固阳县土地资源适宜性评价研究

应用限制因素法,采用“土地评价纲要”的评价系统,研究固阳县自然、社会条件,选取地貌类型、地面坡度、土壤等因子,完成了固阳县土地资源适宜性评价,摸清了固阳县土地资源现状,为合理利用土地资源,充分发挥土地生产力提供了依据。     

丘陵半干旱区小流域土地资源定量化评价研究

该文选择丘陵半干旱区国家水土流失重点治理区的辽宁朝阳市北四家小流域作为典型试验区，遵循发生学和主导因素原则，应用层次分析和聚类分析方法，通过划分小流域土地类型、确定土地评价指标体系、建立土地评价层次分析模型、构造判断矩阵、层次排序和一致性检验，将该流域土地资源划分为6个等级，并对各等级土地进行了适宜性评价，提出了其生态环境恢复重建和开发利用的方向。为我国丘陵半干旱区土地资源定量化评价和高效开发利用提供科学依据。     

国内基于GIS的土地评价研究进展

在国内土地评价研究中,GIS的应用起步较晚但发展较快,迄今为止,GIS主要是为土地资源评价提供辅助服务.本文从土地评价的模型和方法入手,依据土地评价单元之间的相互影响和评价区域的单一性与否,将基于GIS的土地评价研究划分为单一区域非空间模型、单一区域空间模型以及多区域模型3类,其中GIS及其相关技术的应用能较好地体现土地评价单元之间静态或动态的影响.本文对这3类研究进行了较全面的阐述,是对近年来国内基于GIS的土地评价研究较系统的总结和归纳.     

利用GIS和RS资料及层次分析法综合评价江汉平原后湖地区耕地自然地力

利用GIS与RS并结合农业行业标准(NY/T309-1996)和样区实际情况对江汉平原后湖地区耕地自然地力进行综合评价，从而实现土壤信息交流与共享，促进土地资源合理利用与科学管理。根据耕地资源特点及耕地地力评价的原理，在分析了多种耕地等级评价因子类型基础上，确定了每个评价因子的指数，并将层次分析(AHP)的原理和方法引入耕地地力评价以确定参评因子的权重；通过这些模型方法与GIS和RS结合，快速准确地完成耕地地力评价，并将评价结果成图输出。结果表明，江汉平原后湖地区的耕地地力可分为一、二、三、四等，其面积所占比例分别为20.99%、47.43%、19.38%、12.20%，其中大部分耕地地力处于中上水平，说明该地区的耕地质量的总体水平比较高；利用GIS和RS技术可以建立耕地资源数据库，快速准确地获取评价数据和确定评价单元，提高评价工作效率；通过分析不同等级地力水平可找出障碍因素，从而确定土壤改良方向和管理措施。     

基于数据流的土地适宜性评价系统设计

该文在对面向数据流的系统设计方法介绍的基础上,将该方法运用于土地适宜性评价中。通过对土地适宜性评价系统数据分析获得土地适宜性评价系统数据流模型即分层数据流图;并根据土地适宜性评价系统数据分析结果进行结构设计获得系统结构图;最后根据系统结构实现土地适宜性评价系统。通过面向数据流的系统设计方法,提高了土地适宜性评价设计的效率和准确性。     

区域土地利用监测系统(RLUMS)的研制与应用

根据土地利用数量变化、质量变化、空间分布变化等监测要求,以ＰＣＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ为软件平台,设计建立了土地利用动态监测、土地评价、模拟预测、优化等各类应用模型,输入各类土地利用信息建立相应统计数据库、图形库及相应属性库、图像库。集成为区域土地利用监测系统（ＲＬＵＭＳ）。该系统具有各类土地利用信息分析管理、土地利用面积、分布及质量变化监测,以及模拟预测、优化配置,辅助土地利用决策等多种功能,满足全方位、长期的土地利用监测要求。经应用取得满意结果。     

基于网格法与ANN的县域喀斯特土地系统功能分区研究

喀斯特土地资源是一类独特的土地资源,只有统筹规划,合理分区才能保障喀斯特地区土地资源的可持续利用。选择都安典型喀斯特土地系统为研究对象,统筹区域土地经济、生态和社会发展功能的原理,以2009年相关分析数据构建自然资源、社会、经济类共16项评价指标。根据指标性质,运用效用函数进行标准化处理;然后运用网格法将都安县土地系统划分为313个网格单元,以ANN的BP模型进行系统功能分区评价,最后将结果反映在图上。结果显示:都安县喀斯特土地系统可分为生态环境恢复区、保护性开发区、生态经济协调区、人文建设区4个功能区域。据此可以保证喀斯特土地利用的合理方向,使都安县土地资源配置效率得到最大化并实现土地的可持续利用。该分区方法较为科学,反映的结果较为客观,可为其他喀斯特地区的土地利用活动提供参考,但在指标的选取方面还有待进一步完善。     

基于网格法与ANN的县域喀斯特土地可持续利用评价——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

探讨综合运用GIS、网格法和人工神经网络等技术和方法进行县域喀斯特土地可持续利用评价.以广西都安县为例,从资源环境、经济、社会等方面构建都安喀斯特土地可持续利用评价指标体系,利用2005年相关分析数据获取各指标数据;将都安县域划分成253个评价网格单元,按照网格单元指标数据提取原理获得的评价网格单元各评价指标数据,根据指标性质,运用效用函数进行标准化处理;最后,运用ANN的BP模型进行都安喀斯特土地可持续利用评价,绘制评价结果分布图.结果表明:构成都安喀斯特土地利用系统的资源环境、经济、社会等因素在空间分布上存在明显的差异性,其土地可持续利用亦呈现明显的空间差异性,在空间分布上可区分为:不可持续性、弱可持续性、中可持续性、较强可持性、强可持续性等5个等级,评价结果较为客观地反映了都安喀斯特土地可持续利用状况.     

土地资源动态监测信息系统--以延安/安塞七乡镇为例

土地资源动态监测信息系统是在计算机软硬件支持下,对土地资源采集、输入、编辑,存储和综合分析应用的技术系统,它是土地资源动态监测,土地评价,土地利用规划和管理的有力工具。本文以延安／安塞七乡镇为例,启用ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ和Ａｒｃｖｉｅｗ软件,建立土地资源动态监测系统,并对监测结果初步分析,为区域土地资源管理和合理利用提供服务。     

基于关联规则和模糊判据的土地评价方法

为提高土地评价知识表达的可解释性,使评价结果更能反映土地变化的自然规律与本质特征,提出利用关联规则和模糊判据进行土地评价的方法.并利用所提出的方法对广东省的土地进行了评价.试验结果表明,该方法适于从土地评价数据库中挖掘出易于理解的土地评价规则;当最小支持度分别为0.005、0.003和0.001时,挖掘出的土地评价关联规则数分别为32、54和126条,其中,在最小支持度为0.001时,利用126条土地评价关联规则即能获取高达95.25%的土地评价精度.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.