水热条件和施肥对黑土中微生物群落代谢特征的影响

选择位于我国东部3个不同气候带(温带、暖温带、中亚热带)的农业生态试验站(海伦站、封丘站、鹰潭站),设置水热变化梯度下的土壤置换试验,利用Biolog方法,研究了水热因子和施肥对单作玉米的黑土中微生物群落的影响。结果表明,在3种气候条件下,施用NPK肥均提高了黑土中细菌群落的碳源代谢活性(Average well color development,AWCD值表示)。在玉米抽雄期,施肥处理(NPK)黑土中AWCD值大小顺序为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>海伦站(温带)>封丘站(暖温带),不施肥(CK)处理为:鹰潭站(中亚热带)>封丘站(暖温带)>海伦站(温带)。说明不施肥时黑土中微生物代谢活性随月均温度的提高而增加,而施肥和降水影响了温度对黑土中微生物代谢活性的作用。主成分分析表明,黑土中微生物群落代谢特征在海伦站(温带)和封丘站(暖温带)之间变化较小,而在鹰潭站(中亚热带)黑土中微生物群落的代谢指纹发生明显改变。气候条件变化导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现在:α-丁酮酸、腐胺、D,L-α-甘油、L-苏氨酸(r>0.9);而施肥导致的黑土中微生物代谢碳源的分异主要表现为:β-甲基-D-葡萄糖苷、葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和丙酮酸甲脂。总体上,不同气候带水热条件的变化和施肥均影响了黑土中微生物群落的代谢活性和代谢特征的变化。     

植物秸秆腐解特性与微生物群落变化的响应

采用网袋法探讨不同新鲜秸秆在农田土壤的腐解特征,结合Biolog微平板技术,对不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,随着腐解时间的增加,新鲜秸秆的残留率波动不大,秸秆的腐解速度为玉米秸秆大于大豆秸秆。整个腐解时期,不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落的平均颜色变化率AWCD值由高到低依次为FCN(新鲜玉米秸秆+氮)、FC(新鲜玉米秸秆)、FB(新鲜大豆秸秆),说明玉米不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落的密度大、稳定性好,大豆秸秆处理中土壤微生物群落相对密度小,稳定性差,3种不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物的AWCD值之间没有显著差异(P0.05),但不同秸秆类型与腐解时间的交互作用之间的差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。3种不同秸秆处理中土壤微生物的优势种群主要以糖类和多聚物为主,在腐解中后期难分解物质逐渐累积,均表现为对芳香化合物的利用最弱。3种秸秆的腐解残留率与土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、土壤温度、氨基酸、多胺类的碳源利用方面影响较大,土壤含水量和秸秆含水量的高低在一定程度上影响不同秸秆的腐解残留率。     

不同气候条件下潮土微生物群落的变化

针对气候变化的背景研究农田土壤微生物对气候变化的响应机制是调控农田土壤养分循环的理论基础。本研究基于设置在3个气候带(冷温带海伦、暖温带封丘和中亚热带鹰潭)的潮土移置试验,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析方法研究了移置第6年土壤微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在3种气候条件下潮土移置6年后土壤部分理化性质显著变化,土壤有机质含量表现为冷温带最高而中亚热带最低;在种植玉米的不同施肥处理中,土壤中微生物总PLFAs、革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)、革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)、细菌和放线菌PLFAs含量均表现为海伦封丘鹰潭,真菌/细菌比值在冷温带最低;PLFA图谱的主成分分析显示气候条件显著影响了土壤微生物的群落结构,海伦和封丘位于PC1正轴,而鹰潭位于负轴,受气候影响较大的特征PLFA包括18:1ω7c、16:1ω5c、16:0、18:0和18:2ω6,9c;逐步回归分析显示温度、降雨和土壤有机质是影响微生物群落的主要因子。总体上,气候条件的变化在短期内(6年)改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,可以影响农田生态系统的生物地球化学循环。     

温度水分对秸秆降解微生物群落功能多样性影响

秸秆腐解微生物群落结构受环境因子(温度和水分)影响显著。本试验利用BIOLOG技术,以秸秆腐解微生物碳源利用的平均颜色变化率(averagewell colordevelopment,AWCD)为指标,研究了不同温度(15℃,25℃和35℃和水分(40%,70%和90%田间持水量)条件下小麦和玉米秸秆腐解过程中微生物碳源代谢多样性的差异试验结果表明不同处理的AWCD随培育温度升高而降低,即15℃25℃35℃。随着培育时间的增加,其降低的趋势更加明显。同样地,小麦玉米秸秆腐解微生物的物种丰富度指数Shannon-Wiener(H)和优势度指数Simpson(D)也呈现出随温度升高而降低的趋势。微生物主要利用糖类和脂类物质。主成分分析结果表明在不同腐解时间,腐解微生物代谢多样性在不同温度下差异显著,而在不同水分下差异不显著。     

玉米秸秆覆盖还田量对黑土微生物碳代谢活性与多样性的影响

  目的  针对东北黑土区长期集约化耕作导致的土壤退化问题,开展不同秸秆覆盖还田量对土壤微生物碳代谢特征的影响及其驱动因素的研究。  方法  采用MicroRespTM方法结合土壤碳氮含量等理化性质,测定土壤微生物碳代谢能力及其影响因素,使用Past v2.16、Canoco 5.0等软件对微生物群落功能多样性、结构差异以及土壤理化性质和微生物群落碳代谢特征间的关系进行分析。  结果  秸秆连续覆盖还田14年后,土壤微生物对羧酸类与氨基酸类碳源的代谢活性显著降低,但对外源碳底物的代谢多样性显著增强。67%和100%秸秆还田显著改变了土壤微生物群落碳源代谢结构,100%秸秆还田下微生物对芳香酸类碳源的相对代谢活性提高。土壤微生物对碳源的代谢活性主要与土壤碳氮含量显著相关,土壤可溶性碳与碱解氮含量分别是影响土壤微生物碳源代谢多样性和结构的主要理化因子。  结论  长期秸秆还田可以通过降低土壤微生物对易利用碳源的代谢需求、提高对碳源的代谢多样性而改善免耕土壤微生物碳代谢功能。本研究可为优化东北黑土区保护性耕作管理模式、促进该地区农业可持续发展提供微生物学参考。     

玉米秸秆腐解规律及土壤微生物功能多样性研究

试验以玉米长期连作和玉米—小麦轮作土壤为研究对象,采用网袋法设定秸秆覆盖和深埋2个还田处理,间隔不同时间取样,分析秸秆腐解特征及土壤微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,针对不同土壤来说,玉米—小麦轮作土壤中2种秸秆还田方式下(T1和T2),玉米秸秆腐解速率、养分(N、P和K)释放率均高于玉米长期连作土壤(CT1和CT2);不同秸秆腐解时间下,土壤微生物群落功能多样性各处理表现不同。总的来说,T1和T2处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率、丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均高于CT1和CT2。在玉米长期连作种植区,秸秆深埋比秸秆覆盖能更有效提高玉米秸秆腐解率和改善土壤微生物群落结构的功能多样性。     

秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓对农田土壤微生物特性的影响

在连续6年稻麦轮作系统中，研究不同秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓对土壤微生物生物量、活性（基础呼吸）及群落功能多样性（BIOLOG单一碳源利用指纹方法）的影响，试验设5个处理：对照（CK）、秸秆表施（M）、秸秆混施（I）、秸秆表施且接种蚯蚓（ME）、秸秆混施且接种蚯蚓（IE）。不同秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓均对土壤微生物生物量、微生物生物活性和群落碳源利用能力产生显著影响：两种秸秆施用方式下接种蚯蚓均增加微生物生物量；秸秆表施并接种蚯蚓导致微生物活性、碳源利用丰富度和多样性指数均降低，而在秸秆混施下则均升高；BIOLOG碳源利用分析结果表明在秸秆施用下接种蚯蚓后土壤的微生物群落组成发生明显变化。     

不同添加剂处理秸秆腐解物对红壤性质的影响

有机废弃物的资源化高效利用是目前生产实际中面临的紧迫问题。本文通过布置土壤培育试验,施用不同添加剂处理后的水稻秸秆腐解物,研究土壤养分和生物性状变化。结果显示,施用添加剂处理的水稻秸秆腐解物对红壤理化指标和生物学性质有明显影响。施用碱渣处理的秸秆腐解物能够提高土壤pH,缓解红壤酸化;施用秸秆腐解物对红壤碱解氮含量影响不明显,但可提高速效磷、速效钾含量,尤其施用FeSO4处理的秸秆腐解物效果较为显著;培养60 天时施用添加剂处理秸秆腐解物的红壤脲酶、转化酶活性达到高峰,并且均表现为添加剂处理秸秆腐解物>无添加剂处理秸秆腐解物>对照,其中施用碱渣处理的秸秆腐解物的土壤酶活性较高;施用秸秆腐解物后红壤微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮含量呈现先减少后增加的动态变化,培养结束时微生物生物量碳最高的为碱渣处理,较施用无添加剂处理和对照分别提高46.5% 和286.2%,而微生物生物量氮最高的则为碱渣配合FeSO4处理;与对照相比,各处理土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力增强,尤其是施用碱渣处理秸秆腐解物不仅能够显著提高微生物AWCD值,还明显提高了红壤微生物功能多样性。以上结果表明,施用碱渣处理的水稻秸秆腐解物对红壤肥力提升和生物功能提高具有明显效果。     

水热条件和土壤类型对纤维素分解菌的影响

试验选择中国东部3个气候带上的主要农田土壤:寒温带黑龙江海伦的黏化湿润均腐土(黑土)、暖温带河南封丘的淡色潮润雏形土(潮土)和中亚热带江西鹰潭的黏化湿润富铁土(红壤),在海伦、封丘和鹰潭3个生态试验站建立土壤置换试验,研究玉米不同生育期水热条件和土壤类型对好氧性纤维素分解菌数量的影响。结果表明,暖温带气候条件下土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量高于中温带和中亚热带气候条件;土壤类型显著影响了土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量,变化顺序为黑土>潮土>红壤;在玉米不同生育期土壤纤维素分解菌数量的顺序均为抽雄期>收获后>种植前;施用化肥提高了土壤中好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量。相关分析显示土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、含水量和pH值呈显著正相关,土壤温度和含水量是影响土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量的重要环境因子。通径分析结果表明,土壤养分是决定土壤好氧性纤维素分解菌数量的主要因子,水热条件对其直接作用并不明显,但水热、施肥、土壤类型对纤维素分解菌数量有显著的交互作用。     

气候条件和作物对黑土和潮土固氮微生物群落多样性的影响

固氮微生物是土壤氮素的主要贡献者之一。利用在黑龙江海伦(寒温带)、河南封丘(暖温带)和江西鹰潭(中亚热带)设置的2种农田土壤(黑土、潮土)的置换试验,研究了不同气候、土壤和种植条件对固氮微生物多样性的影响。通过直接从土壤中提取DNA,对固氮酶基因nifH PCR扩增并进行DGGE电泳的分析方法研究了2种类型土壤在3种不同水热条件下固氮微生物群落多样性的变化特征。研究结果表明,在置换到不同气候条件下3年后,土壤类型是决定固氮微生物结构及多样性的主要影响因子,其次是短期气候条件变化的影响,最后是种植玉米的影响。土壤固氮微生物多样性、优势度与土壤C/N及碱解氮含量呈显著正相关(p<0.01),与pH呈显著负相关;多元回归分析及典范对应分析均表明土壤碱解氮含量是影响固氮微生物多样性的决定因素。水热条件与土壤固氮微生物多样性没有线性相关关系,暖温带条件下黑土固氮微生物多样性最高,而潮土最低。种植玉米提高了土壤固氮微生物多样性。     

不同气候条件对旱地红壤微生物群落代谢特征的长期影响

利用1988年设置的暖温带和中亚热带两种气候条件下的土壤置换试验,采用BIOLOG方法,研究了气候条件对红壤中微生物群落功能的影响。结果表明,长期处于不同的气候条件改变了红壤的pH和养分状况,从而影响红壤微生物群落的代谢特征。与中亚热带气候条件相比,暖温带气候条件下,红壤的pH和全磷含量显著升高,速效钾含量显著下降;红壤微生物群落活性(以AWCD值表示)也显著降低。主成分分析表明,不同气候条件下红壤微生物群落代谢特征显著不同,与暖温带气候相比,中亚热带气候条件下,红壤微生物群落对氨基酸、胺类和酚类化合物等含氮化合物的利用显著增加。相关分析表明,影响不同气候条件下红壤微生物代谢特征的主要因素有:温度和降雨量气候因子,土壤pH、速效钾和全氮含量等土壤因子。     

不同气候和土壤条件下玉米叶片叶绿素相对含量对土壤氮素供应和玉米产量的预测

叶绿素仪可以用于估测作物和土壤氮素供应状况,本研究通过野外土壤置换试验评估叶绿素仪在不同区域的适用性。在黑龙江海伦（中温带）、河南封丘（暖温带）和江西鹰潭（中亚热带）设置3种主要农田土壤（黑土、潮土、红壤）的异地置换对比试验,研究了不同气候和土壤条件下玉米叶绿素相对含量对土壤氮素供应的响应及其对玉米产量的预测性。研究结果表明:不同气候和土壤条件下,玉米生长旺盛期功能叶的叶绿素相对含量（叶绿素仪SPAD值）和土壤表层（0—20 cm）硝态氮、无机氮含量相关性显著,说明叶绿素仪测定值可以在玉米生长旺盛期反应土壤氮素供应情况;玉米生长旺盛期功能叶叶绿素相对含量和土壤表层硝态氮含量均与玉米子粒产量呈显著相关,说明叶绿素仪可以在玉米生长旺盛期估测玉米子粒产量,且不受地域、土壤类型的影响。     

气候对旱地紫色土微生物功能多样性的长期影响

研究了暖温带和中亚热带气候对紫色土的理化性质、微生物活性及其多样性的长期影响.将安徽休宁的紫色土分别放置在暖温带的封丘和中亚热带的鹰潭,18年的旱作定位试验结果表明,中亚热带紫色土的pH、全N含量、NO3--N含量和有效P含量显著低于暖温带紫色土;中亚热带气候条件下紫色土微生物整体活性高于暖温带;中亚热带气候条件下紫色土微生物对羧酸和糖类利用较多,而在暖温带气候条件下紫色土微生物对氨基酸和胺类的利用能力较高.说明中亚热带气候条件促进了紫色土微生物对含C化合物的利用,而暖温带气候条件促进了紫色土微生物对含N化合物的利用.     

土壤质地对秸秆分解的影响及其微生物机制

本研究以河南省封丘县的砂质、壤质、黏质潮土为对象,基于网袋秸秆埋设法,比较分析了经半年埋设后小麦和玉米秸秆分解速率变化,及基于磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的微生物组成差异。结果表明:秸秆分解率在不同质地潮土间无显著性差异;残留秸秆中碳含量与原始秸秆相当,表明秸秆分解过程中碳按比例减少;但氮和磷含量显著增加,尤其在质地黏重的土壤处理中更为明显。经半年埋设,小麦和玉米秸秆中钾的释放比例分别高达99%和97%。PLFA结果显示,两种秸秆中的细菌、真菌、放线菌在砂、壤、黏土处理间无显著差异,表明影响秸秆分解的微生物生物量在不同土壤质地处理间相当,这可能是导致秸秆在不同质地潮土中分解率无显著差异的原因之一;但PCA分析表明,参与小麦和玉米秸秆分解的微生物种类有所不同,其差别主要与革兰氏阳性菌14:0、i14:0、3OH-16:0、i17:0,革兰氏阴性菌cy17:0以及放线菌10Me18:0有关。     

温度和秸秆质量调节与秸秆分解相关的微生物磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）组成

Variations in temperature and moisture play an important role in soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. However, relationships between changes in microbial community composition induced by increasing temperature and SOM decomposition are still unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and moisture levels on soil respiration and microbial communities involved in straw decomposition and elucidate the impact of microbial communities on straw mass loss. A 120-d litterbag experiment was conducted using wheat and maize straw at three levels of soil moisture (40%, 70%, and 90% of water-holding capacity) and temperature (15, 25, and 35°C). The microbial communities were then assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. With the exception of fungal PLFAs in maize straw at day 120, the PLFAs indicative of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi decreased with increasing temperatures. Temperature and straw C/N ratio significantly affected the microbial PLFA composition at the early stage, while soil microbial biomass carbon (C) had a stronger effect than straw C/N ratio at the later stage. Soil moisture levels exhibited no significant effect on microbial PLFA composition. Total PLFAs significantly influenced straw mass loss at the early stage of decomposition, but not at the later stage. In addition, the ratio of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial PLFAs was negatively correlated with the straw mass loss. These results indicated that shifts in microbial PLFA composition induced by temperature, straw quality, and microbial C sources could lead to changes in straw decomposition.     

Effects of straw amendment and moisture on microbial communities in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil

Purpose

Returning crop straw into fields is a typical agricultural practice to resolve an oversupply of straw and improve soil fertility. Soil microorganisms, especially eukaryotic microorganisms, play a critical role in straw decomposition. To date, microbial communities in response to straw amendment at different moisture levels in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of straw amendment and moisture on microbial communities in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil.

Materials and methods

Two soils (one was applied with organic manure, and the other was not applied with any fertilizer) from a long-term field experiment in the North China Plain were collected. Soils with and without straw amendment at 25 and 55 % of the average water-holding capacities of the two soils were incubated at 25 °C for 80 days. All treatments were sampled 20 and 80 days after the start of incubation. Microbial biomass and community structure were analyzed by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) assay, and the eukaryotic diversity and community composition were assessed via barcoded pyrosequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons.

Results and discussion

PLFA analysis showed that straw amendment increased the biomass of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, actinobacteria, and fungi and shifted microbial community structure. The varied straw availability resulted in a large variation in microbial community structure. In the presence of straw, actinobacterial and fungal biomass both decreased under high moisture content. 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing indicated that straw amendment decreased eukaryotic diversity and richness and probably restructured the eukaryotic community. Under identical moisture content, long-term organic manure-fertilized soil had higher eukaryotic diversity and richness than the unfertilized soil. In the amended soils under high moisture content, the relative abundance of dominant fungal taxa (Dikarya subkingdom, Ascomycota phylum, and Pezizomycotina subphylum) decreased.

Conclusions

Straw amendment increases microbial biomass, shifts microbial community structure, and decreases eukaryotic diversity and richness. High moisture content probably has a negative effect on fungal growth in the amended soils. In conclusion, microbial communities in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil are significantly affected by straw amendment at different moisture levels.     

Properties and metabolic diversity of microbial communities in soils treated with steam sterilization compared with methyl bromide and chloropicrin fumigations

The effects of steam sterilization (SS) on soil microbial properties including metabolic diversity of the microbial communities were examined in a greenhouse compared with those of two fumigants, methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP). The numbers of fungi decreased in all the treatments. Nitrifiers, both ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, were severely affected by the SS and CP treatments, resulting in their virtual disappearance. The decrease in the levels of microbial biomass C and N after the treatments suggested that the SS and CP treatments eradicated the microorganisms more effectively than the MB treatment and that the influence of the former persisted until the end of the experiment, 4 months after the treatments. Accumulation of NH₄-N was observed after the SS and CP treatments mainly due to the partial decomposition of the dead microorganisms and the marked decrease in the number of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The richness and average well color development (AWCD) values in the microbial communities after the SS treatment were evaluated by the carbon substrate utilization method using Biolog ECO MicroPlates. The values decreased markedly immediately after the treatment but showed a rapid recovery, while those after the CP treatment continued to decrease until the transplanting of tomato seedlings. The effect of the MB treatment on the soil microbial communities was less pronounced. The growth of the tomato plants was promoted by the SS and CP treatments due to the increase in the N supply at the initial stage of tomato growth.     

Non-linear impacts of Eucalyptus plantation stand age on soil microbial metabolic diversity

Purpose

Although it is generally accepted that planting exotic plant species alters metabolic function of soil microbial communities, its temporal dynamic is often ignored when evaluating ecological effects of associated land use changes. To investigate the dynamic impacts of successive Eucalyptus planting on carbon metabolic activities of soil microbial communities, we studied community-level physiological profiles of soil microbial communities in different generations of Eucalyptus plantations.

Materials and methods

We studied community-level physiological profiles of soil microbial communities, using the Biolog? Ecoplates incubation, in adjacent first (G1), second (G2), third (G3), and fourth (G4) generation Eucalyptus plantations that were, respectively, aged 3, 8, 14, and 19 years in Guangxi province, southern China. We used the ‘space-for-time substitution’ approach to investigate the impact of stand age of exotic Eucalyptus plantations on carbon metabolic diversity and activities of soil microbial communities. For each Eucalyptus plantation generation, three experimental plots were randomly selected. In each plot, one composite soil sample from 0 to 10 cm in depth was obtained for the analyses.

Results and discussion

Single carbon source utilization varied with Eucalyptus plantation stand age. Among preselected 31 carbon sources, utilization of 17 carbon sources changed significantly, which was best described by a quadratic function (ten carbon sources) and an exponential function (seven carbon sources). As a result, cumulative averaged metabolic activity and metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities showed quadratic and exponential changes relative to Eucalyptus plantation stand age. The order of cumulative averaged carbon metabolic activity and metabolic diversity were G1?>?G4, G3?>?G2 and G1?>?G2?>?G3, G4 (p?<?0.05), respectively. The factors contributing to carbon source utilization structure of soil microbial communities for different stand ages of Eucalyptus plantations were shrub richness, soil organic carbon content, microbial biomass carbon, C-to-N ratio, and N-to-P ratio.

Conclusions

Eucalyptus plantation stand age has inconsistent non-linear impacts on two aspects of soil microbial metabolic function: (1) quadratic impacts on carbon metabolic efficiency and (2) exponential impacts on carbon metabolic diversity. The decreasing carbon metabolic diversity has no significant impact on carbon metabolic efficiency during successive Eucalyptus plantings. The results show that the importance of assessing long-term impacts of land use changes on soil microbial communities from exotic plantations by quantifying multi-aspect non-linear changes on soil microbial metabolic function.