不同杀青方法对绿茶品质的影响

杀青作业是提高绿茶加工品质的关键工序,为了提高茶叶加工品质,采用微波、热风、蒸汽、锅炒和蒸汽-热风组合等不同杀青方法对加工后绿茶的感官品质和茶叶内含成分品质特性进行了试验分析,结果表明：微波输出功率 10 kW、时间2.5 min、杀青叶温室75℃,杀青后茶叶的外形色泽、汤色、叶底表现较好,只有香气、滋味欠佳,咖啡碱、茶多酚、维生素C和叶绿素含量最高,分别是2.70%、34.40%、3.335×10-3 mg/g和2.24 mg/g,时间是传统杀青的1/4～1/3,能耗成本是传统杀青的1/3。蒸汽-热风组合杀青时间为6 min（蒸汽和热风各处理3 min）、叶温80℃杀青的茶叶香气最好,氨基酸保留量达到3.48%,感官品质总分达到90.75分。     

湖北海棠叶发酵饮料的开发

2017—2018年,在湖北武汉以湖北海棠叶浸泡液为原料,采用酵母发酵开发酒精味活性饮料。正交试验结果表明,在发酵时间为36 h,叶水比为1.5∶100,糖添加量为9 g,酵母添加量为0.1g条件下,发酵的饮料感官最佳,测得饮料中黄酮含量4.36 mg/100 mL,多酚含量3.68 mg/100 mL,多糖含量101.8 mg/mL,可溶性固形物含量8.16%,酒精度1%。     

土壤养分与澳洲坚果果实内含物间的相关性分析

为了探究澳洲坚果桂热1号种植基地土壤养分与果实内含物之间的相关性,为种植基地科学施肥、提高肥料利用效率提供参考依据。采集广西崇左龙州县、南宁横县、梧州岑溪市3个澳洲坚果种植基地土壤与果实样品,测定土壤养分(全磷、全钙、锌、铁和硒)与果实内含物(钾、钙、镁、铁、锌、磷、硒、可溶性糖、蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸总量)指标,采用相关性分析方法,筛选影响果实品质的主要土壤养分因子。结果发现,龙州基地全磷含量属于高水平(0.86 g/kg),其余基地属于低水平(0.23～0.30 g/kg);3个基地土壤锌含量都达到很高水平(32.2～177 mg/kg);龙州基地铁含量属于中水平(7.67%),其余基地属于低水平(2.92%～3.16%)。龙州和横县基地均属于富硒土壤(0.84～0.86 mg/kg)。不同基地果实钾含量为370～475 mg/100g,钙含量为42.1～57.5mg/100g,镁含量为93.3～106.3 mg/100g,铁含量为14.0～18.7 mg/kg,锌含量为10.9～12.4mg/kg,磷含量为151～206 mg/100g,硒含量为0.09～0.23 mg/kg,可溶性糖含量为2.78～3.08g/100g,蛋白质含量为8.69～9.33 g/100g,脂肪含量为69.6～83.1 g/100g,氨基酸总量为7.98～8.44 g/100g。其中,龙州基地钙、铁、硒、蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸总量最高,其余的果实品质指标都是横县基地最高,岑溪基地的果实品质指标都是最低或者居中。果实中蛋白质含量与土壤养分中全磷含量呈极显著正相关(r=1.000),与土壤中全钙、锌和铁含量也达到显著正相关(r=0.998-0.999);果实中可溶性糖含量与土壤中硒含量呈极显著负相关(r=-1.000);果实中氨基酸总量与土壤中硒含量相关系数(0.990)较高;果实中脂肪与土壤中全磷、全钙、锌和铁含量相关系数(0.911-0.933不等)也较高。土壤养分与果实矿质元素含量没有显著的相关性,澳洲坚果果实中的可溶性糖和氨基酸总量主要受土壤硒含量的影响,蛋白质和脂肪主要受土壤全磷、全钙、锌、铁的影响。     

酶解条件对红枣汁主要成分的影响

以延川团枣为材料,在前期单因素试验的基础上采用正交设计试验方案,对温度、 提取时间和酶用量等提取红枣汁的工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：影响红枣汁中可溶性固形物、维生素C和总糖含量的因素大小顺序为温度、提取时间、酶用量。温度的影响达到显著,而提取时间和酶用量未达到显著。在温度40℃、提取时间4 h和酶用量2400 mg/L时,红枣汁中可溶性固形物含量13.9%、维生素C含量0.32 mg/(100 mL)、总糖含量9.37%,具有较好的提取效果。     

陕南茶园茶叶品质分析及重金属含量现状评估

为了解陕南茶园茶叶品质及茶园重金属含量现状,以茶叶主产区为研究对象,采集了8个县区330个茶园土壤样品,测定分析了pH值和铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)等7种重金属含量;同时测定分析了33个茶园茶叶品质及茶叶和浸出液中重金属含量。结果表明,茶叶中茶多酚平均含量为25.58%,儿茶素平均总量为20.74%,茶氨酸含量均值为2.45%,游离氨基酸总量均值为4.86%。茶叶中各重金属含量差异较大,Pb为0.04～2.65 mg/kg、Zn为34.82～55.38 mg/kg、Cu为3.18～20.16 mg/kg、Cr为0.09～4.89 mg/kg、Hg为0.02～0.30 mg/kg、As为0.66～1.16mg/kg和Cd为0.02～0.19mg/kg;32茶园茶叶符合《无公害食品茶叶》(NY5244—2004)和NY659—2003标准,33个茶园茶叶Cu含量符合有机茶标准。浸出液中仅检测出Zn、Cu和Cr,平均浸出率分别为:32.65%、24.96%和10.50%。土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Hg、As和Cd的平均含量分别为10.03、87.61、16.42、12.38、0.20、6.89和0.11 mg/kg,综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为95.4,潜在生态风险较低。     

不同提取方式对萱草花中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

为了研究超声、酶解-超声以及发酵-超声3种不同提取方式对萱草花中酚类物质的含量、组成形态及抗氧化活性的影响，以明黄、桔黄、桔红、朱红、大红5种颜色的萱草花为原料，检测不同萱草花中总黄酮和总多酚含量以及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl，DPPH）和2,2''-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（2,2''-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid，ABTS+）自由基清除率；利用高效液相色谱对游离态、共轭态和结合态3种形态酚类化合物进行测定，并研究其与抗氧化活性的关系。结果表明，不同颜色的萱草花中总黄酮和总多酚含量各不相同，其含量从高到低排列为："红鹦鹉"、"63#"、"健壮力兰"、"玫瑰犀牛"、"太阳舞"。不同品种和不同提取方式的萱草花抗氧化性均存在显著（P<0.05）差异，发酵-超声提取方式下"红鹦鹉"、"63#"、"健壮力兰"、"玫瑰犀牛"、"太阳舞"对DPPH自由基清除率的维生素C当量分别为44.32、40.63、38.24、37.64、35.60 mg/g，以对ABTS+自由基清除率的维生素C当量分别为39.74、36.24、30.88、28.38、24.88 mg/g；"红鹦鹉"对DPPH清除率的维生素C当量由超声时的38.24 mg/g升高到酶解-超声后的41.49 mg/g和发酵-超声后的 44.32 mg/g；对ABTS+自由基清除率的维生素C当量由超声时的31.82 mg/g上升到发酵-超声后的39.74 mg/g和酶解-超声时的35.12 mg/g；可知发酵-超声提取下萱草花的抗氧化性优于酶解-超声和超声。在萱草花酚类物质的3种形态中，游离态含量最高，占总含量的75%以上；经酶解和发酵后显著（P<0.05）提高了"红鹦鹉"中大部分游离态酚类化合物的含量，新检出了对香豆酸，发酵后游离态槲皮素含量是超声提取时的3倍；游离酚的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率的维生素C当量分别从超声时的40.53和35.57 mg/g升高到了发酵-超声时的48.20和47.40 mg/g。游离态中的绿原酸、芦丁、咖啡酸和槲皮素与抗氧化活性相关性高，对抗氧化活性贡献大。研究为萱草花在食品和化妆品的开发利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

核桃青皮中多元酚类化合物的提取及含量分析

核桃在采摘及加工过程中产生的青皮遗弃物处理已经成为一个社会问题。以核桃青皮为原料,经酶解、微波超声波辅助处理后获得多元酚类化合物提取液,检测化合物中没食子酸、原花青素和儿茶素的含量。结果显示,固料比1∶4,1%复合提取酶、温度为50℃、p H6.0下恒温振荡12 h;微波超声波萃取仪处理15 min,分3阶段,每阶段5 min。(丙酮为萃取剂,液液比1∶6,设置温度分别为50℃、60℃、70℃;超声波功率分别为800 W、900 W、1 000 W;微波功率分别为100MHz、200 MHz、300 MHz;超声波频率恒定为25 k Hz,转速1 000 r/min);加4%明胶产生沉淀后分别氯仿、乙酸乙酯萃取获得鞣质提取液提;分别检测到没食子酸的含量为1.125 mg/g,原花青素的含量为1.71 mg/g,儿茶素的含量为0.035 mg/g。     

核桃青皮中多元酚类化合物的提取及含量分析

核桃在采摘及加工过程中产生的青皮遗弃物处理已经成为一个社会问题。以核桃青皮为原料,经酶解、微波超声波辅助处理后获得多元酚类化合物提取液,检测化合物中没食子酸、原花青素和儿茶素的含量。结果显示,固料比1∶4,1%复合提取酶、温度为50℃、p H6.0下恒温振荡12 h;微波超声波萃取仪处理15 min,分3阶段,每阶段5 min。(丙酮为萃取剂,液液比1∶6,设置温度分别为50℃、60℃、70℃;超声波功率分别为800 W、900 W、1 000 W;微波功率分别为100MHz、200 MHz、300 MHz;超声波频率恒定为25 k Hz,转速1 000 r/min);加4%明胶产生沉淀后分别氯仿、乙酸乙酯萃取获得鞣质提取液提;分别检测到没食子酸的含量为1.125 mg/g,原花青素的含量为1.71 mg/g,儿茶素的含量为0.035 mg/g。     

LED光质萎凋对绿茶品质的影响研究

采用1芽1叶、1芽2叶鲜叶为原料,以自然光萎凋为对照,分别采用红、橙、黄、绿、蓝光质LED灯单色光照射萎凋,研究了不同LED单色光质在萎凋过程中对主要内含成分含量变化及绿毛茶品质的影响。结果表明:与对照(自然光萎凋)相比,LED光质萎凋有利于茶叶水浸出物含量的增加;萎凋叶茶多酚含量均随时间增加呈下降的趋势,其下降最多的是蓝光萎凋,其含量比鲜叶减少3.59%、比对照减少1.20%;红光萎凋的氨基酸含量最高,比对照增加0.12%。;萎凋可增加可溶性糖含量,自然萎凋的萎凋叶可溶性糖含量最高,黄光次之;几种方式萎凋叶咖啡碱含量相对稳定;经橙光照射萎凋的茶鲜叶所制绿毛茶综合得分最高为89.65,其次是绿光。从各项评分来看,经橙光、绿光照射萎凋后有利于绿茶汤色、香气及滋味的提升。     

施肥量对“红阳”猕猴桃产量、品质及氮磷钾含量的影响

探求不同施肥量对猕猴桃产量及品质的影响,以明确最佳施肥量,分析施肥量对猕猴桃氮磷钾含量的影响。以“红阳”猕猴桃为研究对象,猕猴桃萌芽期一次性施入复合肥料0 kg/株(对照)、0.25、0.5、0.75、1 kg/株,研究了不同施肥量对“红阳”猕猴桃产量、品质(包括可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白、维生素C)及氮磷钾含量的影响。结果表明:(1)施肥可有效提高猕猴桃平均横、纵径,施肥量为0.75、1 kg/株的平均横、纵径与对照差异达到显著水平;不同施肥量均可提高猕猴桃果实平均单果质量,各处理与对照相比,分别提高了15.10%、12.55%、27.21%、13.08%,其中,施肥量为0.75 kg/株的处理与对照差异达到显著水平。(2)施肥能提高猕猴桃果实可溶性固形物、维生素C和可溶性总糖的含量;施肥量为1 kg/株的果实可溶性固形物与空白对照相比差异显著;施肥量为0.5 kg/株的果实维生素C含量最高,达145.29 mg/100 g;施肥量为0.75 kg/株的果实可滴定酸和可溶性总糖含量分别为1.18%和6.04%,均高于其他处理。(3)整个生育期间,猕猴桃果实干物质含量总体均呈“S”形上升的变化趋势,叶片及果实的氮磷钾含量随施肥量的增加呈“上升-下降”的变化趋势。(4)整个生育期内各器官氮含量顺序为叶>果,其中叶氮含量呈“上升-下降”的变化趋势,果实的氮含量总体呈下降的变化趋势;各器官磷含量顺序为叶>果,叶的磷含量总体呈“下降-上升-下降”的变化趋势,果实的磷含量总体呈下降的变化趋势;叶的钾含量呈波动下降的变化趋势,果实钾含量总体呈“下降-上升”的变化趋势。综上所述,不同施肥量可以不同程度地提高猕猴桃果实平均单果质量、可溶性固形物、维生素C和可溶性总糖的含量,改善果实营养品质,综合效果以施肥量为0.75 kg/株最佳;整个生育期间,果实干物质含量呈“S”形上升的变化趋势,各器官氮磷含量为叶>果,叶的钾含量呈波动下降的变化趋势,果实钾含量总体呈“下降-上升”的变化趋势。     

Varietal difference in vitamin C content in the fruit of kiwifruit and other actinidia species

Vitamin C content in the fruit of various cultivars of kiwifruit and other Actinidia species was estimated by determination of L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid using ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Fruit of A. deliciosa cv. Hayward, the most common commercially available cultivar, contained 65.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) vitamin C. Vitamin C content in A. deliciosa fruit varied from 29 mg/100 g FW to 80 mg/100 g FW. In most cultivars of A. chinensis, vitamin C content in fruit was higher than that of Hayward. In particular, vitamin C content in cv. Sanuki Gold fruit reached more than 3-fold that of Hayward on a weight for weight basis. In A. argutafruit, there was wide variation in vitamin C content, with concentrations ranging from 37 to 185 mg/100 g FW. In cv. Gassan, Issai, and Mitsuko, vitamin C content of the fruit was much higher than that of Hayward. In A. arguta fruit, the ratio of L-ascorbic acid to total ascorbic acid tended to be higher than that of other species.     

Changes of folate and other potential health-promoting phytochemicals in legume seeds as affected by germination

Folate deficiency associated with low dietary intake is a well-documented public health problem, resulting in serious health and socioeconomic burdens. Therefore, optimization of the germination process of different cultivars of legume seeds in relation to the content and composition of folate, vitamin C, and total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity was carried out to maximize the health-promoting properties. The content and composition of folate, vitamin C, and total phenolic and total antioxidant capacities varied between species, among cultivars, and with germination time. During germination, total folate content was maximum at 815.2 μg/100 g fresh weight in soybean sprout and at 675.4 μg/100 g fresh weight in mungbean sprout on the fourth day, which were equivalent to, respectively, 3.5- and 3.9-fold increases in the seed's content, and total folate content strongly decreased thereafter. 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate was the most abundant folate species in legume sprouts and reached a maximum on the fourth day. Vitamin C was not detected in raw seeds, and its content increased sharply in soybean and mungbean sprouts and reached a maximum at the fourth day of germination (29 and 27.7 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively). Germination of soybean and mungbean for 4 days provided the largest amount of total folate as well as the more stable species 5-CH(3)-H(4)folate and also brought about large amounts of vitamin C and total phenolics and substantial antioxidant capacities.     

Distribution of ascorbic acid in potato tubers and in home-processed and commercial potato foods

HPLC was used to analyze the content of ascorbic acid (AA) in tubers of four Korean potato cultivars (Chaju, Sumi, Deso, and Dejima), in a series of baked, boiled, braised, fried, microwaved, pressure-cooked, and sauteed potato slices from the Dejima cultivar and in 14 commercial Korean and 14 processed potato foods sold in the United States (chips, snacks, mashed potatoes, fries). The AA content for the four cultivars ranged from 16 to 46 mg/100 g of fresh weight. The distribution of AA in each of the eight potato slices (sticks, plugs) cut horizontally from the stem end of the Dejima potato ranged from 6.8 to 19.3% of the total. The corresponding distribution in seven sticks cut vertically was much narrower, ranging from 11.7 to 17.5% of the total. Losses of AA in water (pH 5.2) were significantly greater than in 5% metaphosphoric acid (pH 1.0). Less degradation occurred in water solutions of the vitamin stored at 1 degree C than at 25 degrees C. Losses of AA observed during home-processing of three varieties with low (Dejima, 16 mg/100 g), intermediate (Sumi, 32 mg/100 g), and high (Chaju, 42 mg/100 g) AA contents were as follows: boiling in water, 77-88%; boiling in water containing 1-3% NaCl, 61-79%; frying in oil, 55-79%; sauteing, 61-67%; pressure-cooking in water, 56-60%; braising, 50-63%; baking, 33-51%; and microwaving, 21-33%. The content of the Korean foods ranged from trace amounts to 25 mg/100 g and that of the U.S. foods from 0.4 to 46 mg/100 g. These results permit optimization of the vitamin C content of the diet by (a) using high-vitamin C potato varieties such as Chaju, (b) selecting sticks cut horizontally for frying, (c) baking or microwaving rather than boiling or frying, and (d) selecting commercial potato foods with a high vitamin C content.     

Apple peels as a value-added food ingredient

There is some evidence that chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, may occur as a result of oxidative stress. Apple peels have high concentrations of phenolic compounds and may assist in the prevention of chronic diseases. Millions of pounds of waste apple peels are generated in the production of applesauce and canned apples in New York State each year. We proposed that a valuable food ingredient could be made using the peels of these apples if they could be dried and ground to a powder without large losses of phytochemicals. Rome Beauty apple peels were treated with citric acid dips, ascorbic acid dips, and blanches before being oven-dried at 60 degrees C. Only blanching treatments greatly preserved the phenolic compounds, and peels blanched for 10 s had the highest total phenolic content. Rome Beauty apple peels were then blanched for 10 s and dried under various conditions (oven-dried at 40, 60, or 80 degrees C, air-dried, or freeze-dried). The air-dried and freeze-dried apple peels had the highest total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. On a fresh weight basis, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these samples were similar to those of the fresh apple peels. Freeze-dried peels had a lower water activity than air-dried peels on a fresh weight basis. The optimal processing conditions for the ingredient were blanching for 10s and freeze-drying. The process was scaled up, and the apple peel powder ingredient was characterized. The total phenolic content was 3342 +/- 12 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dried peels, the flavonoid content was 2299 +/- 52 mg catechin equivalents/100 g dried peels, and the anthocyanin content was 169.7 +/- 1.6 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside equivalents/100 g dried peels. These phytochemical contents were a significantly higher than those of the fresh apple peels if calculated on a fresh weight basis (p < 0.05). The apple peel powder had a total antioxidant activity of 1251 +/- 56 micromol vitamin C equivalents/g, similar to fresh Rome Beauty peels on a fresh weight basis (p > 0.05). One gram of powder had an antioxidant activity equivalent to 220 mg of vitamin C. The freeze-dried apple peels also had a strong antiproliferative effect on HepG(2) liver cancer cells with a median effective dose (EC(50)) of 1.88 +/- 0.01 mg/mL. This was lower than the EC(50) exhibited by the fresh apple peels (p < 0.05). Apple peel powder may be used in a various food products to add phytochemicals and promote good health.     

Variation in major antioxidants and total antioxidant activity of Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka) during maturation and between cultivars

Epidemiological studies suggest that a high consumption of fruits can reduce the risk of some cancers and cardiovascular disease, and this may be attributable to the antioxidant activity of vitamins and phenolic compounds. The present study investigated the variations in vitamin C, total phenolic, hesperidin, and naringin contents, and total antioxidant activity of yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka)-which is a popular citrus fruit in Korea and Japan-between cultivars and during maturity. The amounts of phenolics and vitamin C and the antioxidant activity in all tested yuzu cultivars were higher in peel than in flesh. Ripening increased the total antioxidant activity and vitamin C content in both peel and flesh of yuzu. However, the amounts of all total phenolics, hesperidin, and naringin in peel increased with ripening, whereas they decreased slightly in flesh. There was a highly linear relationship between the vitamin C content and the total antioxidant activity in both peel (r(2) = 1.000) and flesh (r(2) =0.998), suggesting that vitamin C plays a key role in the antioxidant activity of yuzu. In addition, the contribution of each antioxidant to the total antioxidant activity of yuzu was determined using a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assay and is expressed here in terms of the vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC). The means of vitamin C, naringin, and hesperidin in yuzu were 90.4, 63.8, and 65.7 mg/100 g fresh yuzu, respectively. The relative VCEAC values of these compounds were in the following order: vitamin C (1.00) > naringin (0.195) > hesperidin (0.162). Therefore, the estimated contribution of each antioxidant to the total antioxidant capacity of 100 g of fresh yuzus is as follows (in mg of VCEAC): vitamin C (90.36 mg) > naringin (12.44 mg) > hesperidin (10.64 mg). Our results indicate that mature yuzu contains higher amounts of vitamin C and phenolics than other citrus fruits and could therefore be used as a significant dietary source of antioxidants.     

Microbial quality and bioactive constituents of sweet peppers from sustainable production systems

Integrated, organic, and soil-less production systems are the principal production practices that have emerged to encourage more sustainable agricultural practices and safer edible plants, reducing inputs of plaguicides, pesticides, and fertilizers. Sweet peppers grown commercially under integrated, organic, and soil-less production systems were compared to study the influence of these sustainable production systems on the microbial quality and bioactive constituents (vitamin C, individual and total carotenoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids). The antioxidant composition of peppers was analyzed at green and red maturity stages and at three harvest times (initial, middle, and late season). Irrigation water, manure, and soil were shown to be potential transmission sources of pathogens to the produce. Coliform counts of soil-less peppers were up to 2.9 log units lower than those of organic and integrated peppers. Soil-less green and red peppers showed maximum vitamin C contents of 52 and 80 mg 100 g(-1) fresh weight (fw), respectively, similar to those grown in the organic production system. Moreover, the highest content of total carotenoids was found in the soil-less red peppers, which reached a maximum of 148 mg 100 g(-1) fw, while slightly lower contents were found in integrated and organic red peppers. Hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids represented 15 and 85% of the total phenolic content, respectively. Total phenolic content, which ranged from 1.2 to 4.1 mg 100 g(-1) fw, was significantly affected by the harvest time but not by the production system assayed. Soil-less peppers showed similar or even higher concentrations of bioactive compounds (vitamin C, provitamin A, total carotenoid, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids) than peppers grown under organic and integrated practices. Therefore, in the commercial conditions studied, soil-less culture was a more suitable alternative than organic or integrated practices, because it improved the microbial safety of sweet peppers without detrimental effects on the bioactive compound content.     

Vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) of phenolic phytochemicals

To express the antioxidant capacity of plant foods in a more familiar and easily understood manner (equivalent to vitamin C mg/100 g), two stable radical species, ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*), commonly used for antioxidant activity measurements, were employed independently to evaluate their efficacies using apple polyphenolic extracts and seven polyphenolic standards including synthetic Trolox. Their antioxidant activities were expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) in mg/100 g apple or mg/100 mL of the reference chemical compounds in 10 and 30 min using the ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*) scavenging assays, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of Gala apples and seven phenolic standards, determined by both ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*) scavenging assays, showed a dose-response of the first-order. Fresh Gala apples had a VCEAC of 205.4 +/- 5.6 mg/100 g using the ABTS assay, and the relative VCEACs of phenolic standards were as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > epicatechin > catechin > vitamin C > rutin > chlorogenic acid > Trolox. With the DPPH radical assay, the VCEAC of fresh Gala apples was 136.0 +/- 6.6 mg/100 g, and the relative VCEACs of seven phenolic standards were, in decreasing order, as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > epicatechin > catechin > or = vitamin C > Trolox > rutin > chlorogenic acid. Because the ABTS assay can be used in both organic and aqueous solvent systems, employs a specific absorbance at a wavelength remote from the visible region, and requires a short reaction time, it is a more desirable method than the DPPH assay. Therefore, it is recommended that antioxidant capacity be expressed as vitamin C mg/100 g equivalent (VCEAC) using the ABTS assay.     

不同品种鲜食核桃冷藏期间呼吸强度及品质变化

为探讨鲜食核桃冷藏期间品质变化规律,在(0±1)℃、相对湿度(RH)70%～80%的贮藏条件下,以辽河4号（L4）、西扶1号（X1）和西扶2 号（X2）核桃品种为试材,采用0.03 mm 厚聚乙烯（PE）袋包装,定期对其相关指标进行测定。结果显示,贮藏初期（15 d）呼吸强度迅速下降,之后维持在低且平稳的水平;3个品种之间水分、脂肪、蛋白质及氨基酸含量均呈现极显著差异;贮藏期间蛋白质含量变化不显著;脂肪、不饱和脂肪酸含量及维生素E含量总体呈现下降趋势;氨基酸含量30 d 时最高,之后保持下降趋势;酸价及过氧化值呈现上升趋势;贮藏中后期（60 d后）酸价、过氧化值、好果率及感官品质急剧下降。结果表明：鲜食核桃贮藏品质受品种影响很大,60 d 为鲜食核桃适宜贮藏期,以L4品质最好。     

Antioxidant vitamins in barley green biomass

Two malting hulled varieties (Sebastian, Malz) and one nonmalting hull-less variety (AF Lucius) were used to assess vitamins C and E in the green biomass of young plants of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) in three stages of growth and development (BBCH 29, 31, 32-33). The samples from sampling I (BBCH 29) had statistically significantly higher vitamin C content and vitamin E activity compared to sampling I (BBCH 31). The highest average vitamin content was determined in the malting variety Sebastian (vitamin C, 520 mg 100 g(-1) DM; vitamin E, 73.06 mg kg(-1) DM) compared to the varieties Malz (501 mg 100 g(-1) DM; 61.84 mg kg(-1) DM) and AF Lucius (508 mg 100 g(-1) DM; 67.81 mg 100 g(-1) DM). The locality Krome?r?i?z? (Czech Republic, CR), with vitamin C and E contents of 524 mg 100 g(-1) DM and 68.74 mg kg(-1) DM, respectively, proved to be more suitable for growing green biomass compared to the locality Z?abc?ice (CR) (content of vitamins C and E, 477 mg 100 g(-1) DM and 66.39 mg kg(-1) DM, respectively). During the research period (2005-2007), it was determined that the green mass of young plants of spring barley was a significant source of vitamins C and E in the growth stage BBCH 29; in later samplings (BBCH 32-33) the vitamin levels dropped (by as much as 48%). These vitamins are important antioxidants for human health. Therefore, "green barley" can be recommended for the preparation of natural dietary supplements and is preferred to synthetic vitamin preparations.     

Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity

Processed fruits and vegetables have been long considered to have lower nutritional value than their fresh commodities due to the loss of vitamin C during processing. This research group found vitamin C in apples contributed < 0.4% of total antioxidant activity, indicating most of the activity comes from the natural combination of phytochemicals. This suggests that processed fruits and vegetables may retain their antioxidant activity despite the loss of vitamin C. Here it is shown that thermal processing elevated total antioxidant activity and bioaccessible lycopene content in tomatoes and produced no significant changes in the total phenolics and total flavonoids content, although loss of vitamin C was observed. The raw tomato had 0.76 +/- 0.03 micromol of vitamin C/g of tomato. After 2, 15, and 30 min of heating at 88 degrees C, the vitamin C content significantly dropped to 0.68 +/- 0.02, 0.64 +/- 0.01, and 0.54 +/- 0.02 micromol of vitamin C/g of tomato, respectively (p < 0.01). The raw tomato had 2.01 +/- 0.04 mg of trans-lycopene/g of tomato. After 2, 15, and 30 min of heating at 88 degrees C, the trans-lycopene content had increased to 3.11+/- 0.04, 5.45 +/- 0.02, and 5.32 +/- 0.05 mg of trans-lycopene/g of tomato (p < 0.01). The antioxidant activity of raw tomatoes was 4.13 +/- 0.36 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of tomato. With heat treatment at 88 degrees C for 2, 15, and 30 min, the total antioxidant activity significantly increased to 5.29 +/- 0.26, 5.53 +/- 0.24, and 6.70 +/- 0.25 micromol of vitamin C equiv/g of tomato, respectively (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in either total phenolics or total flavonoids. These findings indicate thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing the bioaccessible lycopene content and total antioxidant activity and are against the notion that processed fruits and vegetables have lower nutritional value than fresh produce. This information may have a significant impact on consumers' food selection by increasing their consumption of fruits and vegetables to reduce the risks of chronic diseases.