新疆尾闾盐湖滨岸盐碱土中碳酸盐的固碳效应及影响因素

土壤碳酸盐对现代大气CO_2的截存与土壤中的硅酸盐矿物组成、盐基元素供给、有机碳含量等因子密切相关。该文结合土壤理化性质和碳同位素分馏特性,以新疆艾比湖为例,探讨了干旱区尾闾盐湖滨岸盐碱土中碳酸盐的固碳效应和影响因素,研究结果表明:1)土壤碳酸盐是干旱区最重要的碳库,艾比湖滨岸土壤碳酸盐的平均碳密度是有机碳的4.05倍;2)艾比湖滨岸盐碱土中的δ13CSCC介于-7.9‰～0.3‰之间,δ13CSCC与HCO3-存在良好的线性负相关关系,决定系数高达0.669 9,大气碳以重碳酸盐形式存在是次生碳酸盐淀积的关键环节之一;3)土壤δ13CSCC值与硅酸盐矿物阳起石、绿泥石、伊利石存在着良好的线性负相关关系,δ13CSCC值随着富Ca、Mg、Fe矿物的含量增加明显向负向漂移;4)土壤中有机碳含量越高,生物风化过程越强烈时,δ13CSCC负向漂移越大,土壤碳酸盐截存较多大气中的轻碳;当土壤含盐量超过一定程度时,有机过程受到抑制,土壤碳酸盐则截存较多大气中的重碳。因此,干旱区存在着有机-无机耦合固碳效应,提高干旱区植被覆盖,可以增加有机碳库储量,同时,经有机过程分馏转移到土壤中的CO_2可进一步促进土壤硅酸盐矿物风化,使这部分CO_2不再返回大气,而是以碳酸盐形式被长久固存。     

退化喀斯特森林植被自然恢复中土壤有机碳δ~(13)C值特征

采用空间代替时间与稳定性碳同位素技术相结合的方法,研究了茂兰喀斯特森林自然恢复中土壤有机碳(SOC)δ13C值特征。结果表明:整体上SOCδ13C值随恢复进展0~20 cm土层(-25.72‰~-19.91‰)趋正、20 cm土层(-23.76‰~-18.13‰)先趋正后趋负。随土层加深除草灌、灌乔外其他阶段均趋正,草灌阶段上层土与乔木、顶极阶段底层土SOC为C4碳,SOCδ13C值变化受地带性和喀斯特环境的双重影响。群落优势种凋落叶δ13C值(-31.79‰~-16.76‰)随恢复进展趋负,说明生境日益改善,其与0~20cm土层SOCδ13C值呈极显著正相关(R20.96,p0.01)、而与20 cm土层极不相关,说明0~20 cm土层主要为新碳;SOC周转速率随恢复进展递增、随土层加深递减,土壤生化反应具较强表聚性;SOCδ13C值与土壤可矿化碳、易氧化碳含量呈显著的负相关关系(R2-0.50,p0.05),与微生物生物量碳具有一定的负相关关系(R2=-0.389),SOCδ13C值在一定程度上可以指示SOC的活性;喀斯特森林自然恢复是复杂多变、多途径的统一,其中C4植物在恢复中具有重要意义;碳同位素方法与"空间代替时间"方法相结合能较好地重现喀斯特植被更替的历史。     

黑土区水稻土水稳性团聚体有机碳及其颗粒有机碳的分布特征

为研究黑土区水稻土水稳性团聚体有机碳及其颗粒有机碳含量和δ~(13) C值的分布特征,探讨黑土区水稻土水稳性团聚体有机碳及其颗粒有机碳的分布和稳定性,为该地区黑土的合理利用及土壤的合理培肥提供理论依据,以黑土区不同有机碳含量的水稻土为研究对象,利用湿筛法和物理分组技术分离提取各级团聚体及其颗粒有机物,采用~(13) C稳定同位素质谱技术分析有机碳含量及其δ~(13) C值。结果表明,黑土区水稻土以2~0.25mm团聚体为主,土壤有机碳主要富集在0.25mm团聚体中,尤其是2~0.25mm团聚体中;团聚体有机碳的δ~(13) C值随团聚体粒级的减小而增大,2mm和2~0.25mm团聚体中有机碳的δ~(13) C值均小于土壤有机碳的δ~(13) C值,具有碳截获或碳固定能力,而0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm团聚体中有机碳的δ~(13) C值均大于土壤有机碳的δ~(13) C值,具有碳固持或稳定的能力;除B-2土样外,各土样均以2~0.25mm团聚体中的颗粒有机碳含量为最大,以0.25~0.053mm团聚体中的颗粒有机碳含量为最小,且该团聚体中颗粒有机碳含量与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.917,P0.01),表明微团聚体闭蓄态的颗粒有机碳对土壤有机碳的固持和稳定发挥重要作用。土壤颗粒有机碳及各级团聚体中颗粒有机碳的δ~(13) C值均小于土壤有机碳及各粒级团聚体中有机碳的δ~(13) C值,团聚体颗粒有机碳的δ~(13) C值也随团聚体粒级的减小而增大。因此,黑土区水稻土中0.25mm的水稳性团聚体是有机碳的主要载体,团聚体颗粒有机碳作为活性碳库,较总有机碳更易反映黑土区水稻土有机碳的周转变化,其敏感性随团聚体粒级的增大而增强。     

不同区域稻田土壤复合体有机碳分配及δ~(13)C特征

选取位于5个不同区域(吉林龙井、河南封丘、浙江慈溪、江西进贤和海南海口)的代表性稻田,对其土壤复合体有机碳分配及δ13C特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同区域稻田土壤中各粒级复合体含量(质量百分比)变化主要体现在<2μm和>50μm粒级部分。南方稻田0-20 cm土层中<2μm复合体含量较20-40 cm土层低,而北方稻田0-20 cm土层则较20-40 cm土层高。稻田0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层中,<50μm各粒级土壤复合体有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致;>50μm复合体有机碳含量则在稻田20-40 cm土层中出现急剧下降,显著低于表层。农田土壤有机碳主要集中在<10μm复合体中。气候条件、耕作制度和起源土壤对农田土壤复合体有机碳分配有显著影响,其中稻田耕作环境更有利于表层粗有机体的累积。不同区域稻田0-20 cm土层中,土壤复合体粒级越小,其有机碳δ13C值越高,碳库活性越低;而20-40 cm稻田土层中复合体有机碳库活性则并非严格遵循粗粒活性高于细粒的规律,在>50μm粗粒复合体中表现尤为明显。     

不同放牧强度下荒漠草原土壤有机碳及其δ~(13)C值分布特征

以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,通过测定不同载畜率下土壤部分理化性质、土壤有机碳含量和δ~(13)C值.探讨随放牧强度增加土壤有机碳深度分布和δ~(13)C值的组成差异特征.结果显示:随深度增加.有机碳含量呈线性急剧降低,变化范围在16.17～6.26 g/kg之间,而土壤有机碳的δ~(13)C值不断增大.变化范围在-22.5‰～-14.3‰.放牧对土壤有机碳的影响主要在0-20 cm土层,且放牧强度越大,有机碳含量越低,有机质分解程度越大,δ~(13)C值越偏正,δ~(13)C值的深度变化特征还表明.土壤剖面形成发育过程中当地气候和植被发生了很大的变化,可能实现了由C_4植物占优势向C_3植物占优势的变迁.     

微生物肥料对铝矿废弃地复垦区土壤有机碳的影响

在山西省孝义市铝矿废弃地复垦区玉米种植地块,采用不同的生物活化剂及生物菌剂处理,研究铝矿废弃地复垦过程中微生物肥料对复垦区玉米种植地块土壤有机碳的影响,测定了土壤有机碳含量、土壤δ13C值、玉米籽粒和秸秆中δ13C值.结果显示,不同微生物肥料处理下土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,而土壤δ13C值随着土层深度的增加而增加;施加微生物肥料能显著提高土壤有机碳含量;使用微生物肥料后,玉米籽粒δ13C值显著高于秸秆,说明玉米籽粒比秸秆更容易富集13C,但玉米籽粒和秸秆的δ13C值之间没有显著相关性.以上结果表明,在铝矿废弃地的复垦过程中,使用微生物肥料有利于土壤有机碳的积累.     

长期耕作水稻土的有机碳分布和稳定碳同位素特征

对浙江慈溪100，500，1000a水稻土的有机碳分布及其稳定性碳同位素特征进行了研究。结果表明，经百年耕种以后，水稻土耕作层有机碳含量受耕作年限影响很小。随着耕作年限的延长，水稻土剖面不同土层的有机碳含量变异性逐渐降低，下层土壤有机碳储量有逐渐增加的趋势；另外，随着耕作年限的增加，水稻土剖面下层的δ^13C值，有降低趋势，表明种植水稻带入土体的低δ^13C有机碳会随着耕作年限的增加，不断向下层迁移并固定起来。不同年限稻田耕作层土壤中，〈50μm粒级复合体的有机碳含量由高到低的顺序均为：〈2μm，2～10μm，10～50μm；不同粒级复合体有机碳δ^13C值随着粒级的增大而不断降低，新增的碳主要集中在粗粒中，而细粒中的碳为降解的老碳；对于某一粒级复合体来说，δ^13C值顺序均为：1000a〉500a〉100a；〈2μm复合体有机碳属于低活性碳库，耕种上百年后，基本达到饱和。     

不同施肥处理土壤覆膜后秸秆碳对土壤有机碳的贡献

基于公主岭黑土长期定位试验站,利用13C标记的玉米秸秆进行田间原位培养试验,分析不同施肥处理土壤覆膜后秸秆碳在土壤的转化及其对土壤总有机碳(SOC)的贡献,以期为东北黑土区土壤培肥和碳的固存提供依据。结果表明:裸地土壤添加秸秆后不施肥(CK)与单施化肥(NPK)处理SOC的δ13C值显著高于有机肥配施化肥(MNPK)处理(P<0.05);覆膜土壤添加秸秆第360天SOC的δ13C值为-18.27‰^-17.19‰,且各施肥处理间差异不显著(P>0.05)。覆膜条件下土壤有机碳中秸秆碳(13CSOC)含量显著高于(P<0.05)裸地,尤其在第60天覆膜处理是裸地处理的1~3倍,说明覆膜改善了土壤的水热条件,促进了秸秆碳在土壤中的积累。裸地条件下CK、NPK和MNPK处理秸秆碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率平均分别为1.28%,1.32%和0.46%;覆膜条件下分别为0.81%,1.51%和0.97%。由上可以看出,无机氮、磷和钾养分的供应有利于秸秆碳在土壤的积累,对土壤有机碳库固定起着正反馈作用。     

不同管理措施对铝矿废弃地复垦区土壤有机碳的影响

试验设置于山西省孝义铝矿废弃地复垦区,采用施肥及轮作双因素完全随机区组设计,研究铝矿废弃地复垦过程中不同管理措施对玉米田土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明,不同管理措施下,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,土壤δ13C值随着土层深度的增加而增加;施肥能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其中以有机＋无机肥为最佳施肥方式,与对照相比,在前茬种植晋豆28和晋豆25条件下,土层0～20cm的有机碳含量分别提高了1.85、1.35g.kg-1,土层20～40cm的有机碳含量分别提高了1.50、1.45g.kg-1;与前茬种植晋豆25的轮作方式相比,前茬种植晋豆28处理的土壤δ13C值普遍偏低;玉米籽粒δ13C值显著高于秸秆,说明玉米籽粒比秸秆更容易富集13C,但玉米籽粒和秸秆的δ13C值之间无显著相关性;豆科作物-玉米轮作的土壤有机碳主要来源于豆科作物,前茬晋豆28和晋豆25对土壤有机碳的贡献率分别为64.82%、60.64%。以上结果表明,在铝矿废弃地的复垦过程中,采取施肥配合轮作的管理措施有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

关中平原地区果园和农田土壤有机碳组分及碳库特征

由于果树经济效益高,关中平原地区广泛推广农田转为果园。为明确关中平原地区农田转变为果园后土壤有机碳(SOC)组分含量及土壤碳库指数的差异,采用了野外调查和室内分析的方法,探究了关中平原地区农田生态系统中果园和农田的土壤碳组分及碳库管理指数的变化。结果表明,在0～20、20～60、60～100 cm土层中,果园土壤活性有机碳(LOC)含量较农田分别增加了33.91%、49.95%和35.37%;与农田相比,果园显著增加了20～60和60～100 cm土层LOC/SOC值,提高了深层土壤碳库活性,促进了土壤有机碳的利用;在0～100 cm土层的垂直梯度上果园和农田LOC含量均随土层深度增加而减少,土壤总有机碳含量无显著差异;果园的碳库指数(CPI)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)均大于农田,增幅分别达6.12%和72.72%。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳组分、碳库活度、碳库管理指数与土壤主要肥力因子如有效磷、速效钾相关性密切,可以作为该地区农田生态系统土壤肥力的主要监测因子。研究表明,关中平原土地利用方式从农田转变为果园,将有效活化深层土壤的固有碳库,促进有机碳的分解与利用,土壤性能向良性发展。     

Metabolism of theanine, gamma-glutamylethylamide, in rats

The metabolism of theanine, one of the major amino acid components in tea (Camellia sinensis), was studied in rats. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection was used to evaluate the nature of theanine's metabolites in plasma, urine, and tissues. In the urine samples collected after administration of 100, 200, and 400 mg each of theanine, intact theanine, L-glutamic acid, and ethylamine, these compounds were detected in a dose-dependent manner. When 200 mg of theanine was orally administered to rats, the plasma concentrations of theanine and ethylamine reached their highest levels about 0.5 and 2 h after administration, respectively. It seems most likely that the enzymatic hydrolysis of theanine to glutamic acid and ethylamine was accomplished in the kidney. These results indicate that orally administered theanine is absorbed through the intestinal tract and hydrolyzed to glutamic acid and ethylamine in the rat kidney.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.     

Composition, Distribution, and Characterization of Organochlorine Pesticides in Sandstorm Depositions in Beijing, China

Sandstorms which distribute a great number of particles are a special atmospheric occurrence and are uncommon in northern China. This study was conducted to determine, for the first time, the concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sandstorm depositions. Samples were collected from urban areas of Beijing and a total of eight OCPs were measured. All samples contained OCP residues. The total hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) concentration ranged from 20.6 to 59.8ng g^?1 and the total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) concentration ranged from 12.0 to 14.3ng g^?1. Furthermore, increasing HCH contamination was observed from the northwest to the southeast and a uniform distribution of DDT contamination was discovered in Beijing. Analysis of the sources of contamination showed that HCHs in the sandstorm depositions were derived from a relatively old source of lindane, and DDTs mainly originated from an old source of dicofol in Beijing. The preliminary pollution assessment of the samples indicated that HCH levels might be categorized as low pollution and DDT levels might be categorized as no pollution. The present study suggests that sandstorm depositions may not produce the special risk of adverse health effect from OCPs for the residents of Beijing, China.     

Absorption, tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of clothianidin in rats

Absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of clothianidin [(E)-1-(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-3-methyl-2-nitroguanidine] were investigated after a single oral administration of [nitroimino-(14)C]- or [thiazolyl-2-(14)C]clothianidin to male and female rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight (bw) (low dose) or 250 mg/kg of bw (high dose). The maximum concentration of carbon-14 in blood occurred 2 h after administration of the low oral dose for both labeled clothianidins, and then the concentration of carbon-14 in blood decreased with a half-life of 2.9-4.0 h. The orally administered carbon-14 was rapidly and extensively distributed to all tissues and organs within 2 h after administration, especially to the kidney and liver, but was rapidly and almost completely eliminated from all tissues and organs with no evidence of accumulation. The orally administered carbon-14 was almost completely excreted into urine and feces within 2 days after administration, and approximately 90% of the administered dose was excreted via urine. The major compound in excreta was clothianidin, accounting for >60% of the administered dose. The major metabolic reactions of clothianidin in rats were oxidative demethylation to form N-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-N'-nitroguanidine and the cleavage of the carbon-nitrogen bond between the thiazolylmethyl moiety and the nitroguanidine moiety. The part of the molecule containing the nitroguanidine moiety was transformed mainly to N-methyl-N'-nitroguanidine, whereas the thiazol moiety was further metabolized to 2-(methylthio)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid. With the exception of the transiently delayed excretion of carbon-14 at the high-dose level, the rates of biokinetics, excretion, distribution, and metabolism of clothianidin were not markedly influenced by dose level and sex.