土地沙漠化程度的景观尺度评价

基材混合物的有效持水量是评价厚层基材喷射植被护坡效果的重要指标之一。采用模拟岩石坡面进行厚层基材喷射植被护坡实验,研究了有机质及保水剂含量对基材混合物水分常数的影响。该研究结果对合理选择基材混合物的组成及使用比例有重要意义。     

厚层基材喷射护坡试验研究

以内昆线横江车站路堑岩石边坡为试验点 ,设计了厚层基材喷射种植基各组分配比 ,采用湿喷法进行厚层基材喷射护坡试验。试验结果表明 ,采用厚层基材喷射对岩石边坡进行生态防护 ,厚层基材各项指标均满足植物正常生长所需的条件 ,防护效果显著     

高速公路不同边坡类型对植被恢复的影响

为了解不同护坡模式下边坡防护工程建设初期植被恢复状况,依托北京西六环现有边坡工程,采用系统聚类方法,将12段边坡划分为六棱砖与厚层基材喷播植草2类护坡模式,分析不同模式坡位、坡长、坡向和地形条件对植被恢复的影响。结果表明:1)以厚层基质喷播植草模式为主的Ⅱ类边坡植被恢复效果优于以六棱砖护坡模式为主的Ⅰ类边坡;2)随着演替进程的发展,建植初期植被表现出一定的年际变化规律,2011年植被恢复效果较2010年差;3)坡位、坡长和坡向的不同使植被群落组成存在一定的差异性,Ⅰ类边坡中部植被生长较好,Ⅱ类边坡下部植被恢复效果好,坡长较长的阴向边坡更利于植被恢复;4)六棱砖护坡模式更适宜在山岭重丘区应用,而厚层基质喷播植草护坡模式更适用于平原微丘区。     

炎热多雨条件下岩坡喷混植草试验研究

岩质边坡上植草护坡,是道路生态工程中的难点,涉及岩坡的可耕植性、植物选型和基材优化配比组合等关键技术研究.以洛湛铁路娄底段边坡为例,分析了铁路边坡的环境特点,对风化岩坡的可耕植性参数进行了试验研究.通过室内播种试验,由草种的根系生长及发芽率情况优选出适于护坡工程的最佳草种组合.通过室内正交试验,对于基材主要组成成份进行了强度影响因素大小的数理统计分析,得出在施工后一定时间内基于降雨周期的影响条件下所需采用的基材优化配比组合方案,从而可使基材强度值达到最大.最后通过厚层基材喷播、覆盖、后期管护等重点和难点技术的实施,保证了炎热多雨条件下岩坡喷混植草的成功.     

中国岩质边坡植被护坡技术研究进展

高速公路建设等活动产生了大量的裸露岩质边坡。随着环保观念的逐渐普及和增强,人们对生态环境保护的要求越来越高,岩质边坡植被护坡技术已成为了工程建设技术的一个重要组成部分,并已取得了很多研究成果。首先分析了岩质边坡植被恢复的特点,然后从植被护坡技术应用、植物的选择和配置、生态基材的配比和特性、植被护坡机制和植被恢复效果评价5个方面对中国岩质边坡植被护坡技术的研究进行总结和概述,在此基础上,从特殊生境条件下的高陡岩质边坡植被护坡技术研发、岩质坡面-基材-根系的相互作用机理及整体力学稳定性、植被恢复效果评价长效机制和基于气候、地理环境等因子的岩质边坡植被护坡技术标准的编制4个方面,提出了该领域有待深入研究的问题及未来的发展趋势。     

湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术在水渠边坡工程中的应用

[目的]验证湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术的先进性与实用性,为工程边坡生态防护提供参考。[方法]将湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术应用于湖北省鄂州市花马湖水系连通渠护坡工程,现场观测了护坡和水土保持效果、植物盖度、植株密度、植物平均高度以及物种多样性指标。[结果]湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术能促使边坡稳定。所用基材能较好地附着于坡面,未出现冲沟和滑塌,水土保持较好,成功解决了基材可喷射性和坡面附着性之间的根本矛盾;1个月后坡面整体植被覆盖率达到90%以上;缓坡区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数与陡坡区均较为接近,但与自然边坡存在差异;湿喷综合成本比干喷节约5%～15%。[结论]湿喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术作为干喷植被混凝土生态护坡技术的升级版,具备显著的先进性,能用于工程边坡的生态防护。     

不同配比护坡营养基材pH的动态变化研究

不同配比护坡营养基材模拟试验表明．护坡营养基材pH值随着凝固时间的延长而下降,并逐渐趋于稳定,不同配比的护坡营养基材pH值稳定的最短时间不同。影响护坡营养基材pH值变化的主要因素有水泥的掺入量、基质土壤类型、成孔材料添加比例等。研究结果表明,水泥掺入量在基质土壤的2％～4％范围内对植物生长是安全的。在设计护坡营养基材配方方面,以城市垃圾土为基质土壤,添加3％的稻草粉有利于降低护坡基材pH值和促进植物生长。     

向家坝水电站工程扰动边坡生态修复人工调控研究

以控制论为基本理论,归纳了边坡生态修复工程的人工调控技术,并以此为指导对向家坝水电站工程扰动边坡生态修复TBS(厚层基材植被护坡技术)示范样地进行了调控。调控结果表明:调控后边坡样地各指标值均有不同程度的提高,植被群落得到不同程度的改善。对调控经验进行了总结,为加快扰动边坡植被恢复及演替提供新的思路和方法。     

锚喷边坡坡面植被恢复生境构建技术

边坡通过锚杆喷射混凝土处置,其整体稳定性得到了保证,但其对周边生态环境却造成了不良影响,而且由于喷射混凝土的存在,该类边坡坡面植被恢复生境构建难度增加。某锚喷坡面在采用了挡土翼、坡面植生孔、植生营养袋及TBS厚层基材喷播绿化等综合技术措施后,基本实现了坡面植被恢复生境构建,可为类似工程提供参考和借鉴。     

随州绕城公路生态修复中的景观设计

湖北省随州市绕城公路是连接曾侯乙古墓和炎帝神农故里两张文化名片的快速旅游通道,综合考虑绕城公路的生态现状和人文现状,尝试对公路两侧开挖边坡进行生态修复的同时注入随州历史文化元素,对部分坡面进行人文景观设计。通过采用植被混凝土、防冲刷基材、厚层基材、三维网客土喷播、混凝土连续框格梁内铺草皮、罩面网攀缘植物、铺种草皮等一系列的绿化护坡措施进行边坡稳定性防护,同时结合具有历史人文特色的景观设计,营造出层次丰富、和谐统一的道路自然生态景观和人文景观。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.