乙醇/柴油混合燃料燃烧过程与排放试验研究

在YZ4DB3柴油机上,通过测量燃用乙醇/柴油混合燃料的示功图和排放污染物,分析了燃烧过程与排放污染物的变化规律。结果表明,随着乙醇掺混比例的增加,乙醇/柴油混合燃料的滞燃期延长,燃烧终点提前,燃烧持续期缩短。小负荷时,与柴油相比,E10和E20的最大爆发压力分别下降了0.2、0.4MPa,扩散燃烧放热率峰值升高;全负荷时,与柴油相比,乙醇/柴油混合燃料的最大爆发压力变化不大,预混燃烧放热率峰值升高。与燃用柴油相比,掺混乙醇能明显降低烟度,NOx排放变化不大;HC和CO排放随着乙醇掺混比例的增加而升高,小负荷时较明显。乙醇/柴油混合燃料的燃料消耗率与燃用柴油的燃油消耗率基本相同。     

甲醇-调合生物柴油燃烧及排放微粒粒径分布特性试验

为了探究调合生物柴油掺烧甲醇对柴油机燃烧特性及微粒粒径分布的影响,该文利用燃烧分析仪及EEPS 3090型微粒粒径测试系统研究了柴油机燃用甲醇-调合生物柴油微乳化燃料的燃烧过程及微粒数量浓度分布特性。试验结果表明,与燃用调合生物柴油相比,柴油机掺烧甲醇后缸内燃烧压力、压力升高率以及放热率曲线均后移,压力升高率峰值及放热率峰值均增加;当柴油机处于低负荷时,排气中的微粒粒径均处于6~22 nm之间,呈现核态;在高负荷时,微粒粒径处于6~275 nm之间,主要呈现积聚态,且数量浓度呈单峰正态分布。随着甲醇添加比例的增加,核态微粒比例上升,积聚态微粒比例下降,且排气中微粒的总数下降。研究结果为甲醇-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧及微粒排放控制提供了参考。     

共轨柴油机燃用麻疯树制生物柴油的性能及排放特性

为系统考察柴油机燃用麻疯树制生物柴油的性能,对某共轨柴油机燃用纯柴油、纯麻疯树制生物柴油及其混合燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性进行了试验研究,分析比较了不同生物柴油混合比例对发动机动力性、经济性、HC、CO、NOX、烟度和CO2排放特性的影响。结果表明：随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,共轨柴油机燃用柴油－麻疯树制生物柴油混合燃料后,其动力性下降,HC、CO、烟度和CO2排放降低;燃油经济性略有增加,NOX排放略有升高。     

蓖麻油生物柴油组成及其燃烧性能

本文通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了蓖麻油生物柴油的组成及其理化性能,并通过对比试验分析了蓖麻油生物柴油/柴油混合燃料在单缸柴油机上使用的燃烧排放性能.结果表明:蓖麻油生物柴油的主要成分是蓖麻油酸甲酯,酯交换率高达96%以上,其理化性能与矿物柴油基本相当:按一定比例配制的混合燃料较矿物柴油的动力性能略有降低,不影响其燃烧;排放尾气中HC、CO含量有所降低,NOx含量有所升高,烟度降低明显,可完全替代矿物柴油.     

乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性

为了研究乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性,该文对分别使用乙醇-丁醇-柴油混合燃料和柴油的在用柴油轿车的排放性能和燃油经济性,以及在用柴油客车的自由加速排气烟度排放进行了对比试验。研究结果表明:相对于柴油,在用柴油轿车使用E10(体积比,乙醇10%、丁醇4%、柴油86%)混合燃料的NOX排放减少10.42%,HC+NOX排放减少27.43%,微粒(PM)排放减少2.13%,90和120km/h等速行驶燃料消耗量分别减少7.66%和3.71%;然而CO排放增加31.43%,工况循环综合燃料消耗量增加4.48%。此外,在用柴油客车使用E10混合燃料的自由加速排气烟度排放减少31.11%。该研究结果对于完善乙醇柴油混合燃料的车辆排放性和经济性具有实用价值。     

高原缺氧环境下生物质燃料对柴油机性能和排放的影响

为了研究不同类别的含氧生物质燃料在高原缺氧环境下对发动机性能和排放的影响,在一台卧式双缸柴油机上分别燃用柴油、乙醇柴油E10(含10%体积分数的乙醇和90%体积分数的柴油)及生物柴油-乙醇-柴油B10E10(含10%体积分数的生物柴油,10%体积分数的乙醇和80%体积分数的柴油)3种燃料进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,在不对柴油机做任何调整的情况下,分别燃用E10和B10E10 2种含氧生物质混合燃料后,柴油机动力性下降,外特性转矩平均下降幅度分别达到4.24%和5.49%;当量燃油消耗率基本低于柴油,经济性有所改善。燃用含氧生物质燃料后,柴油机的经济性变化情况除了与燃料本身的属性相关,还与转速和负荷相关。燃用E10混合燃料后,柴油机的一氧化碳(CO)排放在低负荷时高于柴油,高负荷时低于柴油;碳氢化合物(HC)排放高于柴油水平,升高幅度范围达4.9%~27.4%;氮氧化物(NOX)排放在低负荷时低于柴油,高负荷时趋于柴油水平。燃用B10E10混合燃料后,一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放在低负荷时都趋于柴油水平,高负荷时都低于柴油水平;氮氧化物(NOX)排放在低负荷时低于柴油,高负荷时高于柴油水平。柴油机在燃用E10和B10E10 2种混合燃料后,碳烟排放均低于柴油水平。柴油机燃用B10E10混合燃料后的碳氢化合物(HC)排放,碳烟排放以及低负荷时的一氧化碳(CO)排放均低于E10,氮氧化物(NOX)排放基本高于E10。与E10燃料相比,B10E10混合燃料在柴油机的一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)以及碳烟排放方面具有更好的改善效果;但是动力性下降幅度较大,氮氧化物(NOX)排放增加。该研究可为含氧生物质燃料在高原缺氧地区的应用提供参考。     

十六烷值改进剂对甲醇/生物柴油柴油机排放的影响

甲醇、生物柴油是柴油机的含氧替代燃料,能有效降低柴油机颗粒物排放。但甲醇的十六烷值低,在柴油机上燃用会出现着火困难的问题,采用添加十六烷值改进剂的方法能有效提高柴油机燃料的着火性能。为了研究不同十六烷值改进剂对柴油机排放污染物的影响,试验选择了烷基硝酸酯、环烷基硝酸酯、醚3种十六烷值改进剂,分别添加到甲醇/生物柴油混合燃料中,考察了十六烷值改进剂对混合燃料理化特性的影响,并在186F柴油机上进行了台架试验,测量了柴油机缸内压力、排气温度、HC、CO、NOX和烟度的变化规律,分析了添加不同十六烷值改进剂时,柴油机排放污染物的变化规律。结果表明：在甲醇/生物柴油中添加十六烷值改进剂,混合燃料的压力峰值升高,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长,当改进剂的添加量相等时,添加烷基类硝酸酯混合燃料的滞燃期最短;排气温度变化不大,变动范围为?3.24%～3.45%;排放污染物中HC和CO排放升高;NOX和烟度降低,在3 000 r/min,100%负荷时,添加烷基硝酸酯、环烷基硝酸酯、醚分别使NOX降低12.90%、6.45%、3.87%,烟度降低11.76%、17.65%、38.24%。在甲醇/生物柴油混合燃料中添加十六烷值改进剂,不仅可以改善燃料的着火特性,也可以降低NOx和颗粒物排放。     

生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性

为了研究生物油/柴油乳化燃料的燃烧特性,利用非离子表面活性剂复配,对热解生物油/柴油混合液进行了乳化,测量了乳化燃料的密度、热值、动力黏度及pH值。在SD1110型柴油机台架上进行4种不同配比的生物油/柴油乳化燃料的发动机台架试验,得出了柴油机燃用生物油/柴油乳化燃料和纯柴油的负荷特性和排放特性曲线,并且对乳化燃料和纯柴油的排放特性进行了对比。研究结果表明：生物油体积分数为20%的乳化燃料当量油耗率最低,乳化燃料CO的排放高于柴油的排放,且生物油含量越高CO排放越大,而乳化燃料的NO及碳烟的排放则优于纯柴油的排放。由于生物油/柴油乳化燃料的理化特性与柴油接近,可以作为普通柴油机的燃油使用。     

废气再循环改善生物柴油发电机的经济性和排放性

在单缸风冷四冲程柴油发电机上,采用0、16%、28%EGR(exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环)率,分别以柴油和生物柴油为燃料进行了试验,测试并分析了经济性,NOx、HC、CO和烟度的排放性能。研究表明:生物柴油油耗高于柴油,在0、16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的体积油耗平均高出柴油约9%、10%和17%;与无废气再循环相比,16%和28%EGR率时,燃用柴油平均可减少NOx约17%和35%,燃用生物柴油平均可减少NOx约10%和24%,生物柴油的NOx排放量高于柴油平均约6.5%和17%;燃用柴油时随EGR率增大,HC的排放量增大,16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的HC排放低于柴油平均约6%和28.5%;28%EGR率时,生物柴油CO排放量低于柴油,平均降低约24%;随EGR率增大,生物柴油的烟度增大,燃用生物柴油在小负荷和中负荷时烟度高于柴油。     

不同配比乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性

为了研究乙醇柴油混合燃料的经济性和排放性,该文在双缸直喷式柴油机和在用的柴油轿车上分别进行了发动机台架试验和整车底盘测功机试验。结果表明,在不调整柴油机条件下,使用乙醇柴油混合燃料能够在一定程度上改善发动机燃油经济性和降低排气烟度和NOX排放,但HC排放增加。适当减小供油提前角有利于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料发动机经济性和排放特性。对于试验车辆,燃用E10有利于降低汽车在中、高速时的等速工况燃料消耗量和常温下冷起动后PM、NOX排放量。该研究结果对于改善乙醇柴油混合燃料的燃油经济性和排放性具有实用价值。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.