绿色杜氏藻DvGGPS生物信息学及转录差异研究

香叶酰香叶酰焦磷酸合成酶(GGPS)能够催化焦磷酸异戊烯酯(IPP)与二甲基丙烯焦磷酸(DMAPP)反应形成二萜化合物通用前体香叶酰基香叶酰焦磷酸(GGPP)。为深入了解GGPS蛋白在类胡萝卜素合成途径中的作用,通过Illumina Hi Seq TM 2000高通量测序获得Dv GGPS基因c DNA全长序列,对GGPS基因序列进行生物信息学分析,并研究花生四烯酸(AA)、乙酰水杨酸(ASA)和硫酸铈铵(ACS)对Dv GGPS基因转录水平的影响及绿色杜氏藻类胡萝卜素含量变化。生物信息学分析结果表明,Dv GGPS基因c DNA全长2 229 bp,含1 041 bp开放阅读框,编码346个氨基酸。GGPS蛋白质序列理论等电点(p I)为5.82,相对分子质量为37.66 k Da,该蛋白为疏水性蛋白,无信号肽和跨膜区域。二级结构预测显示该蛋白分子中α-螺旋结构最多,占57.23%。同源比对结果表明,绿色杜氏藻GGPS蛋白与雨生红球藻亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果表明,62.5 mg·L~(-1)AA、50 mg·L~(-1)ASA和0.8 mg·L~(-1)ACS处理的Dv GGPS基因转录水平达到最高,此时类胡萝卜素含量也均有提高,说明绿色杜氏藻类胡萝卜素的生物学合成可能是通过诱导Dv GGPS基因表达实现的,Dv GGPS基因在类胡萝卜素生物合成中起关键作用。Dv GGPS基因的克隆及表达调控研究为今后探明类胡萝卜素积累的分子机理提供了重要参考,也为进一步通过代谢工程手段提高绿色杜氏藻类胡萝卜素含量奠定了理论基础。     

三角褐指藻crtiso基因克隆与表达调控研究

为探索三角褐指藻岩藻黄素的生物合成与crtiso基因表达调控的关系,本研究通过转录组测序获得了三角褐指藻crtiso基因cDNA全长序列,并研究了乙酰水杨酸(ASA)、花生四烯酸(AA)、甲基茉莉酸(MeJA)和硫酸铈铵(ACS)4种诱导子不同浓度处理对三角褐指藻crtiso基因表达的影响。结果表明,三角褐指藻crtiso cDNA全长2 116 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1 902 bp,编码635个氨基酸。crtiso蛋白为亲水性不稳定蛋白,相对分子质量67 803.00 Mr,理论等电点7.14,蛋白质二级结构中的主要构成元件是α螺旋、β折叠和无规则卷曲,并存在保守区域和结构域。系统进化树分析表明,三角褐指藻crtiso蛋白与海虹束毛藻亲缘关系较近。诱导子表达结果表明,ASA、AA、MeJA和ACS均能显著提高三角褐指藻crtiso基因的表达水平,当ASA、AA、MeJA和ACS质量浓度分别为10 mg·L~(-1)、0.1 mg·L~(-1)、50μmol·L~(-1)和0.2 mg·L~(-1)时,三角褐指藻crtiso基因表达量最高。相关性分析表明,三角褐指藻crtiso基因表达量与岩藻黄素含量呈线性关系,表明三角褐指藻岩藻黄素的生物合成是通过调控crtiso基因的表达来实现的,本试验结果为进一步研究岩藻黄素的合成代谢提供了重要的依据。     

三角褐指藻pds基因生物信息学与诱导表达分析

岩藻黄素是一类具有重要药用价值和开发价值的新型海洋药物,八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)是三角褐指藻类岩藻黄素生物合成途径中的一个重要的限速酶。为了更好地开发和利用岩藻黄素,通过RT-PCR克隆了三角褐指藻pds基因(Ptpds,Gen Bank序号:XM_002184476.1)c DNA全长序列,并从基因层面分析了外源诱导子对岩藻黄素生物合成的诱导机制,进一步探究Ptpds的结构和表达特性。结果表明,Ptpds基因cDNA全长2 442 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为1 773 bp,编码589个氨基酸,并含有一个NAD(P)-binding结构域;蛋白分子结构预测结果表明,三角褐指藻PDS蛋白(PtPDS)分子呈亲水性,含有转运肽、信号肽、跨膜结构域等结构。系统进化树分析显示,PtPDS与新型微藻的PDS蛋白亲缘关系较近,且在所选取的藻类中进化地位较为原始。诱导表达结果表明,Me JA、ASA、AA、ACS等4种诱导子均能促进Ptpds基因的表达,且在4种诱导子处理下,三角褐指藻中的岩藻黄素含量变化与Ptpds基因的表达水平变化呈现高度的一致性,说明Ptpds基因是Me JA、ASA、AA、ACS等诱导子促进三角褐指藻岩藻黄素的生物积累的关键酶基因之一。本研究结果为探究藻类岩藻黄素合成机理提供了依据,并为利用代谢工程手段提高岩藻黄素含量奠定了理论基础。     

花生四烯酸对三角褐指藻生长、脂质含量及相关基因表达的影响

为提高三角褐指藻生产生物柴油的能力,本研究利用不同浓度(0、0.5、2.5、12.5、62.5和312.5mg·L~(-1))的花生四烯酸(AA)处理三角褐指藻,探究三角褐指藻生长、总脂、游离脂肪酸的变化,并通过荧光定量PCR研究脂质生物合成途径中相关基因的转录差异。结果表明,低浓度(0.1~62.5mg·L~(-1))的AA对三角褐指藻的生长有促进作用,高浓度(312.5 mg·L~(-1))则抑制其生长。游离脂肪酸与总脂含量结果表明,游离脂肪酸在AA浓度为12.5 mg·L~(-1)时达到最大值,较对照组提高了4倍;总脂则在AA浓度为62.5 mg·L~(-1)达到最大值,较对照组提高了54%。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,在AA浓度为312.5 mg·L~(-1)时,油脂合成相关基因LPAAT、GPAT、KAS II、ACCase转录水平与对照组相比极显著提高(P0.01)。综上,AA促进三角褐指藻油脂的积累可能是通过增加油脂生物合成相关基因表达来实现的。本研究结果为利用基因工程实现微藻油脂的能源化目的奠定了理论基础。     

稀土铈对水华鱼腥藻生理特性及藻毒素释放的影响

随着稀土及其化合物的广泛应用,越来越多的稀土直接或间接进入水体,因而稀土对水生生态环境的影响备受关注。采用室内模拟试验,研究不同浓度（0~10.00mg·L-1）的稀土元素铈（Ce3＋）对水华鱼腥藻的影响,绘制了水华鱼腥藻的生长曲线,测定了藻蓝蛋白、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性4项生理指标,以及培养基中总磷（TP）、微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）的浓度。结果表明,和其他各组相比,在0.10mg·L-1Ce3＋处理下,水华鱼腥藻的生存量最为显著（P=0.008）,同时营养元素P被吸收后,培养基中残留的TP浓度达到最低值（1.52mg·L-1）。藻蓝蛋白、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白含量和POD活性均随着Ce3＋浓度的升高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。MC-LR在所有培养基中含量均较低,低于世界卫生组织（WHO）标准1.00μg·L-1。铈元素胁迫水华鱼腥藻产生的＂低促-高抑＂的Hormesis效应显著。     

雨生红球藻诱变后生长速率和超微结构的变化

为探讨亚硝基胍(N-methyl-N’-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine,NTG)对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)生长速率及超微结构变化的影响,用不同浓度的NTG处理藻类,对藻类的生长速率、色素含量和超微结构的变化进行了研究.结果表明:即使低浓度(0.5 g·L-1)的NTG对雨生红球藻也是致死的,致死率与NTG浓度呈正相关.藻类经中等浓度(2.5g·L-1) NTG诱变后,存活藻类的增长速率K值和虾青素含量分别达到0.381 ±0.0289和2.9±0.29 mg·L-1.低浓度NTG处理藻类其叶绿素含量略有上升,但高浓度(3.5g·L-1)时叶绿素含量明显减少.低NTG浓度处理时藻类细胞结构变化不大,但高浓度处理时细胞膜、线粒体及叶绿体等均遭受不同程度的损伤.本研究可为深入理解NTG诱变藻类的生理生化机制提供借鉴.     

桃果实PpFPPS和PpGGPPS基因的克隆及表达分析

本试验以桃果实为试验材料,利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆获得法尼基焦磷酸合成酶(FPPS)和牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶(GGPPS)基因的全长c DNA序列,分别命名为Pp FPPS和Pp GGPPS,并对它们进行生物学信息及表达分析。结果表明,Pp FPPS全长1 501 bp,开放阅读框1 029 bp,编码342个氨基酸;Pp GGPPS全长1 547 bp,开放阅读框1 113 bp,编码370个氨基酸。进化树分析表明,Pp FPPS与苹果和梨的亲缘性较高;Pp GGPPS与橡胶树的亲缘性较高。蛋白质序列分析表明,Pp FPPS和Pp GGPPS均含有5个保守域和2个天冬氨酸富集区(FARM和SARM),同属反式-异戊烯转移酶家族。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,随着果实成熟度的提高,Pp FPPS和Pp GGPPS基因在桃果实果皮和果肉中的表达量总体上呈先增加后降低的趋势,并在膨大和硬熟期达到最大值。果实膨大期后,Pp FPPS和Pp GGPPS基因在果皮中的表达显著高于果肉,这可能是桃果实成熟后期果皮类胡萝卜素含量高于果肉的重要原因。本研究结果为进一步深入研究桃果实类胡萝卜素生物合成的分子机理奠定了理论基础。     

植物法呢基焦磷酸合酶基因(FPPS)研究进展

植物法呢基焦磷酸合酶(farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase,FPPS)是甲羟戊酸代谢途径分支点的关键酶,参与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、赤霉素、长萜醇、类萜、辅酶Q、甾醇和植物毒素等类异戊二烯物质的合成,而类异戊二烯是维持植物生长发育等所必需的重要有机物质.本文综述了植物法呢基焦磷酸合酶基因克隆、基因表达、酶动力学研究等方面的重要进展,旨在为其在植物进化分类、遗传改良中的应用提供参考.     

盐生杜氏藻β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因(chyb)的克隆及表达分析

玉米黄质(3,3'-二羟基-β-胡萝卜素)是自然界中常见的一种β-胡萝卜素衍生物,是黄斑和视网膜中最关键的部分.玉米黄质是通过一系列酶作用合成,其中β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(chyb)是关键限速酶,为了研究盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)中不同胁迫下β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因的表达及玉米黄质含量的变化.本研究采用RACE方法首次从盐生杜氏藻中扩增出β-胡萝卜素羟化酶基因(Dschyb),并分析强光、葡萄糖等因素对DSchyb表达及玉米黄质含量的影响.结果表明,该基因全长1 433 bp(GenBank登录号:JN118489),包含一个969bp的开放阅读框,编码322个氨基酸,氨基酸的分子量为35.51kD,等电点(PI)为9.01.DsCHYB包含有4个保守的组氨酸基序,与团藻及莱茵衣藻的同源性分别是64％和58％.DsCHYB具有4个跨膜结构及叶绿体导肽,进一步证明该酶定位于叶绿体类囊膜上.系统进化树分析标明,DsCHYB与其他绿藻如团藻(Volvox carteri f.Nagariensis)、莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)的CHYB共处一个进化支,亲缘关系很近.Dschyb基因的表达调控研究显示,在经强光刺激24 h后,Dschyb 基因表达显著上调(P＜0.01),在48 h表达最高(P＜0.01).在经乙酸钠、硫酸亚铁和强光共同处理6h时,Dschyb表达急剧上升(P＜0.01),处理12h后下降;在葡萄糖处理1.5h后,其表达达到最高,6h后表达与对照组无显著性差异;添加放线菌素D后,Dschyb的表达相对对照降低,表明放线菌素D可能对葡萄糖诱导Dschyb表达具有抑制作用.高效液相色谱测定其玉米黄质含量,钠铁、强光及葡萄糖处理均能提高盐生杜氏藻的玉米黄质的含量,其玉米黄质含量比对照组分别增长16％(P＜0.05),28％(P＜0.05)和53％(P＜0.01).本研究结果为玉米黄质合成调控及其在藻类中功能研究提供理论指导.     

乙酰水杨酸对三角褐指藻岩藻黄质含量的影响及其分子机理研究

为了研究不同浓度乙酰水杨酸(ASA)对三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin)细胞生长、岩藻黄质积累及岩藻黄质生物合成相关基因的表达水平的影响,通过分光光度计、高效液相色谱(HPLC)以及荧光定量PCR测定不同浓度ASA处理后的三角褐指藻的各项指标。结果表明,三角褐指藻的生长和岩藻黄质积累与ASA浓度密切相关。一定浓度的ASA抑制了三角褐指藻的细胞数量;岩藻黄质含量也随着ASA浓度的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,当ASA浓度为10 mg·L^-1时,岩藻黄质含量最高,达1.78 g·kg^-1 DW,为对照组的1.9倍。在不同浓度ASA诱导下,与岩藻黄质生物合成途径有关的PSY、PDS、ZDS、CRTISO、LCYB和ZEP基因表达均上调,当ASA浓度为10 mg·L^-1时,相关基因的表达量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,PSY、PDS、ZDS、CRTISO、LCYB和ZEP基因与岩藻黄质积累具有相关性,其中,ZEP基因对岩藻黄质生物合成贡献率最高。综上,适当浓度的ASA不仅提高了岩藻黄质合成途径中相关基因的表达水平,而且促进了岩藻黄质的积累。本研究结果为进一步深入研究三角褐指藻中岩藻黄质合成的分子机制奠定了理论基础。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI