绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤物理性质的影响

[目的]探讨绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤物理性质的影响,为其在黄土高原旱作农业区的推广提供科学依据。[方法]基于4 a田间定位试验,研究了夏闲期种植长武怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆/苏丹草混播以及裸地休闲(CK)对旱作冬小麦收获期农田耕层(0—20 cm)土壤容重、孔隙度、持水量和团聚体的影响。[结果]在0—10 cm土层,与CK相比,苏丹草和混播处理显著降低了土壤容重,怀豆,苏丹草和混播处理显著提高了土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、大团聚体(>5 mm)所占比例和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD);在10—20 cm土层,苏丹草处理大团聚体所占比例和MWD均显著高于CK。土壤容重与土壤有机碳含量呈显著负相关,毛管孔隙度和团聚体平均重量与绿肥生物量呈显著正相关,而土壤总孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量与绿肥生物量和土壤有机碳均呈显著正相关。[结论]在黄土高原地区,夏闲期单播种植长武怀豆、苏丹草及混播均能显著改善耕层土壤物理性质,综合来看,苏丹草单播的效果优于长武怀豆单播和二者混播。     

两种巨桉人工林地土壤抗蚀性的比较研究

[目的]揭示巨桉人工林组培苗和实生苗两种起源对土壤抗蚀性的影响。[方法]利用S形采样法在样地内采集多个样点,按上(0—10cm),中(10—20cm),下(20—30cm)三层分别利用环刀和塑料盒采集原状土壤,测定不同层次土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、渗透速率、水稳性团聚体含量等。[结果](1)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤容重呈现递增趋势,而总孔隙度和通气孔隙度呈递减趋势。组培巨桉林土壤容重低于实生苗巨桉林地,而土壤总孔隙度、通气孔隙度高于显著实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(2)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤水稳性指数、抗蚀指数、团聚状况、团聚度和结构系数呈现下降趋势,水稳性指数和抗蚀指数达到显著水平(p0.05),而分散率和分散系数呈现升高趋势。组培巨桉林地不同土层的抗蚀指数和结构系数均高于实生苗巨桉林地,但分散系数均显著低于实生苗巨桉林地(p0.05);(3)随着土壤深度增加,两种巨桉林地土壤各粒径水稳性团聚体含量和平均重量直径(MWD)呈现出下降趋势,土壤结构体破坏率呈现上升趋势。组培苗巨桉林地不同土层各粒径(5mm;5~2mm;0.5~0.25mm;0.5mm;0.25mm)水稳性团聚体含量和MWD均高于实生苗林地,而结构体破坏率、2~1mm和1~0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量均低于实生苗巨桉林地。[结论]组培巨桉人工林的土壤抗蚀性更佳。     

秦岭北坡水源林区不同类型林分土壤水文特性

在秦岭北坡水源林区选择不同针阔混交林和落叶混交林林分,对其土壤水文物理性质进行了研究。结果表明:土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量均为针阔混交林大于落叶阔叶林,40cm土层土壤水分平均(非毛管)滞留贮存量为针阔混交林大于落叶阔叶林。针阔混交林地土壤的渗透性能较好,其平均渗透系数达到了6.93mm/min,是落叶阔叶林地的4.97倍,且同一林地内0—20cm土层的渗透系数均大于20—40cm土层。基于主成分分析,锐齿栎×油松(华山松)混交林地土壤的综合水文效应最优。     

不同作物秸秆还田对潮土结构的改良效果

为探究作物秸秆还田对土壤结构的改良效果,采用二因素裂区设计,主因素施肥(F):F1(施NPK复合肥)和F0(不施肥);副因素作物种类(B):B1(油菜)、B2(玉米)、B3(马铃薯)、B4(燕麦)和B5(荞麦),以不施肥不种作物的空白处理为对照CK。采集样品后测定土壤容重、孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水量,以及团聚体粒径和土壤MWD、GMD和D值。结果表明:5种作物秸秆还田降低了土壤0—60 cm土层的土壤容重,增加了毛管孔隙度和田间持水量,20—60 cm土层为主要改善土层;同时,增加了土壤0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量,且0—20 cm土层团聚体MWD、GMD值增加,D值降低,稳定性增加;秸秆还田配施化肥下,0—60 cm土层土壤0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量呈减少趋势,且团聚体MWD、GMD值降低,D值增加,稳定性下降;各处理下油菜秸秆还田后对土壤容重、孔隙度、田间持水量和团聚体稳定性改善效果较好,荞麦秸秆还田更有利于提高土壤田间持水量,燕麦秸秆还田更有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性。由此可见,作物秸秆还田对土壤结构具有一定的改良效果,不同作物所起到的效果不同。整体而言,油菜秸秆还田效果更好。     

江西大岗山3种林型土壤水分物理性质研究

对江西大岗山林区常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和毛竹林土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量和贮水量等物理性质进行了研究。结果表明：（1）常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和杉木人工林的土壤容重均随深度的增加而增加。在0～80cm的土层中,杉木人工林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的土壤容重分别为1．29g／cm^3,1．24g／cm^3和1．20g／cm^3。（2）随土层深度的增加,3种林型土壤的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量均逐渐降低。（3）在0～80cm的土层中,常绿阔叶林的土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,毛竹林次之;而常绿阔叶林土壤的毛管孔隙度最小,毛竹林最大。（4）在0～80cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的饱和持水量、毛管持水量和非毛管持水量均为毛竹林〉常绿阔叶林〉杉木人工林。在0～80cm的土层中,3种林型土壤的现有贮水量和饱和贮水量均为常绿阔叶林〉杉木人工林〉毛竹林。（5）毛竹林在0～40cm土层中,土壤物理性质明显优于另外两种林分。     

兴文县香椿人工林土壤物理性质研究

以柳杉人工林、柏木人工林及耕地为对照,研究了不同定植年限香椿人工林的土壤物理性质变化。结果表明:①香椿人工林土壤体积质量随定植年限的增长而减小,不同林分在0~40 cm土层中,土壤体积质量以定植4年香椿林为最大,柏木人工林最小,分别为1.58 g/cm3和1.31 g/cm3。②随定植年限增加,土壤孔隙度、持水量及贮水量均增大,各林地及耕地土壤孔隙度、持水量及贮水量均随土壤深度的增加而减小。③在0~40 cm土层中,柏木人工林的总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度最大,香椿人工林次之,耕地最小;而毛管孔隙度香椿人工林最大,柳杉人工林最小。④在0~40 cm土层中,各林地及耕地土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量及田间持水量均为柏木人工林香椿人工林柳杉人工林耕地,土壤贮水量为香椿人工林柳杉人工林耕地柏木人工林。⑤香椿人工林土壤物理性质随林龄的增加而改善,明显优于柳杉人工林及耕地,仅某些指标较差于柏木人工林。     

不同土地利用方式对黑土剖面土壤物理性质的影响

选择地势平坦相毗邻地块的4种不同土地利用方式(农田,CL;落叶松林地,FL;自然草地,GL;裸地,BL),利用环刀法测定了土壤容重、田间持水量和饱和持水量,利用吸管法测定了土壤机械组成,利用湿筛法测定了土壤水稳性团聚体,分析了0—200cm剖面内土壤物理性质的分布、变异程度和相关性。研究结果表明:土地利用方式显著影响了表层(0—20cm)的土壤容重、孔隙度和土壤持水量,容重表现为GLCLFLBL,而孔隙度和田间持水量表现为GLCLFLBL。土地利用方式对剖面土壤颗粒组成的影响表现为GL砂粒含量比较高,BL粉砂含量较高,而FL的粘粒含量较高。粒径0.25mm团聚体含量(WAS0.25mm)、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均随剖面深度增加而降低,不同土地利用方式间的差异表现在0—60cm土层,为GLFLCLBL。GL和FL由于根系的作用增加了土壤物理性质的变异程度。土壤颗粒组成对土壤容重、饱和持水量和田间持水量都有显著的影响。研究结果表明,自然草地能够显著改善并恢复土壤的物理性质。     

生草对梨园土壤物理特性的影响

为了研究不同生草年限对梨园土壤物理特性的影响,以清耕为对照,研究冀中生草4a和生草8a梨园,在0—30cm土层内分层取样,测定土壤容重、孔隙度、保水和排水能力及团聚体含量等土壤物理特性,比较不同生草年限梨园土壤物理性质的变化特征。结果表明:生草处理土壤容重显著降低,土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量和排水能力显著增加,对0—10cm土层物理特性的影响最大,与清耕相比较,生草8a和生草4a处理,土壤容重分别降低7.18%和4.26%,土壤孔隙度分别增加44.77%和11.54%,土壤毛管持水量分别增加109.62%和32.91%,排水能力分别增加了56.62%和21.98%;生草处理显著降低了0—10cm土层粒径5mm机械稳定性团聚体和粒径2mm水稳性团聚体含量,显著增加了0—20cm土层粒径0.25~5mm机械稳定性团聚体含量,生草8a显著增加了0—30cm土层粒径0.25~2mm水稳性团聚体含量。短期生草对土壤容重、孔隙度和保水性改善明显,对水稳性团聚体影响较小,随着生草年限的增加,梨园土壤物理性状愈趋改善。     

枫香与杉木、马尾松混交林土壤水分物理性质的研究

本文研究了枫香分别与杉木、马尾松混交后土壤水分物理性质的变化。结果表明:采用枫香分别与杉木、马尾松混交后,改善了土壤的水分物理性质,表现在土壤最大持水量增加,毛管持水量、田间持水量得以提高,土壤有效持水量也有了较大幅度的提高。枫香分别与杉木、马尾松混交后土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度得到提高,并由此而改善了混交林土壤的渗透性能。     

湘中红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型对土壤特性的影响

以湖南省衡阳县武水流域为例,对湘中红壤丘陵区5种土地利用类型的土壤物理性质和抗蚀性能进行了研究,结果表明,土地利用类型对土壤物理性质有显著影响,花岗岩红壤的结构随植被演退和人为耕作的干扰而退化。与林地相比,旱地和坡耕地等耕作土壤砂粒含量增加,黏粒含量相对减少,表土呈现砂化;与林地和疏林地相比,耕作土壤的大粒径水稳性团聚体减少,水稳性团聚体平均重量直径减小,结构稳定性下降;不同土地利用类型按土壤毛管孔隙度和持水性能大小排序为林地>疏林地>荒地>旱地>坡耕地。研究结果说明良好的植被条件与合理的土地利用能通过降低土壤容重、增加有机质以及细颗粒含量来改善土壤的团聚能力,并增加土壤蓄水量,从而提高土壤的抗蚀能力。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.