主要紫色土电导率特征及其影响因素研究

本研究初步探讨了四川丘陵区暗紫泥、灰棕紫泥、棕紫泥和红棕紫泥4种主要紫色土电导率的特性。研究结果表明,这四种主要紫色土的平均电导率为185.62±44.33μScm-1,土壤阳离子交换量、有机质、pH和容重与土壤电导率有着不同程度的相关性,其中土壤阳离子交换量和土壤容重与土壤电导率呈极显著相关,土壤有机质和pH与土壤电导率呈显著相关。     

我国酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁锰形态转化及迁移

酸性硫酸盐土壤酸性很强，有机质含量高，造成了这种土壤所特有的铁锰淋洗、转化和迁移规律。研究结果表明：在酸性硫酸盐土壤中全铁含量较低，一般在３５－５０ｇ／ｋｇ（以Ｆｅ２Ｏ３计），全锰含量也低，一般在０．２５－０．５５ｇ／ｋｇ（以ＭｎＯ计），一般滩涂中全铁大于６０ｇ／ｋｇ，全锰大于１ｇ／ｋｇ。酸性硫酸盐土壤中，铁的游离度较小，一般在３７－７０％，铁的活化度较大，一般在８－２０％，而滩涂中铁的游离度一般     

紫色水稻土硅有效性的研究

通过田间试验和土壤培养试验研究了紫色水稻土有效硅含量的概况，影响因素及施硅效应。结果表明，紫色水稻土施硅肥有不同程度的增产效应，增产幅度〉１０％的土壤占５５％。土壤有效硅含量为红紫泥田〈灰棕紫泥田〈红棕紫泥田。     

拉巴豆在不同土壤上的结瘤效应、饲用品质

选择重庆市4种具有代表性的土壤（灰棕紫泥两种、红棕紫泥和灰岩黄壤各一种）,接种促生根瘤菌,研究了拉巴豆的结瘤性能、生长情况、光合速率、营养品质及矿质养分等。结果表明,在微酸性和酸性灰棕紫泥土壤上,拉巴豆的生长、生理、光合、产量和品质显著优于灰岩黄壤和红棕紫泥。在微酸性灰棕紫泥（pH 6.14）和灰岩黄壤（pH 6.45）上,接种根瘤菌能形成根瘤,但在酸性灰棕紫泥（pH 4.09）和碱性红棕紫泥（pH 7.50）上,形成根瘤极少或不形成根瘤,说明土壤酸碱度过高和过低均抑制根瘤形成。接种根瘤菌形成根瘤之后,不同程度地改善了拉巴豆氮、磷营养,提高了其净光合速率,促进了生长,增加了生物量,改善了品质。拉巴豆生物量,氮、磷吸收量,收获后土壤有效氮、磷含量与根瘤重量呈显著正相关,故根瘤重量可反映根瘤活性。此外,在微酸性灰棕紫泥土壤中,拉巴豆的根瘤数量虽然比灰岩黄壤少53.32%,但根瘤体积较大,根瘤重量为灰岩黄壤上的1.66倍,接种效应总体上优于灰岩黄壤。所以,在重庆市的拉巴豆栽培中,选择微酸性和酸性灰棕紫泥,并接种根瘤菌有益于高产优质。     

应用交换性NH4—沸石重新释放土壤中的磷

通过室内模拟、盆钵栽培和田间试验，研究ＮＨ４－饱和斜发沸石交换体重新释放石灰性土壤累积的难溶性磷。结果表明，ＮＨ４－沸石具有很强的释磷作用，溶解磷灰石和土壤难溶性磷的能力是对照的４．８７－１２．８６倍；土壤有效磷含量啬加０．５－１９．０μｇ／ｇ，增长６．４％－４６．３％。小麦体内磷素含量提高３１－７３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，磷素累积量增加２９．８９％－４８．５４％。盆栽小麦增产４．５％－２９．８％，玉米增产     

贵州省典型土壤中稀土元素含量及分布特征

本文对贵州省六个主要土类有代表性的典型土壤６８个剖面,２０４个土样中的稀土含量及分布进行研究。结果表明：贵州省典型土壤中稀土元素总量（２６４．４４μｇ／ｇ）高于全国土壤平均含量（１９５．７μｇ／ｇ）,各土类稀土元素的丰度都遵守Ｏｄｄｏ－Ｈａｒｋｉｎｓ法则,Ｃｅ富集明显,贵州典型土壤中轻稀土元素含量（１９９．０１μｇ／ｇ）亦高于全国土壤,属典型的轻稀土土壤类型;石灰土中稀土各元素含量大于其它土类。同     

紫色土镍对莴笋的毒性临界状态值研究

以盆栽试验，研究了紫色土中镍对莴笋的毒性统一临界指标。结果表明，以０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＣａＣｌ２提取Ｎｉ为指标的土壤Ｎｉ毒性临界状态值在各土壤中可达统一，考虑到土壤伴随元素的影响，可按石灰性和非石灰性紫色土两种情况制定指标，本研究结果是：非石灰性紫色土为（１１．４±０．９２）ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，石灰性紫色土为（１．２±０．１１）ｍｇ／ｋｇ土。     

石灰性紫色土渍水氧化还原状况的研究

本文通过模拟培育试验，研究了石灰性紫色土渍水状态下氧化还特征。结果表明，石灰性紫色土与普通紫色土，不饱和紫色土相比，不易向强还原状况发育，这些其富含碳酸钙和低量的活性铁有关；不同种类有机物料对其还原程度的影响是不同的；表征土壤氧化还原过程的强度因素Ｅｈ和数量因素还原性物质含理有很好的相关性，并与水稻的生长状况相一致，当土壤Ｅｈ小于－１００ｍＶ，还原物总量大于３．６３ｃｍｏｌ＾（＋）／ｋｇ时，土壤极     

安徽省主要农用土壤中硫形态组份的初步研究

对安徽省６种主要农用土壤耕层（黄潮土、灰潮土、砂姜黑土、黄红壤和水稻土）２２个样品中硫形态组份的分析表明：供试土壤中总硫（Ｓ）含量为１１２．４－２３７．０（均值为２０５．８）μｇ ｇ＾－１。各土壤的有机硫和无机硫含量有所不同。其中，黄潮土、灰潮土的总Ｓ含量相对较高，潜在供硫能力相对较强，但土壤有效硫低；砂姜黑土、水稻土的总硫含量中等，潜在供硫能力较大，土壤有效硫中等；黄褐土、黄红壤的总硫含量小，潜     

磷影响下根际无机砷的形态分布及其对水稻生长的影响

两种有代表性的紫色土的水稻盆裁试验结果表明，磷的加入可减轻受砷污染的红紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害；但磷的加入会加剧受砷污染的红棕紫泥中砷对水稻的毒害。根际无机砷的形态分布研究表明：试验土壤上，根际砷各形态都比非根际高，砷在根际呈富集状态；在根际环境的作用下，红紫泥中，磷的加入加剧了砷由有效态砷（Al-As、Fe-As）向相对无效态砷（O－As）转化，砷对水稻的毒性减弱；红棕紫泥中，磷的加入加剧了砷由相对无效态砷Fe-As和Al-As向有效态砷Ca-As和A-As（表示水溶态砷及松结态砷）的转化，砷对水稻的毒性增强。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.