水稻品种生态适应性的综合评价

应用灰色关联度分析法对江苏省水稻试区5个供试水稻品种的12个性状进行生态适应性综合评价 分析。结果表明,灰色关联度分析法行之有效,并具有实践意义,其评价结果与品种表现一致。其中“9优138”品种关联度最大,综合性状最优,生态适应性最广且高产、稳产,应大面积推广。     

水稻品种生态适应性的综合评价

应用灰色关联度分析法对江苏省水稻试区５个供试水稻品种的１２个性状进行生态适应性综合评价分析。结果表明,灰色关联度分析法行之有效,并具有实践意义,其评价结果与品种表现一致。其中“９优１３８”品种关联度最大,综合性状最优,生态适应性最广且高产、稳产,应大面积推广。     

六倍体小黑麦萌发期抗旱性分析

利用20%PEG-6000(-0.975 MPa)为渗透介质室内模拟干旱,分析六倍体小黑麦萌发期发芽率、发芽势、胚芽鞘长、根长、根数的变化,采用模糊隶属函数与抗旱系数相结合的方法对品种萌发期的抗旱性进行综合分析,并利用灰色关联分析法分析各个形态指标与抗旱性的关系,结果表明:干旱胁迫下,小黑麦各品种的发芽率、发芽势、胚芽鞘长、根长都比对照不同程度地降低或缩短,不同品种之间的差异达显著或极显著水平,但根数却增减不一,表明根数对水分胁迫的反应方向不一致;品种"Tornado"(S9)萌发期综合抗旱性强,为小麦抗旱育种提供了种质资源;发芽率与六倍体小黑麦萌发期抗旱性的关联度最大,可作为形态指标加以利用。     

三峡库区低山丘陵区牧草适应性研究

在海拔640m的重庆市巴南区樵坪试验基地对由美国、新西兰、澳大利亚及加拿大引进的56个豆科牧草品种和19个禾本科牧草品种进行了野外生长观测和室内营养成分分析。结果表明：在类似于樵坪低山丘陵区生态条件下,适宜的优良牧草品种有紫花苜蓿（畜科2号、塞特、盛世）、百脉根（马库）、苇状羊茅（法恩）和鸭茅（道森、斯巴达）;在大面积种植牧草时,可参考选择这些牧草品种。     

烤烟品种综合性状评判的数学模型研究

该文将灰色系统理论中的关联系数分析法与层次分析法中的两两比较法有机地结合,并对数据标准化过程中异常值的处理方法进行了改进,有效地解决了一些长期以来评判方法中普遍存在而又难以解决的问题。建立了烤烟品种综合性状评判的数学模型。通过对１９９６年黄淮烟区烤烟区试结果的评判应用,取得了较为理想的效果。     

利用~(15)N示踪技术研究8种禾本科牧草对氮肥的吸收和转化效率

研究牧草对肥料氮素的吸收及动物转化效率所表现的基因型差异,对指导优良牧草品种的筛选具有重要意义。本研究采用15N同位素示踪方法,通过盆栽试验测定了杂交狼尾草、热研3号俯仰臂形草、热研8号坚尼草、热研11号黑籽雀稗、墨西哥玉米、苏丹草、黑麦草、高羊茅8种禾本科牧草对氮肥的利用效率,并利用15N标记牧草饲喂小白鼠,测定动物对牧草的消化吸收率。结果表明:8种牧草15N肥料利用率为5.197%~29.340%,其中以杂交狼尾草的氮肥利用效率最高;小白鼠对15N标记牧草的消化率为27.67%~68.20%,消化率依次为黑麦草苏丹草墨西哥玉米杂交狼尾草俯仰臂形草坚尼草高羊茅黑籽雀稗;鼠体对牧草15N的回收率为22.62%~43.90%,表明牧草对氮肥的吸收与转化效率存在明显的基因型差异。综合评价认为,6种夏季牧草品种中,以杂交狼尾草和热研3号俯仰臂形草的15N转化效果较好,冬季牧草品种黑麦草则优于高羊茅。     

九个马铃薯新品种的灰色关联度综合评价

利用贵州省盘州市九个马铃薯新品种2016年田间品种比较试验的数据,采用灰色系统理论的原理和方法,对产量、生育期、株高、茎粗、主茎数、商品薯率、单株结薯数、单株块茎质量、块茎平均质量等九个方面的性状进行了综合分析和评价。结果:259的综合性状最好,云薯505和镇薯1号的综合性状也很好,这3个品种可在盘州市高海拔大春一季作区大面积推广种植,其余品种(1669、宣薯5号、陇薯7号、陇薯9号、陇薯10号、威芋3号)还需再次进行品比试验,才能确定是否适宜在盘州市高海拔地区推广种植。     

陇东旱塬区宜机收玉米品种的性状指标综合评价

目前玉米生产机械化程度越来越高,玉米籽粒机收将是大势所趋,因此人们对玉米品种的选择也趋向于耐密植、抗倒伏和籽粒脱水快等优良性状。为了筛选出陇东旱塬区适宜的籽粒机收玉米品种,通过灰色关联度分析法对引进的17个玉米品种表型性状和籽粒机收适宜性进行综合评价。结果表明,和恒5266产量高,但是机收表现不理想;迪卡159、先丰9号、先玉1483、五谷737和新农育6003等5个品种综合表现良好,可以作为陇东旱塬区籽粒机收玉米品种贮备品种加以推广,尤其是五谷737产量高、抗性好、机收表现好,宜大力推广种植。     

大豆花荚期抗旱性的鉴定与综合评价

选用10个不同生态类型的大豆新品种,通过盆栽试验和大田试验,测定其与抗旱性有关的生理生化指标,如相对电导率、光合速率、叶片相对含水量等,运用灰色多维综合评估方法,以抗旱指数为参考数列,确定各项指标性状与大豆花荚期抗旱性的关系并对10个大豆品种花荚期抗旱性进行评价。结果表明,参试品种"晋大74"与构造的参考品种关联度最大,为0.8706,抗旱性最好;"晋大53"关联度为0.7278,抗旱性次之;"晋大75"关联度为0.5513,抗旱性最弱。从抗旱指数和灰色多维综合评估法两种方法可知,"晋大74"和"晋大53"的抗旱性最好,评价结果与大田生产实际相符。两种方法对大豆品种抗旱性评价的相关系数r为0.8061**,灰色多维综合评估法在大豆花荚期评价抗旱性是可靠的。     

干旱半干旱区马铃薯品种综合评价

以新引进的10个马铃薯品种为试验材料,采用高稳系数法、灰色关联系数法,通过综合评价指数对产量、产量性状及生态适应性等指标进行综合评价,以期为黄土高原丘陵沟壑区马铃薯的筛选推广提供理论依据。结果表明,2021 — 2022年,青薯9号、陇薯15号、甘农薯9号和陇薯10号具有丰产稳产性,V7、丽薯6号、大西洋和陇薯7号产量较低。通过灰色关联系数法分析发现,青薯9号、甘农薯9号2个品种生态适应性最强,表现稳定。综合评价表明,甘农薯9号、青薯9号、陇薯15号和陇薯10号产量及产量构成合理、生态适应性强、品质高,是适宜当地推广的优质马铃薯品种。     

Wurzelstudien und Phosphat-Aufnahme von Weidelgras und Rotklee unter Feldbedingungen

Root studies and phosphorus uptake of rye-grass and red clover under field conditions Root parameters (fresh weight, density, surface, length, cation exchange capacity) and phosphate uptake were studied with rye grass and red clover, grown in the field on a brown podsolic soil. In all root parameters, ry grass was superior to red clover. Also, phosphate uptake of rye grass was higher than that of red clover. The greatest difference between both species was found in root length, that of rye grass being about five times longer than that of red clover. Rye grass had longer root hairs than red clover; whereas root diameter of clover was about twice as thick the average rye grass. Significant correlations were observed between root parameters and phosphate uptake in the plants studied. The highest correlation coefficients were obtained for the relationship P-uptake versus root length (clover 0.91***, grass 0.87***) and P-uptake versus root fresh weight (clover 0.92***, grass 0.88***). The phosphate uptake per unit root parameters was significantly higher in red clover, compared with rye grass, for the parameters root fresh weight, cation exchange capacity and root length. Because of this high P-uptake rate for clover it is assumed that clover also requires a higher P-concentration in soil solution as compared with grass. Thus grass may still grow with low P concentrations in the soil solution without P deficiency at which clover cannot grow. It is for this reason that in mixed swards clover is depressed by grass, if the available P in the soil is low.     

Growth and Nutrient Use in Four Grasses Under Drought Stress as Mediated by Silicon Fertilizers

Field water stress is a common problem in crop production, especially in arid and semi-arid zones and it is widely hypothesized that silicon (Si) could reduce water stress in plants. We set up a greenhouse study to evaluate some silicon sources—potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃), calcium silicate (CaSiO₃) and silica gel for growth and nutrient uptake by four grass species under adequate and deficit irrigation. The four species studied were Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), Timothy grass (Phleum pratense), Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense) and Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). For all species, the biomass yield response to applied silicon under deficit irrigation was significantly better than under adequate irrigation. The yield response of Rhodes grass across silicon sources was 205% under deficit irrigation compared with only 59% under adequate irrigation; for Sudan grass it was 49% compared with 26% and for Timothy, it was 48% compared with a mere 1%. The higher responses under deficit irrigation suggest that the plants relied more on silicon to endure drought stress. Biomass yield of individual plants also differed according to soil water levels with Timothy grass being the most sensitive to water stress as it exhibited the highest yield response (209%) to adequate irrigation. This was followed by tall fescue (122%) and Rhodes grass (97%). Sudan grass was the least affected by deficit irrigation, possibly on account of improved root mass and its natural drought tolerance. Strong associations were noted between the uptake of silicon and those of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) irrespective of soil water condition, but the uptake of potassium (K) was more strongly correlated with that of Si under deficit than adequate irrigation. Improvements in plant growth following Si application could therefore be linked to enhanced uptake of major essential nutrients.     

Effect of Synthetic Soil Aggregates as a Soil Ameliorant to Enhance Properties of Problematic Gray (“Jahgaru”) Soils in Okinawa,Japan

Synthetic aggregates (SA) were developed using low productive red soil, paper, and starch waste and then utilized as a soil ameliorant to improve poor physical and chemical properties of a gray soil (“Jahgaru”). The gray soil was amended with SA at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% and then used for the cultivation of French marigold (Tagetes patula). The SA addition enhanced bulk density, porosity, water‐holding capacity, hydraulic conductivity, pH, organic matter, and carbon (C) content of original gray soil. Plant height, number of flowers per plant, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight in 30% of SA addition were the greatest and were increased by 1.5, 2.9, 3.5, 4.7, 3.4, 4.3, and 9 times, respectively, compared to gray soil. It can be concluded that developed SA can be utilized as a soil ameliorant to improve poor physical and chemical properties of gray soil.     

The invasion of pea roots, pisum sativum l., by soil microorganisms, Acanthamoeba palestinensis (reich) and pseudomonas SP

Pea roots (Pisum sativum L. cultivar Tall Sugar White) were inoculated with Pseudomonas sp., isolated from the roots of Timothy grass (Phleum pratensis L.). Microscopic examination showed that the bacterium had invaded many epidermal and outer cortical cells of the root. The presence of the soil amoeba, Acanthamoeba palestinensis (Reich), which readily ingests Pseudomonas sp., did not alter the root damage. The amoebae were also found in the epidermis and outer cortex of pea roots. No amoebae were found inside pea roots when Pseudomonas sp. was absent. Bacterial invasion also occurred in pea roots grown in garden soil previously sterilized by γ-irradiation and inoculated with Pseudomonas sp., but not in the same soil inoculated and unsterilized. Timothy grass roots were similarly uninfected in inoculated unsterilized garden soil.     

What root traits determine grass resistance to phosphorus deficiency in production grassland?

Grasslands are a major form of agricultural land use worldwide. Current and future declines of phosphorus (P) inputs into production grasslands necessitate a shift towards selecting grass species based on high efficiency under suboptimal, rather than optimal P conditions. It is therefore imperative to identify key root traits that determine P acquisition of grasses in soils with a low P status. In a 9‐month greenhouse experiment, we grew eight common grass species and cultivars on a soil with a low P status and related root morphological traits to their performance under P‐limiting conditions. We applied (P1) or withheld (P0) P fertilization while providing adequate amounts of all other nutrients. Omitting P fertilization greatly reduced yield and nutrient acquisition for the various grass species. Biomass production differed significantly (P < 0.1%) among species and P fertilization treatments, varying from 17.1 to 72.1 g pot^?1 in the P0 treatment and from 33.4 to 85.8 g pot^?1 in the P1 treatment. Root traits were species‐specific and unresponsive to P fertilization, but overall we observed a trade‐off between root biomass and specific root length. Structural equation modeling identified total root length as key factor with respect to resistance to P deficiency, especially when roots explored the subsoil. Optimizing root length and subsoil exploration could be the key to maintaining high productivity of production grasslands with decreasing P availability. This is relevant for both plant breeding programs and for composing seed mixtures.     

黄土区植物根系对营养元素在土壤剖面中迁移强度的影响

不同植物群落根系对土壤元素迁移具有显著影响,不同基因型植物细根的特殊剖面分布特征,是其适应和改善土壤养分物理化学逆境的生理生态学基础。采用原状土柱淋滤实验装置及大型挖掘剖面壁法,在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区研究并定量分析了不同径级根系对黄土中营养元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Fe、Si、Al迁移强度的影响,旨在探索土壤养分生物有效性的提高途径。结果表明,不同植被类型土壤营养元素淋溶迁移的剖面差异并非完全取决于土壤中元素或矿物含量的大小,而是主要受制于直径1mm的须根根系在剖面中的缠绕分布特征。不同植被类型土壤中营养元素的迁移强度随土层深度增加呈递减规律。不同植物根系对黄土中营养元素迁移强度的影响具有显著差异,其大小顺序为:林地草地农地。林、草地土壤中元素迁移强度序列有明显变异的临界土层深度分别在30cm和10cm处。在林、草地和农地土层中常量元素水迁移强度序列为CaNaMgKSiAl,微量元素基本为CuMnFe。植物根系对营养元素迁移能力的影响具有明显的区域范围,随着直径1mm有效根密度和根量的增大,根系对土壤元素迁移强度的影响显著增强。     

Influence of grass species and soil type on rhizosphere microbial community structure in grassland soils

A number of studies have reported species specific selection of microbial communities in the rhizosphere by plants. It is hypothesised that plants influence microbial community structure in the rhizosphere through rhizodeposition. We examined to what extent the structure of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of grasses is determined by the plant species and different soil types. Three grass species were planted in soil from one site, to identify plant-specific influences on rhizosphere microbial communities. To quantify the soil-specific effects on rhizosphere microbial community structure, we planted one grass species (Lolium perenne L.) into soils from three contrasting sites. Rhizosphere, non-rhizosphere (bulk) and control (non-planted) soil samples were collected at regular intervals, to examine the temporal changes in soil microbial communities. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from both root bases and root tips, to investigate root associated spatial influences. Both fungal and bacterial communities were analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). Both bacterial and fungal communities were influenced by the plant growth but there was no evidence for plant species selection of the soil microbial communities in the rhizosphere of the different grass species. For both fungal and bacterial communities, the major determinant of community structure in rhizospheres was soil type. This observation was confirmed by cloning and sequencing analysis of bacterial communities. In control soils, bacterial composition was dominated by Firmicutes and Actinobacteria but in the rhizosphere samples, the majority of bacteria belonged to Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Bacterial community compositions of rhizosphere soils from different plants were similar, indicating only a weak influence of plant species on rhizosphere microbial community structure.     

两种草本层台湾桤木林地细根分解及养分动态研究

在四川省丹棱县退耕还林地上,采用网袋法对两种草本层(黑麦草和自然草)台湾桤木林地中细根分解及养分释放的对比,以及对台湾桤木 黑麦草复合模式草根与细根混合分解进行了为期1 a的实验研究。结果表明:台湾桤木细根在复合模式和自然模式中分解速率、养分释放有所不同,经过1 a的分解,复合模式中N,K,Ca的残留率显著低于自然模式,而干质量、P,Mg的残留率差异不显著;复合模式混合处理的分解速率和N,P,K,Ca释放率介于单独分解的细根和草根之间,而Mg释放率则大于单独分解的细根和草根,经过1 a的分解,混合分解对混合处理的分解速率、P,K,Mg的释放有明显的促进作用,对N,Ca的释放影响不显著,在混合分解过程中的不同阶段,表现出来的相互作用形式不同。     

林(竹)+草植被恢复初期地表径流及其养分流失特征

试验研究了华西雨屏区不同退耕还林植被配置模式的水土保持效能,通过分析降雨、地表径流、径流养分浓度和径流养分流失量得出:竹+草植被恢复模式在退耕3年后能有效地减少地表径流,侵蚀性降雨量及其降雨场次也明显少于农耕地,退耕地地表径流养分流失量和养分流失浓度也有所降低;幼龄桦木+牛鞭草植被系统功能表现不如竹+牛鞭草模式明显,需进一步加强林木培育管理;低径流量中径流的养分浓度大,应注意土壤系统结构培育和优化,尽量减少养分流失。     

Responses of forage grasses to aluminum in solution culture

Growth, nutrient uptake and nutrient uptake efficiency differences in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were evaluated at 0, 100, 200, and 300 μM Al. In each of the species, cultivar differences were also compared. In the absence of Al stress, cultivars of orchardgrass outperformed other grasses. The presence of Al reduced shoot and root growth; however, the magnitude of the growth reduction depended upon the species and cultivars. The growth of shoots and roots showed a significant difference with respect to species, cultivars, treatment Al and their Interactions. Aluminum reduced the uptake of many essential nutrients. At 100 μM Al Potomac orchardgrass had the highest and climax timothy had the lowest mineral content. The efficiency ratio (ER) assisted in classifying grass entries into efficient and inefficient utilizers of the absorbed nutrients. The ER is defined as milligrams of dry shoot weight produced per milligram of element in the shoot. The ER for P, K, Cu and Zn gave a positive correlation with shoot weight; however, in general, negative relationships were observed for shoot growth and ER for Mg, Fe, and Mn. In all the species increasing Al concentration from 0 to 100 μM increased ER for Mg and decreased ER for K and Zn. With the exception of tall fescue cultivars, the ER for P was reduced by 100 μM Al. The species and cultivars used in this study showed inter‐ and intraspecific differences in growth, uptake, and ER for nutrients in the presence or absence of Al stress. Significant reduction in growth, even at 100 μM Al by all the three species of grass indicates that these grass species are far more sensitive to Al than the field crops. Therefore, experiments with levels of Al lesser than 100 μM would have given a better outlook on the performances of these grass species.