挤压膨化工艺参数对玉米淀粉出酒率的影响

合理的原料预处理工艺可以提高玉米淀粉出酒率,该文用单螺杆挤压膨化机对脱胚玉米进行挤压膨化,以模孔直径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速和酵母添加量作为因素,以挤压膨化脱胚玉米淀粉出酒率为考察指标,采用5因素5水平(1/2实施)进行二次正交旋转组合试验设计,探讨了挤压膨化工艺参数和酵母添加量对挤压膨化脱胚玉米淀粉出酒率的影响规律,得到了优化的工艺参数:模孔直径为12mm,套筒温度140℃,物料含水率19%,螺杆转速200r?min-1,在酵母添加量为0.4%时,玉米淀粉出酒率可以达到55.81%。     

低温挤压添加酶制剂的玉米粗淀粉的糖化过程试验研究

为了缩短生产玉米糖浆的玉米粗淀粉的糖化时间，改进其糖化过程。通过实验室试验,研究了添加酶制剂的玉米粗淀粉的挤压-液化系统诸参数(套筒温度、玉米粗淀粉含水率、螺杆转速、挤压时耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量、液化时耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量)，对糖液的主要考察指标(糖液的DE值、出品率和过滤速度)的影响规律。研究表明，在本研究的较优系统参数下，糖化12 h糖液的DE值、过滤速度和淀粉出品率分别为95.5%～96.3%、163.2～177.3 L/(m²·s)和94.2%～94.4%。比传统玉米淀粉糖化时间缩短约18 h。     

水产沉性粒饲料挤压蒸煮工艺对其物性影响

选用双螺杆挤压机对水产全价配合原料进行挤压熟化,以沉性水产硬颗粒饲料理化特性(膨化度、堆积密度、糊化度、耐久性和水中稳定性)为重要指标,采用表面响应分析法研究了物料水分含量(25～35%)、套筒温度(90～150℃)和螺杆转速(80～100 r/min)对其挤压工艺和饲料理化特性的影响规律,SEM分析其微观结构。结果表明：物料水分、套筒温度和螺杆转速均显著影响饲料的理化特性。中高物料水分和套筒温度及低螺杆转速时,才能获得理想的沉性高熟化水产颗粒饲料,其理化特性具有低膨化度(1.15),高堆积密度(754.7 g/L)、糊化度(882.3 g/kg)、耐久性(96.6%)和水中稳定性(89.1%)。SEM分析显示优化条件(物料水分30%,套筒温度120℃,螺杆转速80 r/min)下生产的颗粒饲料结构光滑质密。     

水产沉性颗粒饲料挤压蒸煮工艺对其理化特性的影响

为了规模化生产出低污染、高转化率的环保型水产沉性颗粒饲料,选用双螺杆挤压机对水产全价配合原料进行挤压熟化研究。以沉性水产硬颗粒饲料理化特性(膨化度、近似密度、糊化度、耐久性和水中稳定性)为重要指标,采用表面响应分析法研究了物料含水率（22%～38%）、套筒温度（70～170℃）和螺杆转速（73～107?r/min）对其挤压工艺和饲料理化特性的影响规律,SEM分析其微观结构。结果表明：物料含水率、套筒温度和螺杆转速均显著影响饲料的理化特性。中高物料含水率和套筒温度及低螺杆转速时,才能获得理想的沉性高熟化水产颗粒饲料,其理化特性具有低膨化度（1.14）,高近似密度（757.6?g/L）、糊化度（879.5?g/kg）、耐久性（96.6%）和水中稳定性（88.7%）。SEM分析显示优化条件（物料含水率31%,套筒温度126℃,螺杆转速78?r/min）下生产的颗粒饲料结构光滑质密。该研究可为发展高效、低耗、低碳高品质沉性水产饲料研究和生产提供参考。     

脱胚玉米啤酒辅料的挤压蒸煮系统参数对其糖化过程的影响

该文通过实验室试验,研究了作啤酒辅料的脱胚玉米挤压蒸煮系统诸参数(模孔孔径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速和模板内表面至螺杆末端端面的距离)，对醪液的主要考察指标（麦汁的过滤速度、碘值、浸出物收得率）的影响规律. 研究表明，挤压蒸煮脱胚玉米可以作啤酒辅料，其醪液的淀粉在糖化过程中被降解得彻底，淀粉的利用率较高。     

挤压参数对组织化大豆蛋白持水性的影响

试验以脱脂低温豆粕为原料,以德国布拉本德双螺杆挤压实验室工作站（DSE-25型）为设备,研究了挤压温度、物料含水率以及螺杆构型对产品持水性的影响。结果表明：物料含水率和螺杆构型对产品持水率有极显著影响（p〈0.01）;挤压温度对产品的持水率没有显著影响;挤压温度、物料含水率和螺杆构型对产品吸水率有极显著影响（p〈0.01）。影响产品持水率程度的大小顺序为物料含水率、螺杆构型、挤压温度;影响产品吸水率程度的大小顺序为螺杆构型、挤压温度、物料含水率。产品吸水率随着挤压温度的升高而增加。产品的持水率和吸水率随着物料含水率的提高先增加,随后略有降低。与配备输送元件的构型相比,配备反向元件、齿型盘和捏合块的构型显著增加了产品的持水性。工艺参数和螺杆构型对大豆组织化蛋白的吸水率的影响相对较大,对持水率影响相对较小。产品良好的组织结构是提高产品持水性的必要条件。     

挤压加工参数变量对重组米生产过程中系统参数与产品膨胀度的影响

试验以杂交籼米为原料,利用响应面模型,研究双螺杆挤压生产重组米过程中螺杆转速(60-180rpm)、进料速度(20-60g/min)、物料水分含量(22-42%)以及末端机筒温度(80-100℃)对挤压系统参数和重组米膨胀度的影响。结果表明,压强、比机械能和产品膨胀度都受到四个挤压变量的显著影响,但是物料温度受进料速度影响不显著,马达扭矩受末端机筒温度影响不显著,产品水分含量仅受进料水分含量的显著影响。比机械能与螺杆转速正相关,与进料速度、物料水分含量和末端机筒温度负相关。所得二次回归模型均拟合情况良好,,达到设计要求。可以认为本文建立的挤压数学模型可以应用于重组米生产领域,为重组米工业化生产的过程预测和产品性质预测提供一定帮助参考。     

浸油用玉米胚挤压膨化预处理技术的试验研究

该文通过4因素5水平二次正交旋转组合试验，研究了用于浸油的玉米胚挤压膨化预处理过程中的挤压系统参数(套筒温度、模孔孔径、物料含水率、螺杆转速)对考察指标(残油率、剪切强度、密度)的影响规律。得到最佳挤压工艺参数：模孔直径9 mm，物料出口温度93℃，喂入物料含水率13.3%，螺杆转速238 r/min，在此条件下得出残油率最优值为0.40%。和传统工艺相比，浸提时间缩短一半，膨化物的密度与轧坯和预轧样相比分别增加29.3%和13.8%。只要参数选择合适，可使原设备的浸出能力提高60%～120%。     

复合组织蛋白挤压加工工艺的初步研究

该文利用FTS-50型双螺杆食品挤压机，进行了复合组织蛋白挤压加工工艺的研究。试验研究了各个工艺参数对产品组织化的影响，得出了较佳的工艺条件。结果表明：适量的油脂(2%～10%)可以降低主机功耗，并稳定组织化结构；原料的pH为6.5～7.5时，产品的纤维强度较好；淀粉添加量在10%以内，产品的纤维化结构明显而且口感适中；含水率和螺杆转速对挤压产品组织化质量有着复杂的影响；挤压变性段温度提高，产品的组织化程度提高。     

香菇双螺杆挤压膨化机的设计与试验

针对现有双螺杆挤压膨化设备生产香菇膨化产品时存在物料堵塞、预熟度低、作业参数缺失等问题而导致生产的产品膨化率低、吸水性差、硬度高等缺陷,该研究设计了一种香菇双螺杆挤压膨化设备,并对设备中的关键部件喂料搅拌防堵装置、预熟调质装置与双螺杆结构参数进行了设计与确定。同时,为探究设备中的作业参数对产品膨化性能的影响,研究了设备的螺杆转速、膨化温度、物料含水率对产品的膨化率、硬度、脆度、吸水性的影响。结果表明:影响膨化率的显著性顺序依次为螺杆转速、物料含水率、膨化温度;影响硬度的显著性顺序依次为螺杆转速、膨化温度、物料含水率;影响脆度的显著性顺序依次为膨化温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速;影响吸水性的显著性顺序依次为膨化温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速。其次,结合各因素交互作用的影响规律与目标优化结果,得出设备的最佳作业参数为:螺杆转速167.23r/min,膨化温度151.68℃,物料含水率16.83%,此时,产品的膨化率、硬度、脆度、吸水性分别为4.04%、18.61N、-8.46mm/cm^2、313.86%。将优化后的参数值在设备中进行了生产性应用,得到生产值与优化值的误差均小于4%,最大生产率为165 kg/h。与扬州大学机械工程学院实验室内的现有设备相比,在提高物料送料的连续性与调质熟化度的基础上,膨化率提高了25.00%,硬度降低了48.21%、脆度提升了40.55%、吸水性提高了62.35%。因此,该机的设计可为香菇膨化产品的开发提供了一种较为成熟的技术装备。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.