质

[目的]研究磷钾镁施肥配比对不同类型水稻胚乳成分及食味的影响,为通过施肥改善稻米食味品质提供依据.[方法]选取低直链淀粉含量的软米品种、优良食味的普通粳稻品种和高产的粳稻新品系为试验材料,通过4因素3水平正交设计,设置磷肥、钾肥和镁肥处理,并通过对糙米的逐层碾磨,分析不同层次米粉的直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量差异,及其与食...     

湖南怀化花洋溪村“贡田”稻米品质的影响因素分析

  【目的】  湖南怀化市花洋溪村“贡田”生产的稻米品质优良,历史上一直作为贡品。我们研究了品种和“贡田”的理化性状和环境,以分析形成优质稻米的影响因素。  【方法】  在湖南怀化市花洋溪村的“贡田”与非贡田中采集0—20 cm 耕层土样,测定土壤有机碳、全量及速效氮磷养分含量。在两块田中同时种植了‘禾中香’、‘穗晚香’、‘农香25’ 3个水稻品种,测定了灌溉水、稻谷和土壤的22种元素含量,分析了稻米的食味品质(外观、黏度、硬度、平衡度、食味值)及营养品质(蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉)。通过冗余分析、结构方程模型等方法,解析“贡田”对水稻食味及营养品质的影响。  【结果】  与非贡田相比,“贡田”土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾、有效磷含量,微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量磷含量,以及铁、铝含量均明显较高。“贡田”中生长的水稻籽粒中含有较高的锌、铷、锶含量和较高的脂肪含量 (营养品质),而稻米的食味品质(黏度、外观及食味值)则更多地取决于水稻品种。冗余分析结果显示,土壤全量养分、速效养分及微生物生物量解释了59%的水稻食味及营养品质差异。结构方程模型显示,土壤中22种元素含量与水稻中的相应元素含量显著正相关。灌溉水元素含量较少,对稻米食味及营养品质影响也较小。  【结论】  “贡田”通过长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾含量,维持了较好的土壤生物性状,因此,在同样施肥量下,可显著提高水稻的产量和营养品质。相比于土壤肥力,稻米品种特性决定着稻米的食味品质及其对土壤肥力的响应。依据当下的施肥量和施肥方法(含秸秆还田),稻米中较高的脂肪含量和较低的蛋白含量均有助于稻米食味值的增加。因此,维持高的土壤肥力和适当的施肥水平,是获得优质稻米和较高产量的关键。     

不同生态条件下氮肥优化管理对杂交中稻稻米品质的影响

在四川省温江和射洪试验点,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以‘F优498’水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥处理[普通尿素优化施肥、减氮15%优化施肥、增氮15%优化施肥,PASP（聚天门冬氨酸）尿素1次施肥、2次施和优化施肥]对稻米品质的影响。结果显示,温江的碾米品质、外观品质和籽粒粗蛋白含量较优;射洪的峰值黏度和崩解值较高,消减值较低,蒸煮食味品质较好,同时直链淀粉含量较高。随着氮肥的施用,稻米碾米品质、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量显著提高,崩解值显著降低;同时导致射洪生态点的峰值黏度增加,消减值减少;温江生态点的稻米外观品质变优,峰值黏度减小,消减值增加。较农民经验性施肥处理,普通尿素优化处理和PASP尿素处理提高了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,降低了温江垩白粒率和垩白度,改善了外观品质;氮肥优化处理降低了峰值黏度和崩解值,提高了消减值,使稻米蒸煮食味品质变差,同时提高了射洪精米率和温江整精米率。较优化施肥处理,PASP尿素处理降低了两试验点的精米率、整精米率和温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪的垩白粒率和垩白度,使外观品质变差;同时PASP尿素1次施肥和2次施肥处理降低了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量;PASP尿素优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的峰值黏度、崩解值和温江直链淀粉含量,提高了两试验点的籽粒粗蛋白含量和射洪直链淀粉含量。较优化施肥处理,减氮15%和增氮15%优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的直链淀粉含量、整精米率及温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪垩白粒率和垩白度。与PASP尿素1次和2次施肥相比,PASP尿素优化施肥显著降低了垩白度、峰值黏度和崩解值,增加了消减值和籽粒粗蛋白含量;同时导致射洪生态点的整精米率降低,垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量增加;温江生态点的垩白粒率降低,整精米率增加。综合稻米碾米品质、外观品质、淀粉RVA、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量的关系,射洪PASP尿素2次施肥处理稻米综合品质较好,温江优化施肥处理稻米综合品质较好。     

灌浆期不同光强对水稻不同粒位籽粒品质的影响

为探讨灌浆期光照强度对水稻籽粒品质的影响及在不同品种类型和粒间差异,揭示弱光下水稻籽粒充实不良和米质变劣的生理机制,本文以代表性的超级稻品种"扬两优6号"和"武运粳23"为材料,以穗中部不同粒位籽粒为研究对象,以自然光强为对照,设置3种弱光处理(光强分别为对照的71%、55%和40%),研究了灌浆期不同光照强度对稻米品质的影响。结果表明:1)灌浆期光照强度对稻米品质影响较大,光强减弱稻米品质变劣,光照对米质形成的影响因光照强度大小、品种类型和籽粒着生位置不同而存在差异,同枝梗上迟开花籽粒稳定性较差,早开花籽粒稳定性较好。2)随光照强度降低,整精米率和直链淀粉含量降低,垩白度增加,不同光强下一次枝梗籽粒变化幅度大于二次枝梗籽粒;光强越弱,崩解值越低,消减值和粗蛋白含量越高,稻米蒸煮食味品质变差。3)生产上应因品种类型合理安排播期,通过栽培措施改善稻株受光条件,减轻光照不足对稻米品质形成的影响。     

施肥对中日水稻品系土壤养分及食味品质的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究不同施肥方法对5种水稻品系土壤养分与稻米食味品质的影响。结果表明:日本优质水稻栽培的施肥方法(日本施肥)比常规施肥产量低,5个品系以ZR13产量最低,ZR63最高。与日本施肥相比,常规施肥显著提高了5个水稻品系土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了土壤速效磷含量;从食味品质指标的变化看,日本施肥比常规施肥蛋白质和淀粉含量低,具有较高的食味值。从不同品系看,ZR63的产量和蛋白质、直链淀粉含量均最高,但食味值最低。日本施肥下,ZR13的食味值比ZR63高17.2%;常规施肥下,ZR51的食味值比ZR63高56.1%。综合产量和食味品质,ZR32、ZR51是比较理想的品系,ZR6、ZR13食味值高,但产量低,ZR63产量高,食味品质差。     

有机无机肥料及抽穗期气温升高对水稻籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性及淀粉品质形成的影响

为探讨不同肥料处理下抽穗期高温胁迫对水稻籽粒淀粉酶活性及淀粉品质形成的影响,本试验以优质食味水稻南粳9108为材料,设置施用有机肥(OF)和常规化肥(CF)处理,于抽穗期进行常温(NT)、+2℃(较常温增加2℃,MT)和+5℃(较常温增加5℃,HT)处理,对籽粒淀粉合成特性进行研究。结果表明,抽穗期温度升高降低了蔗糖合成酶(SS)、淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性,提高了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和焦磷酸化酶(AGP)的活性。蔗糖含量、淀粉平均粒径、热焓值与峰值温度均表现为HT>MT>NT;淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量与黏度值则随着温度升高而下降。在肥料处理方面,各淀粉相关酶活性均表现为OF>CF,且在OF处理下有较好的淀粉品质。综上所述,温度升高通过抑制淀粉合成,加速了形成淀粉原料的积累,进而导致籽粒中蔗糖含量升高;有机肥处理能促进蔗糖合成并提高淀粉合成相关酶活性。从气候变暖应对措施方面,可选择有机肥替代化肥调控淀粉相关酶活性,进一步改善淀粉品质。本研究结果为减少高温对水稻的危害与提高淀粉品质提供了技术参考。     

稻田施氮量对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响

【目的】明确适宜稻田施氮量以保障水稻产量和稻米品质提升,协调土壤养分和水稻品质之间的供需平衡。【方法】以“沪旱61”为供试水稻品种,设置了4个稻田施氮量(折合纯N分别为0、100、200和300 kg hm^-2)以解析稻田施氮量对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。【结果】施氮处理的水稻产量在5.2～9.0 t hm^-2范围,比对照提升41.0%～71.7%。随施氮量的增加,稻米中的蛋白质含量增加;而直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和食味值下降。随施氮量的增加,土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量增加;速效磷和速效钾含量下降,降幅分别达9.7%～45.5%和23.3%～70.7%。稻米食味品质是影响稻米综合品质的关键因素。统计学分析表明,稻米的蛋白质含量与土壤中硝态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈负相关,而直链淀粉含量与土壤中硝态氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈正相关。【结论】在保证水稻稳产和稻米品质提升的前提下,“沪旱61”水稻栽培的最佳氮素用量为200 kg hm^-2。     

胚乳突变体在水稻淀粉合成调控研究中的作用

淀粉作为稻米最主要的储藏物质,其含量、结构及其特性影响水稻的产量和品质。随着分子生物学的不断发展,通过筛选胚乳突变体,克隆了大量调控水稻淀粉合成相关的基因,使淀粉生物合成的机理也逐渐清晰。本文综述了水稻淀粉结构、淀粉生物合成,以及淀粉突变体,包括糯性、高直链淀粉、垩白、粉质、暗色、糖质、皱缩等突变体的突变基因克隆及功能研究最新进展,以期为进一步阐明水稻淀粉生物合成的途径,以及优质水稻新品种的培育提供参考。     

不同模拟储藏条件下粳米胚乳显微结构变化

为了弄清大米在储藏过程中胚乳结构的变化,从而探索其品质变化的机理。在模拟我国典型储粮环境条件下,利用Hitachi S3000N扫描电镜对储藏的粳米胚乳横断面、胚乳细胞表面以及胚乳淀粉颗粒形态进行观察。结果显示：随着储藏时间的延长和储藏温度的升高其胚乳横断面的放射状排列趋于模糊,胚乳细胞的破裂程度增加,尤其是在中心部位;胚乳细胞表面光滑度下降,小孔数量增多加大,其表面蛋白质膜有不同程度的翘起,膜的厚度有所下降;裸露的单粒淀粉增加,淀粉颗粒间的裂缝增多,部分复合淀粉颗粒表面的蛋白质膜变得模糊和粗糙。通过对储藏过程中胚乳微观结构及形态的变化与大米蒸煮和食味品质劣变的机理分析,解析出胚乳微观结构及形态的变化是导致大米主要品质变化的重要原因,为大米储存品质的控制提供了理论依据。     

Morphological,Physical, and Chemical Properties of Grain and Flour from Chalky Rice Mutants

Morphological, physical, and chemical properties of grain and flour of 20 chalky rice mutants were compared with those of a translucent parental cultivar, Koshihikari. Compound starch granules were loosely packed and single starch granules were observed in chalky parts of mutant endosperm. Chalky mutant lines were classified into milky‐white and white‐core lines based on the degree of endosperm chalkiness. Physical and chemical characteristics also suggest a division of chalky mutant lines into two groups, consistent with the classification made based on morphological characteristics. Milky‐white mutant lines showed significantly lower grain weight, decreased starch content, and lower grain hardness than white‐core mutants and Koshihikari. Rice flour prepared from milky‐white mutants by dry milling showed less starch damage and finer mean particle size than white‐core mutants and the parent. These results indicated that a loosely packed structure in chalky endosperm was responsible for fragile grain and that it yielded fine flour with lower damaged starch contents. Decreased starch contents of chalky mutant lines correlated to lower RVA viscosities. Milky‐white mutant lines were expected to be useful to produce fine flour, which undergoes less starch damage during dry milling processing.     

Distribution and characterization of enzymes causing starch degradation in rice (Oryza sativa cv. koshihikari)

The thermal dependency and stability of enzymes producing reducing sugar (RS) were examined in bran, the exterior 13% part (outer endosperm), and the remaining inner endosperm of rice grains. RS-producing enzymes in the inner endosperm showed a higher optimum temperature than those in other parts of the rice grain. Diethylaminoethyl-Sephacel chromatography of crude extracts revealed two peaks of RS-producing activity with different optimum temperatures (60 and 37 degrees C) in all three parts. alpha-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) and alpha-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) isoform G were thought to be major components of the RS-producing activities with high and low optimum temperatures, respectively. The peak with a high optimum temperature was a more abundant component in the inner endosperm, compared with other parts of the rice grain. Thus, different parts of rice were found to have distinct enzyme sets having different thermal dependency and to be involved in starch degradation to various sugars.     

稻米爆腰机理与碎米率

碾米过程中产生的碎米率与稻谷中的糙米的爆腰率有重要相关关系。米粒的主要成分是淀粉,淀粉以一定的晶体结构排列在米粒的胚乳细胞壁中,当淀粉在受热和受潮时,淀粉粒膨胀,使米粒产生热应力和水分应力差,当此拉应力大于米粒抗拉强度时,米粒内部就产生裂纹而形成爆腰米粒。稻谷在收获后期、收获后的干燥、贮藏中均会受到温度和水分变动而产生爆腰米粒,稻谷在加工过程中受到机械力的作用也会增加米粒的破碎。所以,降低碎米率应该从稻谷的收获后期就引起注意,防止温度和水分过大的波动,在稻谷加工中米粒应避免拉伸和弯曲的作用。     

双胚苗水稻种子的扫描电镜观察

以同源四倍体双胚苗水稻品系(D07-04-01)及其衍生后代(01-04-01,D07-02-01,DP07-04-01)为研究材料,利用扫描电镜技术和X射线衍射技术对稻米的垩白性状、淀粉粒的形态特征和淀粉的晶体特性进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,与其他材料相比,双胚苗二倍体品系D07-02-01的垩白粒率、垩白度和垩白大小均最小,稻米的自然横断面中部无明显辐射状,裂痕少且浅,"粗短形"的不规则多边形胚乳细胞与淀粉粒分布均匀,多面体状淀粉粒呈现典型的晶体结构,数目多且排列致密,球形单粒淀粉粒和块状不规则的复粒淀粉体数目比较少,相对结晶度高,直链淀粉含量低,即外观品质和食味品质均比其他四倍体品系好。     

水稻心白突变体xb1的淀粉理化特性分析

淀粉是稻米胚乳的主要成分,解析其理化特性对改良水稻品质具有十分重要的意义。为了探究心白稻米淀粉的理化特性,本研究以经EMS诱导粳稻品种辽星1号获得的心白突变体xb1为材料,利用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、RVA快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪等方法,对形态结构、淀粉颗粒结构和粒径分布、糊化特性及热力学特性等进行了分析。结果表明,与野生型相比,突变体xb1籽粒的粒宽、粒厚和千粒重均显著降低;淀粉结构和淀粉粒粒径分布均发生改变,淀粉粒粒径值大于13左右的淀粉粒数量明显低于野生型;突变体种子中蛋白质含量极显著高于野生型,总淀粉含量极显著低于野生型,而直链淀粉含量没有明显改变;在支链淀粉分支结构上,聚合度(DP)在6~9之间的短链及25~35之间的中长链比例有所增加,而DP值在10~24之间的中短链及36~50之间的长链比例有所减少;突变体xb1淀粉的糊化起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和糊化距离(Tr)均未发生明显改变,只有热焓值(△H)极显著提高。同时,突变体xb1的RVA谱特征值中,热浆黏度(HPV)、峰值黏度(PKV)、冷胶黏度(CPV)和消减值(SBV)极显著提高,崩解值(BDV)和回复值(CSV)极显著降低。本研究结果为探索垩白形成的生理机制以及进一步的基因克隆奠定了基础。     

Structural Characteristics,Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility of Rice

Using rice samples derived from normal rice cultivars and endosperm starch mutant, we investigated key factors contributing to the enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains. The chemical composition of polished rice grains, structural features of endosperm starch, and enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains were examined. The protein content of polished rice grains was 4.6–9.1%, amylose content was 4–27%, the DP_n of purified amylose was 900–1,600, the amylopectin short/long chain ratio was 1.2–5.9, and the enzyme digestibilities of steamed polished rice grains were 0.9–12.6 °Brix. Amylose content and RVA parameters (viscosity, breakdown, and setback) correlated significantly with enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains. Multiple regression formulas were constructed to predict digestibility of steamed rice grain as a function of the molecular characteristics of the starch. When both amylose content and the short/long chain amylopectin ratio were used as predictor variables, they accounted for >80% of the observed variance in digestibility of steamed rice grains. Multiple regression revealed that the more digestible rice samples had starch with a lower amylose content and more short‐chain amylopectin. Reassociation of amylose‐lipid complex and recrystallization of amylopectin in the stored steamed rice grains was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the observed retrogradation properties were related to the structural characteristics of starch and to the enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains.     

Effect of Excess Nickel on Starch Mobilization in Germinating Rice Grains

The effect of excess nickel (as NiSO₄) on starch mobilization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains or dehulled rice grains during germination was investigated. Excess NiSO₄ had no effect on starch content and α-amylase activity in endosperm of germinating rice grains or germinating dehulled rice grains. Evidence is provided to show that the hull is a barrier against influx of Ni²⁺ to endosperm; endosperm per se is less effective in Ni²⁺ uptake; and α-amylase extracted from the endosperm of germinating rice grains is highly resistant to excess Ni²⁺.     

CO2浓度增高对水稻籽粒淀粉代谢相关酶活性的影响

以高产优质粳稻松粳9号和稻花香2号为材料,利用开放式空气CO₂浓度富集系统（FACE）实验平台,研究CO₂浓度增高对水稻籽粒淀粉代谢相关酶活性的影响。试验设正常大气CO₂浓度（400±40μmol·mol-1）和高CO₂浓度（600±60μmol·mol-1）,测定开花后两个水稻品种籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶活性的变化。结果表明,CO₂浓度增高对不同灌浆进程中酶活性的影响程度有显著差异,对乳熟期之后ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性和颗粒型淀粉合成酶活性的表达均有较明显的促进作用,仅阻碍了乳熟期籽粒中淀粉分支酶活性的表达;淀粉代谢相关酶活性对CO₂浓度增高的响应因品种而异,松粳9号籽粒中ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性受CO₂浓度增高的影响较大,而稻花香2号淀粉合成酶活性受其影响更大。说明随着灌浆进程的推进,CO₂浓度增高对淀粉生物合成途径中关键酶活性表达的影响程度存在明显的时段特征,且不同品种的响应程度有显著差异,总体来看,CO2浓度增高可在一定程度上促进淀粉代谢相关酶活性的表达。     

Histological structures of cooked rice grain

Raw and cooked whole grain sections of milled, medium grain California rice were compared for gross histological and morphological features using fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cooked and raw grains were compared and the differences were assessed by autofluorescence of the cell walls and correlating fluorescence to SEM images. Milled, raw grains contain fine cracks throughout the endosperm. Cooked grains have wider, more defined cracks, suggesting that they serve as channels for water migration into the grain during cooking. Water penetrates unequally into the grain during cooking: low water penetration produces dense regions with minimal starch gelatinization, and high water penetration produces large voided areas. The voids occur in the transverse orientation of the grain and are the main of cause grain expansion during cooking.