重金属单一污染对龙须草生长与生理生化特性的影响

试验研究了不同处理水平下Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As单一污染对龙须草生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明:龙须草地下部对重金属的抗性大干地上部,种植龙须草的污染土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu的土壤临界值可分别设定为10mg／kg、300mg／kg和100mg／kg;龙须草叶绿素含量随重金属处理浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势,但其总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b值均低于对照;龙须草SOD活性随Zn、As单一污染处理浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势,而随其他3种重金属处理浓度的增加呈下降趋势;龙须草CAT和POD的活性随As处理浓度的增加呈上升趋势,而随其他4种重金属处理浓度的增加呈先升后降趋势。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅰ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对铜、锌、镉、铅污染的响应

用来修复污染土壤的理想植物应具有高的生物量并能忍耐和积累污染物.印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)能富集多种重金属且生物量较大.本文研究了Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb 4种重金属对印度芥菜生长的影响,特别是重金属对印度芥菜地上部生物量的影响.结果表明,在含Cu 250 mg/kg、Pb 500mg/kg或Zn 500mg/kg的污染土壤上,印度芥菜能够忍耐,正常生长.印度芥菜在含Cd 200 mg/kg的土壤上发生镉毒而出现失绿黄化症状,Cd与中等浓度的Zn、Cu、Pb共存时毒害更为严重.这种植物适合Cu、Zn、Pb中等污染土壤的修复.     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究Ⅰ.金属富集植物Brassica juncea对铜、锌、镉、铅污染的响应

用来修复污染土壤的理想植物应具有高的生物量并能忍耐和积累污染物。印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)能富集多种重金属且生物量较大。本文研究了Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb 4种重金属对印度芥菜生长的影响,特别是重金属对印度芥菜地上部生物量的影响。结果表明,在含Cu 250 mg/kg、Pb 500mg/kg或Zn 500mg/kg的污染土壤上,印度芥菜能够忍耐,正常生长。印度芥菜在含Cd 200 mg/kg的土壤上发生镉毒而出现失绿黄化症状,Cd与中等浓度的Zn、Cu、Pb共存时毒害更为严重。这种植物适合Cu、Zn、Pb中等污染土壤的修复。     

Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As复合污染对灯心草的生理毒性效应

通过盆栽试验,以现行土壤环境质量标准为浓度设置依据并结合实际污染土壤研究了不同处理水平的Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As5种重金属复合污染对灯心草生长、叶绿素含量及保护酶系统的影响。实验结果表明:5种重金属复合污染对灯心草地上部生长有一定程度的抑制作用,在土壤环境质量二级标准上限值处灯心草地上部生物量减产9.15%,<10%,但地下部生物量减产趋势不明显。复合重金属污染抑制灯心草的光合作用使叶绿素含量减少、叶绿素a/b值降低。在接近土壤环境质量标准低浓度设计范围内,灯心草3种保护酶有逐渐被激活的趋势,表现出一定的协调性共同抵制重金属的毒害。但在高浓度处理水平下,酶活性遭到抑制。生长在矿毒水和铅锌尾矿污染土壤中的灯心草地上部生物量分别下降28.23%和37.1%,但POD、SOD和CAT3种酶活性均高于对照。通过应用综合生态环境效益法,以灯心草为指示植物可以将土壤环境质量二级标准上限值设定为土壤中5种重金属的临界毒性效应值。     

重金属污染土壤中菠菜对铅吸收和累积规律的研究

通过盆栽试验对苗期和收获期菠菜地上部和地下部的重金属含量进行测定,并计算各元素的累积率和分配率,以了解土壤Pb污染和重金属复合污染条件下菠菜Pb的吸收和积累规律。结果表明,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下对Pb毒害起到抑制作用;在Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn复合污染条件下,Cd、Cu、Zn等金属离子的存在抑制了菠菜根系对Pb离子的吸收,而对菠菜植株内Pb离子的运转影响不大。在本试验条件下,Pb元素在地上部的分配率较低,为14.73%～28.72%。     

三峡库区小江流域土壤重金属的分布特征与评价分析

通过对小江流域消落带土壤重金属分布特征和评价分析,结果表明,重金属Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni含量均值分别为23.76mgkg-1、20.78mgkg-1、82.92mgkg-1、36.84mgkg-1、0.064mgkg-1、38.08mgkg-1,均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995),其中Zn、Pb、Ni均高于重庆市土壤背景值。Cr与Cd、Cu与Zn、Cu与Cd,Cu与Ni的相关系数分别为0.9077、0.7969、0.4217、0.4347,呈正相关性。但其他元素间相关性不显著。Ni是本区表层土壤重金属污染的主要因子,重金属元素的污染程度依次为Ni>Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb>Cr。土壤重金属单项污染指数均值小于0.7,综合污染指数为0.47,总体上,污染水平为清洁,土壤重金属潜在生态风险为轻度生态危害。不同功能区潜在生态危害程度上以三中最大,其次为中原和铺溪,产生潜在生态危害的主要重金属是Cd、Pb,Cu、Cr次之。     

重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

通过野外土样采集及室内测定,研究了云南东川铜矿区土壤酶和微生物特征,并采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,距离矿口越近,土壤有机质、有效N、P、K的含量、土壤pH值亦越低,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量C和N受到的抑制程度也增强,其中土壤酶中的酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,土壤微生物中的细菌对重金属污染较为敏感。盆栽试验中,Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染使白菜(Brassica rapapekinensis)生物量明显下降,且随复合污染程度的增加,白菜生物量下降幅度增加。Cd与Zn、Cu、Pb,Zn与Cd、Cu、Pb,Cu与Cd、Zn、Pb的复合效应机制为协同效应,而Pb与Cd、Zn、Cu的复合效应机制为拮抗效应。重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染使土壤酶活性显著降低,但低量的Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染刺激了细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量C和N。重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量及微生物生物量C和N的复合效应机制表现出协同和拮抗效应。     

重金属Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb复合污染对土壤生物活性的影响

通过野外土样采集及室内培养试验(25℃),研究了云南东川铜矿区土壤酶和微生物特征,以及模拟重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响。结果表明,矿区土壤(距矿口0~800 m)重金属污染严重,Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu全量和有效含量是对照土壤(距矿口10 000 m)的3.7~141.0倍和2.2~773.2倍;距矿口越近,土壤有机质、有效氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及土壤pH亦越低,土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳和氮受到的抑制程度也显著增强。与对照土壤相比,距矿口0~800 m的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性分别降低25.5%~47.3%、22.6%~74.2%、30.9%~83.1%、16.7%~69.1%和34.6%~92.3%;细菌、放线菌和真菌数量分别较对照下降30.5%~80.1%、8.1%~49.9%和3.3%~8.3%。土壤酶中的酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶,土壤微生物中的细菌对重金属污染较为敏感。恒温(25℃)培养试验中,低量的Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染刺激了土壤酶活性和细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮的数量,但高量的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染使土壤酶活性、细菌、真菌、放线菌、微生物生物量碳和氮均显著下降。重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb之间存在着一定的协同或拮抗作用,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb之间在微生物生物量碳和氮上表现出明显的协同效应,Pb与Cd、Zn、Cu对细菌数量的复合效应机制为拮抗效应,Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb对真菌数量和放线菌数量的复合效应机制表现为协同效应和拮抗效应并存。     

黑曲霉对潮褐土镉、锌污染的原位固定修复潜力研究

采用温室盆栽试验,研究了在黑曲霉(30582)作用下油菜对潮褐土Cd、Zn复合污染胁迫的耐性及富集特征。结果表明:接入黑曲霉菌液对油菜地上部干重总体上无明显影响,且降低了油菜对土壤Cd、Zn的吸收量。加入黑曲霉菌液后,油菜地上部和地下部Cd含量较对照最高分别降低了31.60%,37.82%;地上部和地下部Zn含量较对照处理最高分别降低了35.12%,35.74%;土壤有效态Cd、Zn含量显著减少,较对照最高分别降低了30.51%,39.64%。综上,黑曲霉有效地降低了污染土壤中Cd、Zn的生物有效性,对土壤中低浓度重金属污染的原位固定表现出较佳的效果,具备应用于修复Cd、Zn污染土壤的潜力。     

红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收累积特征及根际土壤Pb、Cd形态分布研究

为了解土壤在Pb、Cd单一以及复合污染条件下红薯对Pb、Cd的吸收和积累规律,通过盆栽试验对红薯地上部和地下部的生物量和重金属含量进行测定,分析了单一及复合污染土壤中重金属Pb、Cd形态分布特点。结果表明,相对于对照,较低浓度的Pb、Cd能显著促进红薯的生长（P〈0.05）,Pb超过50mg.kg-1、Cd超过3mg.kg-1时,红薯生长受到显著抑制（P〈0.05）,Cd是影响红薯生长的主要因素;随着试验处理浓度的升高,红薯体内重金属含量也随之升高,二者之间存在极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,Pb、Cd共存对红薯吸收累积Pb、Cd具有明显的交互作用,Pb促进Cd向地上部转移,Cd促进Pb在地下部积累。根际土壤中Pb、Cd以可交换态与碳酸盐结合态为主,二者均占总量的55以上,在复合污染条件下,Pb浓度为50mg.kg-1时其活性系数显著高于其他Pb处理（P〈0.05）,并在很大程度上促进有效态Cd含量的增加。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine

A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.     

Volatilization of trifluralin,atrazine, metolachlor,chlorpyrifos, alpha-endosulfan,and beta-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil

The volatile and soil loss profiles of six agricultural pesticides were measured for 20 days following treatment to freshly tilled soil at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The volatile fluxes were determined using the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS) method. Polyurethane foam plugs were used to collect the gas-phase levels of the pesticides at the TPS-defined critical height above a treated field. Surface-soil (0-8 cm) samples were collected on each day of air sampling. The order of the volatile flux losses was trifluralin > alpha-endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > metolachlor > atrazine > beta-endosulfan. The magnitude of the losses ranged from 14.1% of nominal applied amounts of trifluralin to 2.5% of beta-endosulfan. The daily loss profiles were typical of those observed by others for volatile flux of pesticides from moist soil. Even though heavy rains occurred from the first to third day after treatment, the majority of the losses took place within 4 days of treatment, that is, 59% of the total applied atrazine and metolachlor and >78% of the other pesticides. Soil losses generally followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, leaching due to heavy rainfall caused significant errors in these results. The portion of soil losses that were accounted for by the volatile fluxes was ordered as follows: alpha-endosulfan, 34.5%; trifluralin, 26.5%; chlorpyrifos, 23.3%; beta-endosulfan, 14.5%; metolachlor, 12.4%; and atrazine, 7.5%.     

Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and antimutagenicity of propolis from Tucuman, Argentina

This study evaluates the toxic, genotoxic/mutagenic, and antimutagenic effects of propolis extract from Amaicha del Valle, Tucumán, Argentina. The cytotoxicity assays carried out with the lethality test of Artemia salina revealed that the LD50 was around 100 microg/mL. Propolis extracts showed no toxicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains and Allium cepa at concentrations that have antibiotic and antioxidant activities. Otherwise, for the testing doses, neither genotoxicity nor mutagenicity was found in any sample. The propolis extracts were able to inhibit the mutagenesis of isoquinoline (IQ) and 4-nitro o-phenylenediamine (NPD) with ID50 values of 40 and 20 microg/plate, respectively. From this result, the studied propolis may be inferred to contain some chemical compounds capable of inhibiting the mutagenicity of direct-acting and indirect-acting mutagens. A compound isolated from Amaicha del Valle propolis, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, showed cytotoxic activity (LC50 values of 0.5 microg/mL) but was not genotoxic or mutagenic. Furthermore, this compound was able to inhibit the mutagenicity of IQ (ID50 values of 1 microg/plate) but was unable to inhibit the mutagenicity of NPD. Our results suggest a potential anticarcinogenic activity of Amaicha del Valle propolis and the chalcone isolated from it.