对城西川流域坝系建设规模及工程布局的探讨

通过对城西川流域社会自然条件、水土流失治理现状、坝系建设潜力、减沙目标、淤地目标进行综合分析,确定该流域坝系建设的规模为:骨干坝14座、中小型淤地坝8座、48座,骨干坝与淤地坝配置比例为1∶4。根据建设规模提出该流域工程布局的原则、思路与方案。     

基于数字流域的淤地坝规划水沙关系分析

以数字流域为基础,应用数字流域模型,对岔巴沟流域1960年6~9月的降雨—径流—产沙过程进行了模拟,分析了各沟道控制点的来水来沙规律,进而阐述了如何确定淤地坝的建坝位置、建坝顺序、建坝规模,再根据建坝规模确定淤地坝的设计标准。对于缺乏观测资料的支沟,模型还能通过模拟给出淤地坝的相关设计参数,解决了基础资料不足带来的困难。     

交口县淤地坝发展潜力调查研究

淤地坝是减少入黄泥沙的根本性措施。交口县地处吕梁山中段，建坝资源丰富，发展潜力较大。根据典型小流域分析测算，全县共可兴建大小淤地坝614座，其中库容50万m^3-100万m^3淤地坝102座，10万m^3—50万m^3淤地坝308座，10万m^3以下淤地坝204座。总库容14949万m^3，拦泥库容7913万m^3，可淤坝地2799hm^2。     

阳城县固隆河流域坝系建设探讨

固隆河流域内现有各类淤地坝16座,其中骨干坝3座、中型淤地坝3座、小型淤地坝10座,已淤地44hm2。经计算,在满足50年一遇防洪标准的条件下,实现坝系相对稳定,还需要增加坝地面积150hm2。介绍了坝系建设规模。     

淤地坝成为构建富裕文明新青海的亮点工程

青海省于1992年起进行淤地坝单坝试点建设,2003年开展以小流域为单元的坝系建设,截至2008年6月,全省开工建设淤地坝551座,其中完建淤地坝506座,竣工验收了287座。多年来,青海省淤地坝建设坚持“以支流为骨架,小流域为单元,骨干坝和中小型淤地坝相配套,建设沟道坝系”的建设思路,涌现出了一批以坝系建设为重点的综合治理新典型,     

从高寨沟大型拦泥坝的效益看环县淤地坝建设方向

介绍了高寨沟大型拦泥坝工程的基本情况,并对其建成后的效益进行了分析。在此基础上,分析了环县淤地坝的建设方向,环县本身具有得天独厚的建坝条件,很适合建设淤地坝,且当地政府群众认识到位,建坝、管坝、养坝的积极性高,尤其适合建设大型拦泥坝。     

黄土高原沟壑区淤地坝泉眼封堵技术的探索与实践

随着黄土高原地区淤地坝坝系建设的规模推进,淤地坝坝址泉眼封堵直接影响着坝系建设的布局,坝址泉眼封堵技术成为了坝系建设中必须解决的重要技术问题。通过在庆阳市西峰区淤地坝建设中的施工实践,对黄土高原沟壑区淤地坝坝址泉眼封堵技术进行了有益的探索。     

陕北淤地坝的现状及其发展前景

陕北千沟万壑,适宜修造淤地坝,每平方公里可建坝地2.3～3.5hm~2。经多年努力,已建成淤地坝3.4万座,拦泥20多亿t,淤成坝地5.38万hm~2,年产粮食1.6亿kg,减少了入黄泥沙,提高了群众生活水平。但现有淤地坝存在坝系布设不合理、工程不配套、大部库容已淤满、防洪标准低和部分坝地盐碱化等问题。为此,提出加高配套淤地坝、布设控制性的骨干工程等对策,并分析了陕北坝地建设的发展前景。     

黄河中游淤地坝工程可持续减沙途径分析

黄河中游地区淤地坝的减洪减沙作用十分显著,但20世纪80年代以后呈降低趋势,如何实现淤地坝的可持续减沙作用值得探讨.以黄河中游淤地坝工程最多的黄河二级支流大理河流域为例,采用“水保法”计算了梯田、林地、草地、坝地四大水土保持措施的减洪减沙量,分析了淤地坝减沙总量及其变化过程,探讨了淤地坝工程实现可持续减沙的技术途径.结果表明,大理河流域平均每淤1 hm2坝地需要泥沙75 000 t;要达到1 km2流域面积发展坝地3.33 hm2的目标,需要17 a左右的时间;实现淤地坝可持续减沙作用的布坝密度为2.5座/km2;未来大、中、小型淤地坝的配置比例为1∶2.5∶5.5;进行坝系建设时应尽量采用自下游向上游的建坝时序.要实现黄河中游淤地坝的可持续减沙作用,应从坝地发展速度、布坝密度与大、中、小型淤地坝配比、建坝时序及坝体加高5大技术途径方面进行综合分析和实施.同时,还应从淤地坝的后续建设、坡沟兼治、预防超标准洪水、明晰产权制度和加强管理养护等方面,完善并制订相应的政策措施.尤其要重视淤地坝建设的相关科学研究,努力提高其科技含量.     

典型淤地坝坝控流域水土保持措施的合理性分析

[目的]分析淤地坝坝控流域水土保持措施的合理性,为黄土高原的淤地坝建设与规划提供科学指导。[方法]对黄土丘陵沟壑区第一副区两座典型淤地坝进行分层土样采集,通过室内试验用常规方法对土样的颗粒组成进行了分析计算,在此基础上,利用分形理论,计算了分层土样颗粒组成的分形维数,分析了两座淤地坝坝地分层淤积物颗粒组成与其分形维数随淤积年限的变化趋势。[结果]两座典型淤地坝粒径组成的分形维数随淤积年限的增大都呈现逐渐减小的趋势。[结论]该典型淤地坝坝控流域不同土地利用类型表层或者更深层的土壤存在沙化趋势,淤积年限内坝控流域水土保持措施配置不合理。     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine

A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.