Antioxidant systems and their relationship with the response of pepper fruits to storage at 20 degrees C

Fresh peppers (Capsicum annuum L., variety California) in their green and red ripe stages were stored at 20 degrees C for 7 and 19 days to determine the effects of storage on whole fruit antioxidant capacity (TAA) and ascorbate (ASC) content, as well as on some antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and those of the ASC-glutathione cycle. At least one Mn-SOD, two Fe-SODs, and three CuZn-SODs were detected in the fruit extract after native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All of the SOD isozymes and glutathione reductase had higher activity levels in the red control fruits than in the green fruits, whereas the activities of monodehydroascorbate and dehydroascorbate reductase were higher in green fruits. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was found to be similar in both fruits. SODs, CAT, and APX seem to be involved in pepper fruit ripening and senescence during storage at 20 degrees C, perhaps influencing the active oxygen species levels in the fruit. TAA, as well as the ASC content, was higher in red peppers than in green, and storage increased the ASC in both green and red fruits.     

春石斛兰类原球茎分化过程中抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白的变化

以春石斛兰(Dendrobium nobileSw.)为试材,研究了类原球茎在分化芽和根系发生过程中抗氧化酶系统中多种酶活性及可溶性蛋白的变化规律。结果表明,在分化过程中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和可溶性蛋白含量均呈现先降后升的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升后降的变化。对过氧化物酶同工酶和可溶性蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳发现,在分化过程中均有新谱带的产生或原有谱带的消失。     

松嫩平原西部退化盐碱草地土壤酶活性的季节动态

对松嫩平原西部退化盐碱草地土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶、转化酶及碱性磷酸酶活性的季节动态进行研究,结果表明:土壤过氧化物酶、蛋白酶和转化酶活性在碱斑及不同退化程度盐碱草地中的季节变化趋势不同,而过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的季节变化趋势基本一致,其峰值出现在8月或9月;在不同退化程度的盐碱草地中,各种酶活性的季节变化幅度不同,过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性在中度、重度盐碱化草地中的变化幅度大于轻度盐碱化草地,而过氧化物酶、蛋白酶和转化酶活性在中度、重度盐碱化草地中的变化幅度小于轻度盐碱化草地;不同退化程度的盐碱草地中,酶活性季节动态间的相关关系不同。     

Perusing biochemical antioxidant enzymes as selection criteria under drought stress in wheat varieties

In regard to important roles of enzymatic antioxidant in abiotic stresses, and their practical use as stress indices, the current research was implemented to peruse antioxidant enzymatic activities of different wheat varieties and to find the susceptible and the tolerant varieties based on these indices. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran in 2015. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications were used to evaluate the effects of different water regimes, including 100% and 50% field capacity (FC) on 25 wheat cultivars. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and grain yield of the wheat varieties were measured. The results showed that under normal irrigation condition, the relationships between grain yield and antioxidant were inversed, but under stressful condition the relationships between wheat grain yield and some important antioxidants such as CAT and SOD were positive. Among antioxidant enzymes, SOD activity showed a higher variation among wheat varieties of this study, indicating that this enzyme is an important trait to be used in the breeding programs. Based on the results of different statistical techniques and comparing relationships among traits for normal irrigation and stress condition, enzymatic antioxidant could be used as practical criteria for screening tolerant genotypes of wheat. On the other side, SOD and CAT resulted in being the most important criteria for achieving higher tolerant genotypes through indirect selection.     

Catalase in the heat-induced chilling tolerance of cold-stored hybrid Fortune mandarin fruits

Hybrid Fortune mandarins developed chilling injury (CI) upon cold storage, unless the fruits were conditioned at 37 degrees C for 3 days before they were held at low temperature. This heat treatment induced 2.5-, 1.2-, and 1.4-fold increases in the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), respectively, and reduced the activity of glutathione reductase (GR). The differences in the activities afforded by the heat treatment were, in general, maintained during cold storage. However, SOD levels in nonconditioned Fortune fruits exhibiting CI were similar to those of conditioned fruits stored for 0 or 6 weeks at 2 degrees C. No difference between APX activity in the conditioned and nonconditioned fruits stored for 6 weeks at 2 degrees C was found. The data indicate that CAT may be a major antioxidant enzyme operating in the heat-induced chilling tolerance of cold-stored Fortune mandarin fruits.     

Influence of cadmium and phosphorus enhance absorption and membrane damage in wheat seedlings grown in nutrient medium

The effects of cadmium (Cd) and their amelioration with phosphorus (P) on plant growth, antioxidative components, and accumulation of Cd, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were studied in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Reduced biomass and chlorophyll contents under the influence of Cd were observed to be increased on P application. As compared to control, the content of NP-SH, proline, and cysteine were observed to be increased in Cd treated seedlings which was also comparatively higher in Cd with P exposed seedlings. The activities of CAT, POX, SOD, APX, and GR were increased both in root and shoot at lower dose of Cd but reduced at higher dose, while P application enhanced the activity of these enzymes even at higher dose. Application of P, reduced the uptake of Cd but enhanced the accumulation of Fe and Zn both in root and shoot tissue. A close relationship existed between lipid peroxidation and tissue metal concentration.     

镁对大豆叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的影响

采用溶液培养方法研究不同的镁水平对两个大豆品种在五叶期和盛花期叶片细胞膜透性和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,在缺镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的质膜透性(MP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,产生的活性氧物质诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降;而施镁则能明显降低大豆叶片MP和MDA含量,提高CAT活性,有利于大豆抗膜脂过氧化胁迫。在施镁1～10.mg/L浓度下,大豆叶片的质膜透性和MDA以及SOD和POD活性均达最低值,而CAT活性则达最高值。说明在低镁胁迫下,大豆叶片的CAT活性受到抑制,而适量施镁则大大增强了CAT活性,有利于大豆体内活性氧的清除和抗逆境胁迫能力的提高。各处理下,大豆盛花期SOD和CAT活性明显降低,说明随着时间的延长,大豆叶片细胞内产生过多的活性氧超出了酶的防御能力,造成了酶活性伤害,而POD活性则变化不大;说明POD对活性氧具有较强的耐受性,是盛花期时起主要清除活性氧的作用的保护酶。本试验表明,大豆体内保护系统所存在的酶类在抵御逆境胁迫中相互协调,协同抗氧化。     

铅胁迫对毛白杨组培生根苗生理生化及根尖细胞微管骨架的影响

用50μmol/L硝酸铅对毛白杨组培生根苗进行不同时间的处理,测定叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）4种抗氧化酶活性水平和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化;并通过间接免疫荧光染色法观察根尖分生区细胞的微管骨架。结果显示：铅能使毛白杨叶片APX和POD活性出现...     

砷胁迫对不同砷富集能力植物叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用室内水培试验方法,研究了砷胁迫（0～50mgAs·L^-1）对砷超富集植物大叶井口边草（Pteris cretica vat．nervosa）和非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨（Pteris ensiformis）叶片的过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性以及丙二醛（MDA）含量和自由基0i·产生速率的影响,并研究了25mgAs·L^-处理下上述6种指标的时间动态。结果表明,随着砷浓度升高,除APX外,剑叶凤尾蕨叶片的CAT、POD和SOD活性受到很大抑制,而大叶井口边草叶片这3种酶的活性能够维持,特别是POD活性显著增加;大叶井口边草叶片的MDA含量降低,剑叶凤尾蕨则升高;剑叶凤尾蕨叶片中的O2^-·产生速率比大叶井口边草增加显著。从时间动态看,随处理时间的延长,大叶井口边草叶片中的CAT和APX活性先降低再升高,POD活性显著增加,SOD活性变化不显著;剑叶凤尾蕨叶片的POD和SOD活性显著降低,APX活性无显著变化,CAT活性则先降低后升高;两种供试植物叶片的MDA含量第6d时均出现明显下降,但大叶井口边草叶片中O2^-·的产生速率在第6d则显著增加,而后降至实验初始时的水平。总起来看,砷超富集植物大叶井口边草比非砷超富集植物剑叶凤尾蕨具有更强的抗氧化能力,并且POD在其抗氧化体系中起关键作用。     

Changes In Antioxidant Enzyme Activity In Turfgrass Cultivars Under Various Saline Water Irrigation Levels To Suit Landscapes Under Arid Regions

Turfgrass cover is an inevitable component in the urban landscapes of the United Arab Emirates. Tolerance to abiotic stress like salt, drought, and high temperature is a potential factor to be considered in the selection of turfgrass for the landscapes in the arid regions. Three Seashore paspalum genotypes, four Bermudagrass cultivars along with tall fescue as a control were screened for enzymatic changes under four different saline irrigation levels of 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 mg L^?1 of salinity. Irrigation with potable water served as the control. Turfgrasses were maintained in a field experiment under factorial randomized block design for a period of two years under sustained saline conditions by working out the leaching fraction to maintain the precise level of salinity in each treatment throughout the experimental period. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) were assayed in each of the saline water treated turfgrass types. The SOD activity was found to be high in Yukon (bermudagrass) and Sea Dwarf paspalum. In the paspalum group, Salam and Sea Dwarf showed the highest SOD activity under saline condition. In Bermuda types, Yukon and SR 9554 showed the highest SOD activity compared to other bermuda types. Compared to other cultivars, Sea Isle 2000 (Paspalum type), SR 9554, and Yukon (Bermuda types) exhibited more APX activity without any significant differences among themselves. There was an elevated activity of POD initially, followed by gradual reduction upon increasing the salinity level. Salam cultivar maintained stable POD activity even at the elevated salinity levels. The paspalum types showed relatively high level of PPO activity compared to other types under salinity. Yukon cultivar showed a significantly higher activity of PPO when the salinity level was raised from 15,000 to 20,000 mg L^?1. A significant increase with respect to CAT activity was exhibited in Sea Dwarf under elevated level of salinity. Saline water irrigation brought about a significant effect on the antioxidant enzyme systems to impart oxidative stress tolerance in turfgrass species.     

Exogenous application of zinc mitigates the deleterious effects in eggplant grown under salinity stress

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Zn application to salt stressed eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings grown in vitro and whether it can alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity or not. Zinc (0, 5, 10 and 20?mg/L) and sodium chloride (NaCl) at different concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150?mM) were added to solidified half strength MS medium placed in 250?mL glass jars. The treatments were arranged in a 4?×?4 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Application of Zn to growing seedlings at different concentrations (5, 10 or 20?mg/L) increased the length of shoot and root and their dry weights, as well as enhanced the photosynthetic pigment contents and leaf relative water content compared to control. However, the application of NaCl to growing seedlings at different concentrations (50, 100 and 150?mM) significantly reduced the above mentioned attributes compared to control and those of Zn treatments alone. Treatment of seedlings with either Zn (5, 0 or 20?mg/L) or NaCl (50, 100 or 150?mM) significantly increased the proline content and the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in growing seedlings. However, the application of Zn to salt stressed seedlings mitigated the deleterious effects of salt stress in growing seedlings and increased the tolerance of seedlings to its deleterious effects.     

不同施肥措施对植烟土壤酶活性和供肥能力的影响

通过田间小区试验,在等氮、磷、钾施用的条件下,研究不同施肥措施（不施肥、单施无机肥、牛粪与无机肥配施、施用有机无机复合肥）对提高烤烟生育期内植烟土壤酶活性和供肥能力的影响。结果表明,除牛粪配施化肥会降低土壤过氧化氢酶活性外,各施肥处理较不施肥处理均能增加烤烟生育期的土壤酶活性和供肥能力。施用有机无机复合肥效果最好,不仅能提高土壤酶活性和供肥能力,其脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、速效氮、速效磷变化规律与烤烟需肥规律相符;施化肥对土壤酶活性和供肥能力的提高主要表现在烤烟生育期的前期,而牛粪配施化肥对各项指标的提高作用出现在后期。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性可以反映土壤养分含量的变化,可作为评价土壤供肥能力的生物指标。     

硅对小麦生长及其抗氧化酶系统的影响

本文研究了基施硅营养对小麦分蘖期的生长状况、叶片类脂脂肪酸组成及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果显示 ,施硅促进了小麦的生长 ;降低了膜脂过氧化程度 ,提高了叶片类脂脂肪酸的不饱和度。但施硅处理对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX)活性没有影响 ,却使过氧化物酶 (POD)与过氧化氢酶 (CAT )活性下降 ,暗示POD和CAT具备在较低活力水平上高效清除H2 O2 等强氧化剂的可能性。     

低磷胁迫对小麦代换系保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响及染色体效应

以中国春-Synthetic 6x染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,通过测定孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期不同磷处理条件下叶片的保护酶活性及丙二醛含量,研究低磷胁迫对相关生理性状的影响及染色体效应。结果表明,低磷胁迫下,SOD和POD活性上升,MDA含量增高;Synthetic 6x的2A、3B、2D、7D染色体上可能存在诱导SOD活性增强的基因;2A、5A、6A、7B、7D染色体上可能存在诱导POD活性增强的基因;5A、2D、5D、7D染色体上可能存在抑制MDA含量增高的基因。     

转基因抗矮花叶病玉米及其亲本生理特性的对比研究

为了探明转基因玉米的生理特性,本文研究了转基因抗矮花叶病玉米和亲本玉米(非转基因玉米)的发芽能力及苗期第1真叶的叶绿素含量和淀粉酶、蛋白酶、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及3种保护酶同工酶的酶谱。转基因玉米与非转基因玉米的发芽能力差异不显著,叶绿素a和叶绿素a+b含量显著高于非转基因玉米。转基因玉米淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活性显著高于非转基因玉米。转基因玉米与非转基因玉米胚芽中POD、CAT和SOD酶活力均无显著性差异,转基因玉米第1真叶中3种保护酶活性显著高于非转基因玉米。转基因玉米和非转基因玉米胚芽中检测到POD的3种同工酶POD-1、POD-3和POD-4,非转基因玉米第1真叶中检测到4种同工酶POD-1、POD-2、POD-3和POD-4;转基因玉米第1真叶还含有POD-5。转基因玉米和非转基因玉米胚芽和第1真叶中都有4种CAT同工酶CAT-1、CAT-2、CAT-3和CAT-4。转基因玉米和非转基因玉米胚芽中的SOD共有两种同工酶,分别为SOD-1和SOD-2;转基因玉米和非转基因玉米第1真叶中共检测到7种SOD同工酶,分别为SOD-1、SOD-2、SOD-3、SOD-4、SOD-5、SOD-6和SOD-7。综上所述,转基因抗矮花叶病玉米发芽能力及胚芽中保护酶活性与非转基因玉米无显著差异,转基因玉米第1真叶中3种保护酶活性显著高于非转基因玉米。     

Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber

A salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar "Jinchun No. 2" ( Cucumis sativus L.) was used to investigate the role of proline in alleviating salt stress in cucumber. Proline was applied twice (day 0 and day 4 after salt treatment) as a foliar spray, with a volume of 25 mL per plant at each time. Plant dry weight, leaf relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the plants were determined at day 8 after salt treatment. The results showed that 100 mmol L^–1 NaCl stress significantly decreased plant dry weight, leaf relative water and K⁺ contents, and increased leaf MDA, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ contents and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, leaf proline accumulation was not affected by salinity. The exogenous application of proline significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of plants induced by NaCl, and was accompanied by higher leaf relative water content and POD activity, higher proline and Cl⁻ contents, and lower MDA content and SOD activity. However, there was no significant difference in Na⁺ and K⁺ contents or in CAT and APX activities between proline-treated and untreated plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the foliar application of proline was an effective way to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber. The enhanced salt tolerance could be partially attributed to the improved water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in the leaf.     

Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber

Abstract

A salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar “Jinchun No. 2” (Cucumis sativus L.) was used to investigate the role of proline in alleviating salt stress in cucumber. Proline was applied twice (day 0 and day 4 after salt treatment) as a foliar spray, with a volume of 25?mL per plant at each time. Plant dry weight, leaf relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the plants were determined at day 8 after salt treatment. The results showed that 100?mmol?L^–1 NaCl stress significantly decreased plant dry weight, leaf relative water and K⁺ contents, and increased leaf MDA, Na⁺ and Cl^? contents and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, leaf proline accumulation was not affected by salinity. The exogenous application of proline significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of plants induced by NaCl, and was accompanied by higher leaf relative water content and POD activity, higher proline and Cl^? contents, and lower MDA content and SOD activity. However, there was no significant difference in Na⁺ and K⁺ contents or in CAT and APX activities between proline-treated and untreated plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the foliar application of proline was an effective way to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber. The enhanced salt tolerance could be partially attributed to the improved water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in the leaf.     

盐胁迫下两种草坪草膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶比较

Salinity stress is a major factor limiting the growth of turfgrass irrigated with recycled wastewater. The change in lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxide (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the shoots and roots of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were investigated under salinity stress. Plants were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol L 1 NaCl for 40 d. The MDA content under salinity stress was lower in tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass in both shoots and roots. Activities of SOD in the shoots of both species increased with salinity stress. The activities of CAT and APX decreased in Kentucky bluegrass, but no significant difference in the activities of CAT and APX was observed in tall fescue. The activities of SOD, CAT and APX in the shoots of tall fescue were higher than those in Kentucky bluegrass. In the roots of Kentucky bluegrass, SOD and GR activities increased and CAT and APX activities decreased in comparison with the control. In the roots of tall fescue, salinity increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX. These results suggested that tall fescue exhibited a more effective protection mechanism and mitigated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by maintaining higher SOD, CAT and APX activities than Kentucky bluegrass.     

钙对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响

研究了外源Ca2 对盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的两个水稻品种(武育粳3号和IR36)几种抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:适量的Ca2 供应能有效提高水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,使之维持在较高的水平上,并降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性。此外,外源Ca2 还增加了抗坏血酸(AsA)的含量,增强了水稻幼苗的根系活力。这表明适量的外源Ca2 供应提高水稻耐盐性的原因之一,在于其增强了植株的活性氧清除能力以及对细胞膜的稳定作用。     

小麦幼苗对氧乐果胁迫的生理学响应

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度(0、0.1、1.0、5.0和10.0 g/L)氧乐果处理后小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖含量及保护酶活性的动态变化。结果表明:在氧乐果胁迫下,高浓度的氧乐果(5.0和10.0 g/L)处理显著降低了小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量,且随着处理时间的延长其差异尤为显著;小麦叶片中可溶性糖含量随着氧乐果浓度和处理天数的增加而显著增加。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均先上升后下降;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性在0.1 g/L氧乐果处理的第1d时略有上升,然后下降。小麦响应氧乐果胁迫并上调SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶的活性和可溶性糖的含量,降低叶片光合作用,籍此维持小麦免受低浓度氧乐果的胁迫以维持小麦的正常生长;但高浓度氧乐果处理对小麦根系产生了明显的毒害作用,致使5.0 g/L氧乐果胁迫的小麦根系SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降。APX和GR可能在低浓度氧乐果处理初期起主要保护作用,而在高浓度氧乐果胁迫下则受到明显抑制作用。