铜--平衡栽培体系中植物必需的微量元素

铜的元素符号是Cu。1932年C·B·Lipman发现铜是植物必需元素,它是植物结构组分元素。1　植物对铜的吸收和转运植物根系主要吸收二价铜离子,土壤溶液中二价铜离子浓度很低,二价铜离子与各种配位体(氨基酸、酚类、以及其它有机阴离子)有很强的亲和力,形成的螯合态铜也被植物     

植物中铵转运蛋白的研究进展

铵转运蛋白在众多生物中被克隆与鉴定，它是一种广泛存在于微生物、植物细胞及动物的细胞膜上主动转运铵离子的载体，分子量约为48kD，含有10-11个跨膜域。本文阐述了植物铵转运蛋白分离鉴定的过程，对于铵转运蛋白的结构、功能、基因表达调控等方面作了较详细叙述。不同氮素条件下，铵转运蛋白基因通过转录调控表现了对铵离子吸收转运的不同特点，使植物根系在较宽的浓度范围中吸收铵离子，为细胞内铵离子库的内稳态提供了理论依据。铵转运蛋白有助于作物更有效的吸收氮素，为农业生产粮食增收提供了有利保障。     

植物对重金属镉的吸收转运和累积机制

Cd是土壤污染的主要因素之一,痕量的Cd2 不仅对植物生长有毒害作用,同时对人体健康产生极大的危害.研究植物如何从土壤中吸收Cd2 ,并在整个植物体内运输和积累的机理,对开发植物修复技术及生态环境的恢复具有重要意义.近年研究表明:土壤微环境影响植物对Cd2 的吸收;植物根细胞壁通过选择性吸收可以吸附和固定土壤中的Cd2 ,其中大部分Cd2 被截留在细胞壁中,其余的则通过协助扩散或主动运输等方式透过细胞膜进入根细胞中;在根细胞中Cd部分累积在液泡中,部分则通过木质部运输到地上部分;茎叶部的大部分Cd2 通过络合作用被固定在液泡中,少量被截留在细胞壁和细胞质中.在植物结实期,Cd通过韧皮部进入籽实中,而籽粒中的Cd几乎不能运输到其他部分,主要通过食物链进入动物和人体中.本文综述了植物对Cd的吸收和运输机制方面的研究进展.     

植物吸收铵态氮的分子生物学基础

植物对铵离子的吸收和铵离子在细胞间的转运是铵转运蛋白介导的需能主动运输过程。植物铵转运蛋白位于细胞膜上,含有101～1个跨膜域,分子量约为48.kD。研究表明,植物体内的铵转运蛋白由小基因家族成员编码,在表达特性上不同成员具有时空特异性。植物体内铵转运蛋白在功能、生化特性和转录调节水平上存在差异。在不同氮素水平下,铵转运蛋白基因通过转录和翻译调控,对于保持植株的适宜氮素供应以及氮胁迫条件下维持植物细胞中氮素的内稳态具有重要作用。     

铜胁迫对植物生长发育影响与植物耐铜机制的研究进展

铜(Cu)是植物生长发育必需的微量营养元素,在光合作用、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统及激素信号转导等多种生理过程中发挥至关重要的作用,其在植物体内含量过高或不足均会影响植物的正常生理代谢。近年来由于含铜杀菌剂的广泛使用及工业含铜污染物的排放,铜污染对植物生长发育的危害备受关注。研究铜离子对植物生长发育的影响以及植物响应铜胁迫的分子机制,对人们了解植物的耐铜性和铜污染区的植物修复具有重大意义。本文从植物对铜离子的吸收转运及积累,铜胁迫对植物生长发育的影响及植物对铜胁迫的抗性机制3个方面,系统总结了国内外关于植物铜胁迫的研究进展,并提出了需要进一步加强铜胁迫分子调控机制及植物修复方面的研究。     

铝对荞麦铝和其它营养元素运输的影响

铝胁迫下铝和其它元素的吸收、运输和分布是铝毒害的基础。采用土培法。研究荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum Moench）在不同的铝浓度水平下对铝的吸收和运输，以及铝胁迫对氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、钠、锌、铜、铁、锰等元素的吸收和运输的影响。结果表明：在铝胁迫下，养麦植株铝含量迅速上升，而其他元素的吸收均受到一定的阻碍影响，在植株各部的含量均有所下降；花期荞麦与真叶期相比，地上部分的铝含量及根部含量均大幅下降，植株的其他元素含量同阳增加，表明铝胁迫得到缓解，可见养麦作为一种铝积累植物对铝毒有较强的适应能力。     

印度芥菜(Brassica juncea L.)重金属耐性机理研究进展

印度芥菜可富集/忍耐Cd、Zn 等多种重金属, 是研究植物修复技术的一种模式植物。高浓度的重金属离子会改变植物的基因表达、细胞形态、细胞结构, 最终使植物生长受抑, 甚至死亡。印度芥菜高效的抗氧化系统、损伤修复系统以及对重金属的螯合、区域化可部分解除重金属的毒性, 缓解重金属离子的毒害作用。利用基因工程技术在印度芥菜中导入重金属耐性及运输相关基因可大幅度提高其重金属富集能力, 在重金属污染修复方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

铜、铅单一及其复合污染对鱼腥草吸收累积铜和铅的影响

采用溶液培养法研究铜、铅在单一及其复合污染条件下对鱼腥草吸收累积铜和铅的影响。试验结果表明,随着溶液中离子浓度的增加,鱼腥草对铜和铅的吸收累积量增加。鱼腥草累积铜的趋势以二次曲线拟合最好,累积铅的趋势以对数曲线拟合最好。在一定浓度范围内地下部对铜的富集系数随溶液中铜离子浓度的增加变小,地上部对铜的富集系数随溶液中铜离子浓度的增加变大;各部位对铅的富集系数则随溶液中铅离子浓度的增加变小。铜、铅复合污染影响鱼腥草对铜和铅的吸收累积,通过多元回归分析结果表明,铜、铅在鱼腥草植株内的累积主要表现为协同作用。     

重金属与营养元素交互作用的植物生理效应

综述了镉、铅、镍、汞等重金属元素与植物大量、中量必需营养元素相互作用的生理反应及其机理的研究进展，非必需微量重金属营养元素的毒害作用，以及非必需重金属元素对植物吸收运输元素的影响。     

镉污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控机理

我们通过温室盆栽试验 ,在不同Cd处理的土壤中加入EDTA ,分析了印度芥菜根和地上部Cd的浓度 ,探讨EDTA进入土壤后对Cd吸收和运输的影响。结果表明 :加入EDTA ,水提取的Cd浓度增加了 40 0倍以上 ,NH4 NO3提取的Cd浓度增加了 40倍以上 ,在土壤Cd浓度较低时 ,EDTA对植物吸收Cd没有显著影响 ,当土壤添加Cd在 1 3 0mgkg- 1以上时 ,加入EDTA显著增加了地上部Cd的浓度。EDTA能增加印度芥菜地上部中Cd的浓度 ,不是由于土壤溶液中Cd浓度增加从而增加了印度芥菜根对Cd的吸收 ,可能是EDTA加入土壤后增加了这些元素在土壤溶液中的浓度 ,从而高浓度的Cd对植物根细胞产生毒害 ,增加了细胞膜的透性后 ,土壤溶液中的络合物得以进入根细胞并随蒸腾作用运输到地上部。     

Ceramic Aggregate Sorption and Desorption Chemistry: Implications for Use as a Component of Soilless Media

Ceramic aggregates (Turface® and Profile®) are common soilless media components, but their sorption/desorption chemistry is poorly understood. We investigated: labile (readily desorb-able or readily plant-available) ion concentrations; the effect of rinsing and soaking pretreatments on labile ions; sorption of applied nutrients; and nutrient uptake from the aggregates by plants. Variability in labile ions was extremely high among bags of aggregates. Manganese, boron, magnesium, calcium, sulfur and potassium were most likely to desorb in excess for plants. Phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc were sorbed by the aggregates; only copper was found nearly deficient in plant tissue. Rinsing and soaking pretreatments adjusted labile ions to more suitable concentrations for plants. However, growth data suggested a worst-case scenario of high levels of labile ions may not be mitigated by these pretreatments. With frequent leaching after planting or where the aggregates are a minor component of media, excessive nutrient uptake would likely be limited.     

Toxicity of cadmium and its competition with mineral nutrients for uptake by plants:A review

Cadmium(Cd)is a toxic heavy metal occurring in the environment naturally and is also generated through various anthropogenic sources and acts as a pollutant.Human health is affected by Cd pollution in farmland soils because food is the main source of Cd intake in the non-smoking population.For crops,Cd toxicity may result from a disturbance in uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients and disturbance in plant metabolism,inhibiting plant growth and development.However,plants have Cd tolerance mechanisms,including restricted Cd uptake,decreased Cd root-to-shoot translocation,enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities,and increased production of phytochelatins.Furthermore,optimal supply of mineral nutrients is one of the strategies to alleviate the damaging effects of Cd on plants and to avoid its entry into the food chain.The emerging molecular knowledge contributes to understanding Cd uptake,translocation,and remobilization in plants.In this review,Cd toxicity and tolerance mechanisms,agricultural practices to minimize Cd accumulation,Cd competition with essential elements(calcium,copper,iron,zinc,and manganese),and genes associated with Cd uptake are discussed in detail,especially regarding how these mineral nutrients and genes play a role in decreasing Cd uptake and accumulation in crop plants.     

Nitrogen nutrition and adaptation of glycophytes to saline environment: a review

Relations between nitrogen (N) nutrition and salinity tolerance in plants are multifaceted and varies significantly depending on many soil and plant factors. Saline environment might experience an N dilemma due to the opposing effects of salt ions on N uptake, translocation and metabolism within the plant body. Adequate regulation of N under saline conditions can be a promising approach to alleviate salinity’s effects on plants by ameliorating ion toxicity and nutrient imbalances through its impacts on the uptake and redistribution of salt ions within the plant. Certain N-containing compounds including proline, glycine betaine, proteins and polyamines help the plants to tolerate salinity through their involvement in improving water uptake and water use efficiency, membrane integrity, enzyme activation, hormonal balance, chlorophyll synthesis, stimulation of photosystems and CO₂ assimilation under salinity stress. Nitrogen, particularly NO₃^? represents a stress signal that triggers the activation of antioxidant enzymes to protect the plants against salinity-induced oxidative damage. Furthermore, the source/form of N application can affect not only N-interactions but also the behavior of other nutrients in stress environment. The present review deals with N-salinity relations in plants, particularly glycophytes, emphasizing on N-induced mechanisms which can improve plant adaptation to saline environment.     

植物修复金属污染土壤上丛枝菌根真菌与植物之间的交互作用

Metal contamination in the environment is a global concern due to its high toxicity to living organisms and its worldwide distribution.The principal goal of this review is to examine the current strategies and technologies for the remediation of metalcontaminated soils by metal-accumulating plants and assess the roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi in remediation of soils under hyperaccumulator or non-accumulator plants.The use of plants to remove metals from the environment or reduce the toxicity,known as phytoremediation,is an environmentally sustainable and low cost remediation technology.The mechanisms of the use of hyperaccumulator plants for phytoremediation included solubilization of the metal in the soil matrix,the plant uptake of the metal,detoxification/chelation and sequestration,and volatilization.Recently,some ecologists have found that phytoremediation with the aids of mycorrhizae can enhance efciency in the removal of toxic metals.AM fungi can facilitate the survival of their host plants growing on metal-contaminated land by enhancing their nutrient acquisition,protecting them from the metal toxicity,absorbing metals,and also enhancing phytostabilization and phytoextraction.Such information may be useful for developing phytoremediation program at metal-contaminated sites.     

Diversity and versatile functions of metallothioneins produced by plants: A review

Metal ions are essential for plant growth and development,but in excess,these compounds can become highly toxic.Plants have adopted numerous ways to maintain metal homeostasis while mitigating adverse effects of excess metal ions,including phytochelatin and the metal-chelating proteins metallothioneins(MTs).A family of cysteine(Cys)-rich,intracellular,and low-molecular-weight(4–8 kDa) MTs are proteins found in nearly all phyla including plants,animals,and fungi,and they have the potential to scavenge reactive oxygen species and detoxify toxic metals including copper,cadmium,and zinc.Based on their Cys numbers and residues,MTs have been categorized into three major classes.Class I MTs,which have highly conserved Cys residues,are found in animals,while class II MTs,with less conserved Cys residues,are present in plants and are classified further into four groups.Class III MTs include phytochelatins,a group of enzymatically synthesized Cys-rich proteins.The MTs have been an area of interest for five decades with extensive studies,which have been facilitated by advancements in instrumental techniques,protein science,and molecular biology tools.Here,we reviewed current advances in our understanding of the regulation of MT biosynthesis,their expression,and their potential roles in the alleviation of abiotic stresses(i.e.,drought,salinity,and oxidative stresses) and heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis.     

Kupferaufnahme und Proteinsynthese bei Sommerweizen im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode

• 1 The copper content (on pure protein basis) of whole summer-wheat plants remained nearly constant during the vegetative part of growth. However the contents were higher in the last third of the vegetation period.
• 2 Increased copper supply considerably increased the copper content of plants (on pure protein basis) throughout the vegetation period (12–65 %).
• 3 The copper content (on pure protein basis), after beginning of grain development, was 5–3 times higher (depending on copper supply) in vegetative organs than in grains, which would mean, that translocation of copper from the vegetative parts into the generative organs did not occur to the same extent as did the protein building components. The significance and possible cause of this phenomenon are discussed.
• 4 The uptake capacity of plants for copper (% per day on pure protein basis) increased strongly, reaching maximum, from 20th till 30th days of growth, then decreased nearly to zero by 45th day and remained fluctuating with low values between 50th and 80th day. Practically there was no uptake capacity after 80th day.
• 5 A theory on the close relationship between the synthesis capacity of system for system and the uptake of mineral nutrients is postulated.

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Iron deficiency‐induced zinc uptake by bread wheat

The present study aimed to test the contribution of the iron (Fe) deficiency‐induced uptake system to zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) uptake by using bread wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Bezostaja). For this purpose, two different uptake experiments, long‐term and short‐term, were set up in a nutrient solution culture under controlled growth chamber conditions. For the long‐term experiment, wheat cv. plants were grown with different concentrations of Fe or Zn. Results show that there was an uptake system induced under Fe‐limiting conditions which also contributed to Zn and Cu uptake. However, the Zn deficiency‐induced uptake mechanism affected neither Fe nor Cu uptake by wheat. Short‐term uptake experiments indicate that Fe deficiency‐induced Zn²⁺ uptake was more enhanced than the absorption of Zn‐phytosiderophore (PS) complexes. In addition, the Fe‐deficient plants absorbed more Zn in comparison to those plants supplied with sufficient Fe. Similar tendencies in Zn uptake under Fe deficiency in both short‐ and long‐term experiments suggest that there may be a specific Fe uptake system induced under Fe‐limiting conditions for non‐chelated metals in bread wheat. Moreover, this system also contributes to the transport of inorganic forms of some other metals, such as Zn and Cu. Although evidence is still needed involving the use of molecular biological techniques, it is hypothesized that IRT‐like proteins are responsible for this uptake system. Moreover, the release of Fe deficiency‐induced phytosiderophores and uptake of Fe(III)‐phytosiderophore complexes may not be the only mechanisms involved in the adaptation of wheat to Fe‐limiting conditions.     

Physical,Chemical, and Biological Changes in the Rhizosphere and Nutrient Availability

The rhizosphere is the soil zone adjacent to plant roots which is physically, chemically, and biologically different from bulk or non-rhizosphere soil. Adaptative mechanisms of plants influence physical (temperature, water availability, and structure), chemical [pH, redox potential, nutrient concentration, root exudates, aluminum (Al) detoxification and allelopathy], and biological properties (microbial association) in the rhizosphere. These changes affect nutrient solubility, transport, and uptake and ultimately plant growth. Major rhizosphere changes are synthesized and their influence on nutrient availability is discussed. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in understanding the rhizosphere environment and nutrient availability. However, the subject matter is very complex and more research is needed to understand the interaction between the plant, the rhizosphere environment, and nutrient availability.     

外源稀土作用下根–土界面元素转化、分布及其植物有效性的研究进展

外源稀土（RE）可导致根-土界面物理、化学及生物学特性发生根本性变化,特别是根系主导的根际动态过程的变化。如施用不同剂量RE条件下,稀土元素（REE）与根系的相互作用使根系生长、酶活性、细胞质膜透性等受到不同程度的影响。根系生长、酶活性的变化反映了植物可能通过根系形态学、生理学的适应性和非适应性变化机制来改变根系吸收养分、REE及重金属离子的能力,直接影响根际离子进入根系中的含量;而根系细胞质膜透性的变化则反映了植物可能通过根系分泌作用的适应性和非适应性变化机制来改变根系有机酸、质子等的分泌状况,使之作用于根际环境,制约养分、REE及重金属元素在根际的形态转化与迁移分布模式,从而间接影响根际离子进入根系中的含量。本文从外源RE对根系生长状况和酶活性的影响;对根系细胞质膜透性和分泌作用的影响;对根际养分、REE及重金属元素动态的影响;对根系养分、REE及重金属元素吸收分布的影响等4个方面的国内外文献出发,就土壤-植物系统中外源RE作用下根-土界面养分、REE及重金属元素的转化、分布及其植物有效性的响应变化与相关机制做出综述,同时提出目前研究中存在的问题,对今后的研究方向进行展望。     

酿酒酵母耐铜基因CUP1的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

酿酒酵母铜金属硫蛋白（ｃｏｐｐｅｒ ｍｅｔａｌｌｏｔｈｉｏｎｅｉｎ,Ｃｕ－ＭＴ）,属于第Ⅱ型金属硫蛋白,Ｃｕ－ＭＴ由酿酒酵母耐铜基因ＣＵＰ１编码,由６１个氨基酸残基组成,其中半胱氨酸残基１３个,占Ｃｕ－ＭＴ总氨基酸数的２１．３％,Ｃｕ－ＭＴ与铜离子有较强的结合力,在酵母细胞中主要参与过量铜的解毒作用。本研究通过ＰＣＲ方法,从酵母基因组ＤＮＡ中扩增出了ＣＵＰ１基因,克隆于ｐＵＣ１９的多克隆拉点。扩增