红平菇淀粉酶活力测定条件的优化

为了优化红平菇淀粉酶活力测定的条件,从p H值、温度、底物浓度3个方面对测定方法进行了单因素分析,并利用响应面法进行了3个因子的交互作用分析。结果表明,测定红平菇淀粉酶活力的最优条件为p H值5.9、温度69.85℃、酶量1.2 m L。     

灌水与肥密配置对甘啤7号大麦产量和蛋白质的影响

为筛选高产、优质、节水啤酒大麦新品种甘啤7号合理种植方式和适宜的肥密组合,2012~2013年,研究两种灌水条件下不同施肥水平、栽培密度对啤酒大麦甘啤7号产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,全生育期灌水一次(S1)和全生育期灌水两次(S2)处理下均为高肥水平(F4)大麦籽粒产量高于其它施肥水平,两种灌水条件下,F4较不施肥处理F1(CK)增产幅度均达到60%以上。S1与S2处理均显示:随着施肥量的增加大麦籽粒蛋白质含量增加,且各施肥水平之间籽粒蛋白质含量差异达显著水平。在F1、F2与F3施肥水平下其蛋白质含量均达到国家一级或者优级酿造标准。播种密度对啤酒大麦产量影响不显著,对啤酒大麦蛋白质含量无影响。通过肥料和密度互作效应结果分析得出:组合F3M2产量在所有组合中始终位于前四,并且其酿造品质一直良好。在相同肥密配置下,S1与S2处理的产量表现出相同的变化趋势,基本表现为大麦籽粒产量S1S2。综合生态、经济以及其酿造价值等诸多因素,建议啤酒大麦新品种甘啤7号全生育期灌水一次,肥料施用量为180 kg/hm2,种植密度为600万株/hm2。     

不同磷水平对红壤溶液中锰、铝、镁和钙浓度变化以及小麦生长的影响

为了探明不同磷水平对红壤中土壤溶液主要金属离子变化的影响以及小麦对磷的响应,确定红壤中小麦适宜的施磷水平,采用原位提取土壤溶液和比较生物量的方法,监测了短期内红壤溶液中主要金属离子浓度变化及小麦生物量的变化。结果表明:碳酸钙的加入可以显著升高酸性红壤的p H,土壤溶液中铝、锰和镁浓度显著低于未加碳酸钙处理;800 mg/kg磷处理后铝、锰、镁和钙的浓度要比未加磷处理分别至少降低47%、44%、37%和33%。随着施磷量的增加,小麦在200 mg/kg磷处理时积累的生物量最大,随后磷增加,小麦生物量反而降低。而加碳酸钙处理小麦地下部生物量随着施磷量增加则降低。结果表明碳酸钙不仅可以有效升高土壤p H,降低土壤溶液铝浓度,还降低土壤溶液中锰的浓度。磷的加入同样可以降低锰和铝的浓度,缓解铝和锰毒害。红壤中生长小麦的适宜施磷量为200 mg/kg。     

紫外分光光度法测定农田土壤微生物生物量氮可行性初探

采用氯仿熏蒸浸提-紫外分光光度法和消化法比较测定了田间定位试验不同施肥处理土壤、添加植物残体土壤、添加葡萄糖土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC,SMBN)。结果表明,当土壤微生物生物量氮含量较高时(>20 mg kg-1),采用分光光度法与消化法测定的SMBN具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),但当SMBN量较低时(<20 mg kg-1)时,分光光度法测定与消化法测定的SMBN没有显著相关性。当土壤中添加麦秸和玉米秸时,土壤浸提液颜色较深(黄色),不适合采用分光光度法测定SMBN。因此,熏蒸提取–分光光度法测定SMBN,仅适于土壤浸提液无色透明、且SMBN含量较高的土壤。     

槐米中芦丁的提取中试工艺探究

以去离子水为萃取剂,以紫外分光光度法测定芦丁含量,探索从槐米中提取芦丁的中试工艺最优条件。分别以加入硼砂、亚硫酸钠的质量、p H值、萃取时间和温度五个单因素考察了对芦丁产率的影响。试验结果表明,在20 L中试反应釜中,用去离子水为萃取剂,槐米中芦丁的最佳提取工艺为:槐米、硼砂、亚硫酸钠质量比为100∶1.5∶2.5,萃取液温度维持90℃,p H值控制8~9,萃取时间为30 min。获得的萃取液中芦丁含量为0.46%,芦丁的产率为17.5%,这一研究结果为大规模工业提取槐米中芦丁提供了科学依据。     

ABTS底物检测漆酶活力条件和算法比较——以长白山两种林分土壤为例

选取长白山针叶林与阔叶林A层土壤,以0.25~12.5 mmol L~(-1)不同终浓度2,2'-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)为底物,考察漆酶氧化产物在0~32、0~54和0~95 min吸光值线性变化率,并藉此获得3个不同时间段线性拟合漆酶活力值;以一级反应动力学方程拟合最大吸光值增幅及相应平均反应时间,计算吸光值平均变化率,并藉此获得非线性拟合漆酶活力值。当ABTS浓度为7.5 mmol L~(-1)时,反应体系吸光值增幅和酶活最大。阔叶林反应体系吸光值增量显著大于针叶林,前者在0~300 min持续增加,且不同算法间漆酶活力差异不显著;后者仅在0~21 min显著变化,且非线性拟合漆酶活力值显著高于线性拟合。非线性拟合测算的漆酶活力变异系数整体上低于线性拟合。因此,森林土壤漆酶活力测定应重视酶底物浓度、反应时间、算法和林分条件变化带来的显著影响。     

玉米秸秆厌氧产氢工艺参数优化

为解决玉米秸秆结构致密导致秸秆发酵难于直接降解的问题,首先分别采用0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的HCl溶液对其进行预处理,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物进行中温(38℃)发酵产氢试验。结果表明,玉米秸秆的累积产氢量和产氢速率随着盐酸质量分数的增大先增加后降低,0.6%HCl处理效果最佳,单位累积产氢量和产氢速率分别为87.90 m L/g和3.05 m L/(g·h)。再以0.6%HCl溶液预处理的玉米秸秆为底物进行发酵产氢的单因素和正交试验,研究了秸秆粒径、底物浓度、初始p H值对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产氢过程的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;适度增加底物浓度可增加产氢量;适宜的发酵初始p H值有利于产氢细菌的生长繁殖;得到较佳的工艺参数组合为秸秆粒径150μm、底物浓度15 g/L、初始p H值为7,此时累积产氢量为112.87 m L/g。     

竹子硝酸还原酶活力的研究

对竹子硝酸还原酶活力的研究表明:因竹叶提取液偏酸,用 pH8.5的25mmol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液(含聚乙烯吡略啉酮(PVP)65mg/ml),提取(最终 pH为7.5)的叶片酶活力最高,酶反应达最高速率时的底物 KNO_3浓度为25mmol/L。在漫射光下,用 50mmol/LKNO_3诱导6h,叶片酶活力达高峰。光照对竹子酶活力具诱导作用,其中以光强5000lx 诱导12h、8000lx 诱导8h 最佳。中龄叶对 KNO_3和光照的诱导反应最敏感,诱导产生的酶活力比嫩叶和老叶高,尚未展开的嫩叶酶活力极低。不同叶龄叶酶活力,与叶片氨基氮和叶绿素含量呈极显著的正相关。在竹根中未能检测出硝酸还原酶活力。     

超声波辅助酶法提取红腰豆多糖工艺优化

为了开发利用红腰豆多糖资源,该文探讨了超声波技术协同复合酶处理提取红腰豆多糖的工艺条件并对其结构进行了初步分析。在50℃下,以多糖得率为指标,通过正交试验筛选复合酶最佳配比,利用Plackett-Burman试验设计分析各因素显著性,再采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理进行响应面分析优化;采用紫外和红外光谱扫描及苷键分析对红腰豆多糖结构进行初步分析。结果表明:复合酶最佳质量配比为木瓜蛋白酶∶果胶酶∶纤维素酶=3∶1∶3。酶解p H值和超声功率对提取红腰豆多糖影响达到极显著效应,复合酶添加量和超声时间为显著因素。最佳工艺参数为液料比80∶1 m L/g、复合酶添加量4.0%、酶解p H值5.0、酶解时间1.5 h、超声功率400 W、超声时间34.0 min,红腰豆多糖得率为14.15%。经紫外和红外光谱扫描表明红腰豆多糖经DEAE-52纤维素层析柱和Sephadex G-200层析柱两步纯化后纯度较高,具有多糖的特征吸收峰;通过高碘酸氧化和Smith降解分析可推测红腰豆多糖的连接方式为α(1→4)和(1→6)连接。研究结果为酶法联合超声波处理技术在红腰豆多糖提取过程中的应用及其后续红腰豆多糖结构表征、生物活性等方面的研究提供理论依据。     

测定土壤硝态氮的紫外分光光度法与其他方法的比较

使用酚二磺酸法、还原蒸馏法、镀铜镉还原．重氮化偶合比色法和改进紫外分光光度法（校正因数法）测定了中国9种不同类型土壤的硝态氮含量，分析了改进紫外分光光度法与其余三种测定方法的差异及其适用性。统计分析表明对于有机质含量低于50g kg^-1的矿质土壤，可以使用2．2作为校正因数，四种分析方法的测定值具有极显著的相关性，尤其是紫外分光光度法与酚二磺酸法的测定结果最为接近，没有极显著差异；对于有机质含量接近和高于50g kg^-1的土壤，校正因数还需要修改。紫外分光光度法具有操作简单、测定速度快等优点，适用于批量快速测定。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.