稻秸还田对油菜季径流氮磷及COD流失的影响

通过田间小区试验,设置CK(无施肥+无秸秆)、F(常规施肥)、SF(秸秆还田+常规施肥)和SFR(秸秆还田+常规施肥减15%)4个处理,研究在巢湖地区稻油轮作模式下,稻秸还田对油菜季农田径流氮磷及化学需氧量(COD)流失影响。结果表明,秸秆还田处理显著增加土壤微生物细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,显著降低径流总氮浓度,但增加总磷和COD含量,土壤微生物数量与径流氮磷及COD含量呈显著正相关关系。与F处理相比,SF、SFR处理总氮流失量分别减少16.9%~19.8%,27.1%~29.3%,总磷流失量分别降低2.4%~4.0%,4.0%~5.6%,COD流失量分别增加6.1%~10.0%,2.8%~6.1%。研究结果为揭示土壤微生物数量与径流氮磷及COD流失的作用机理提供了参考,为合理利用秸秆还田技术提供了理论依据。     

不同施肥处理对土壤微生物学特性和作物产量的影响

采用不同施肥处理试验,分析土壤脲酶、纤维素酶、土壤微生物数量和作物产量的变化,以探索可提高土壤微生物学特性和作物产量的施肥方式。结果显示:土壤脲酶、土壤纤维素酶均表现为施肥处理显著高于不施肥对照(p<0.05)。T5(常规氮磷钾肥+秸秆+秸秆腐熟剂)处理的微生物数量测定结果在两季中与其它处理相比略有增加。小麦产量以T5处理最高,比对照增产38.2%,而玉米产量最高的处理是T3(0.7倍常规氮磷钾肥+有机肥),比对照增产29.2%。相关分析得出,在本试验条件下,两种土壤酶活分别与产量和微生物数量有一定相关性,其中土壤脲酶和土壤纤维素酶可在一定程度上反映土壤肥力,而土壤脲酶在一定程度上可反映土壤微生物数量。综合以上结果,在本实验条件下,T5是最佳的施肥方式。     

长期施肥对黄棕壤性水稻土氨氧化细菌多样性的影响

以湖北省农科院长期施肥试验站的黄棕壤性水稻土为研究对象,采用PCR-DGGE方法,研究了氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、氮磷钾（NPK）、有机肥（M）、有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK） 长期施用对土壤氨氧化细菌遗传多样性的影响。结果表明,与长期不施肥处理（CK）相比,长期施肥提高了黄棕壤性水稻土有机质、全氮、微生物量碳氮（SMB-C、SMB-N）含量,并改变了氨氧化细菌的群落结构。其中有机肥与化肥长期配施下氨氧化细菌的多样性高于化肥处理。氨氧化细菌聚类分析表明,稻麦收获后土壤氨氧化细菌DGGE图谱分别聚为一个族群;同一作物收获后,M和MNPK聚为一类,N、NP、NPK和CK聚为一类,后者内部分类在两季作物间有差别。DGGE指纹图谱条带序列分析表明,供试土壤的优势氨氧化细菌为-变形菌纲的亚硝化单胞菌和亚硝化螺旋菌。     

茄果类蔬菜秸秆原位还田对设施土壤综合质量的影响

为明确茄果类蔬菜秸秆原位还田对设施土壤综合质量的影响,该研究以番茄、茄子和辣椒秸秆为试材,设置了秸秆不还田（CK）、秸秆原位还田（SR）、秸秆原位还田+氰氨化钙（SR+C）和秸秆原位还田+微生物菌剂（SR+M）4个处理,研究了茄果类蔬菜秸秆不同原位还田方式对土壤化学性质、微生物群落和秸秆降解率的影响,并通过计算土壤质量指数（soil quality index,SQI）对土壤质量进行了综合评价。结果表明：与CK相比,SR、SR+C和SR+M处理均可提高土壤阳离子交换量,增加土壤有机碳库,改善土壤养分条件,并调节土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构。添加氰氨化钙抑制了辣椒秸秆的降解,但对番茄和茄子秸秆没有影响;添加微生物菌剂能够促进3种蔬菜秸秆的降解。秸秆原位还田处理均提高了设施菜田SQI,相较于CK,SR、SR+C和SR+M处理的SQI分别提高了15.8%～32.5%、8.8%～56.8%和21.8%～51.4%。研究结果为茄果类蔬菜秸秆资源化利用和设施蔬菜可持续生产提供了理论参考。     

猪粪有机肥与硫酸钙配施对潮土区大蒜产量、品质及土壤性状的影响

在秸秆还田的基础上,以常规施肥为前提,探讨了硫酸钙与猪粪有机肥配施对大蒜产量、品质与土壤性质的影响,旨在为探索河南蒜区大蒜生产和潮土改良提供理论依据。试验设常规施肥+秸秆还田(CK)、常规施肥+秸秆还田+猪粪有机肥(T1)、常规施肥+秸秆还田+硫酸钙(T2)、常规施肥+秸秆还田+猪粪有机肥+硫酸钙(T3)4个处理。结果表明,T1、T2、T3均可提高大蒜产量,其中T3增产最显著,比CK增产24.9%;与CK、T1、T2相比,T3大蒜可溶性糖含量分别增加6.65%、6.03%、3.94%,可溶性蛋白质含量分别增加20.68%、14.05%、3.54%,钙含量分别增加8.08%、3.42%、0.56%;T1、T2、T3可增加土壤养分的有效性,促进大蒜对养分的吸收,改善土壤的化学性质,同时,T2和T3增加了土壤交换性钙和有效硫,对提高大蒜产量具有重要作用;T3处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量达到55.25%,分别比CK、T1和T2提高22.49%、17.21%和11.59%。硫酸钙与猪粪有机肥配施不但可以提高大蒜产量和品质,还可以改善土壤养分供应状况和土壤结构,可作为河南蒜区大蒜生产及土壤改良的一种方法。     

低温堆腐与秸秆深翻还田对玉米产量及土壤微生物群落的影响

为探明我国东北地区玉米不同的秸秆还田方式对玉米产量和土壤微生物群落结构的影响,在典型棕壤区开展连年田间对比试验。采用常规方法测定玉米产量、土壤养分、土壤团聚体分布,采用微生物高通量测序方法测定土壤细菌多样性和丰度,并分析土壤环境因子的变化对土壤微生物群落的影响。本研究设无肥对照（CK）、秸秆不还田（FP）、秸秆深翻还田（SFP）及低温堆腐秸秆还田（SFPM）4个处理,主要结果表明:与常规施肥（FP）相比,SFP处理玉米籽粒产量在两年后有提升,SFPM处理还田当年产量有提升,土壤有机质（SOM）提升规律跟籽粒产量变化一致;SFP和SFPM处理均显著增加α-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、球形杆菌纲（Thermoleophilaceae）、?-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）、酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）的丰度,主成分分析得出环境因子土壤养分（SOM、TN、TP、TK）解释了细菌群落41.24%的变化,环境因子土壤团聚体（0 ~ 20 cm）解释了细菌群落34.15%的变化。综合比较,秸秆低温堆腐还田可以更加高效增加棕壤区玉米产量,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤微生物群落结构。     

秸秆与有机无机肥配施对潮土关键微生物及小麦产量的影响

秸秆与化肥和鸡粪配施改变了土壤微生物群落结构及微生物间的相互作用关系,但这种变化与小麦产量间的关系尚不清楚。本研究依托7年长期定位试验,选取5个施肥处理：不施化肥+秸秆离田（N0S0）、不施化肥+秸秆还田（N0S）、常规施化肥+秸秆离田（NS0）、常规施化肥+秸秆还田（NS）和施化肥+秸秆还田+鸡粪替代20%氮肥（NSM）,研究了不同施肥方式对细菌-真菌共现网络中微生物组成的影响,以及关键微生物与小麦产量间的相关关系。结果表明,与N0S0处理相比,NS0、NS和NSM处理的小麦籽粒产量分别提升539.20%、611.56%和676.56%,而N0S处理无显著变化。细菌和真菌群落组成均可分成显著不同的3组,分别为N0S0+N0S、NS0以及NS+NSM,即微生物群落组成在是否施用化肥之间显著不同;相同施用化肥情况下,在是否有施用有机物料之间显著不同。将重要性从高到低排序,有效磷（AP）、电导率（EC）、微生物生物量氮（MBN）、土壤有机碳（SOC）、易氧化有机碳（ROC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）是导致不同处理细菌群落结构变化的主要土壤理化性质,EC、MBN、ROC、POC、AP和SOC是导致不同处理真菌群落结构变化的主要土壤理化性质。细菌-真菌共现网络中,两个关键模块（模块1和模块4）与小麦产量变化显著相关。NS+NSM处理提升了模块4中与小麦产量正相关的类诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、纤维单胞菌属（Cellulomonas）、Pir4_lineage、金孢子菌属（Chrysosporium）、无茎真菌属（Acaulium）和裂壳菌属（Schizothecium）等有益菌的相对丰度,它们可降解纤维素和木质素、促进养分转化和循环或抑制病原菌生长;并显著降低了模块1中与小麦产量负相关的葡萄穗霉属（Stachybotrys）、无色穗孢属（Achroiostachys）和Fusicolla的相对丰度,它们为不利于土壤健康和作物生长的植物病原真菌。因此,化肥配施秸秆及化肥配施秸秆和鸡粪利于关键有益微生物增加及病原真菌减少,关键微生物的功能和相对丰度对小麦产量具有影响。     

不同秸秆还田方式对和田风沙土土壤微生物 多样性的影响

秸秆还田是有效利用秸秆资源的重要途径,能够提高土壤养分含量、调节土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性,但目前还缺乏不同秸秆还田方式对新疆沙化土壤肥力和微生物多样性影响的系统报道。为探索新疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升模式,于2010—2012年在和田风沙土土壤上设置秸秆直接还田(NPKS)、过腹还田(NPKM,15.0 t×hm~(-2))和炭化还田(NPKB1,2.5 t×hm~(-2);NPKB2,15.0 t×hm~(-2))定位试验,研究不同秸秆还田处理对和田风沙土土壤养分、微生物数量、土壤酶活性和Biolog碳源利用的影响。结果表明:1)与单施化肥(NPK)相比,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高风沙土土壤养分含量,其中NPKM处理效果最好,其次是NPKB2处理,NPKS和NPKB1处理分别为第3和第4。2)不同秸秆还田方式对土壤微生物数量影响差异显著,均增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌和生理菌群的数量,与NPK处理相比,细菌数量NPKB2处理最高,放线菌数量NPKM处理最高,分别显著提高了413.16%和574.19%。但NPKB1和NPKB2处理对生理菌群数量的提升效果好于NPKS处理和NPKM处理。土壤酶活性,不同秸秆还田方式总体好于NPK处理,NPKM处理的提升效果最好。3)Biolog碳源利用分析表明不同秸秆还田方式均能提高风沙土土壤微生物活性和丰富度指数。主成分分析表明,不同秸秆还田方式土壤微生物群落明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为羧酸类和糖类。聚类分析显示NPKB2和NPKM处理之间、NPKB1和NPKS处理之间土壤微生物功能相似。由此可以看出,不同秸秆还田方式均能显著提高和田沙化土壤微生物活性和功能多样性,但不同方式的增效不同。从3年定位试验结果看,秸秆过腹还田和炭化还田的效果较好,秸秆直接粉碎还田有增加土传病害的风险。该结果将为南疆沙化土壤肥力可持续提升提供一定的理论指导。     

秸秆还田与施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤细菌和真菌群落结构与多样性的影响

为探索秸秆还田与施肥方式2种农田措施对水稻-小麦(稻麦)轮作土壤微生物群落的影响,阐释其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性的影响机制,本研究通过7年稻麦轮作长期定位监测试验,设置无肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(RT)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(RS)和秸秆还田+缓释肥(SS) 4个处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性,探索影响微生物群落的主控环境因子。结果表明, SS作物产量在2016年和2017年分别比RT显著提高11.6%和8.2%(水稻)、4.8%和3.6%(小麦),与RS无显著差异。相比RT,秸秆还田处理显著降低了土壤pH,提升了土壤有机碳和铵态氮含量;与RS相比,SS处理提高了铵态氮含量。秸秆还田处理提升了真菌群落多样性,但对细菌群落多样性无显著影响。SS与RS在细菌真菌群落多样性方面均无显著差异。相关性分析表明,细菌群落多样性与土壤pH呈负相关,与总氮含量呈正相关;真菌群落多样性则与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关。NMDS分析表明,施肥对于细菌群落结构影响较大(55.61%),真菌群落结构则对秸秆还田响应更明显(26.94%)。与RT相比,秸秆还田显著提升了细菌放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,同时显著提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门和接合菌门的相对丰度,加强了土壤碳氮循环能力并抑制了病原菌。SS与RS相比,仅提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度。综上,秸秆还田配施缓释肥有助于维持或者提高土壤养分有效性、作物产量及细菌真菌群落多样性,可以促进土壤碳氮循环。     

秸秆还田对土壤氮素养分及微生物量氮动态变化的影响

通过定位试验研究玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田及小麦秸秆旋耕施肥播种同步完成的前提下,秸秆还田循环利用对小麦玉米两熟制土壤氮素养分及土壤微生物量氮的动态变化。结果表明小麦、玉米秸秆还田能满足小麦旺盛生长阶段拔节期对氮素养分的需求,秸秆还田处理或施肥处理的土壤全氮量总体上在小麦拔节期处于最低值,而既无秸秆还田又没有施肥的对照处理土壤全氮含量最低值出现的时期延后,在小麦开花期出现,持续至小麦的灌浆期。对于麦玉秸秆还田但不施氮磷钾肥而言,小麦生长后期(小麦开花期以后)土壤脱氮比较严重。秸秆还田后土壤碱解氮含量在小麦整个生长发育时期呈现上升的趋势。单独施肥或秸秆还田对提高土壤微生物量氮均有一定的作用,但是仅仅施肥其后效不足。秸秆还田并且施肥显著地促进了土壤微生物的活动,能持续地增加土壤微生物量氮含量。     

低土壤肥力下秸秆还田和施钾对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

为了研究我国华北平原低肥力土壤条件下秸秆还田和施钾肥对作物产量和钾素平衡的影响,于2008年10月～2011年10月在中国农业科学院高新技术园区国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地（河北省廊坊市）,通过3年6季的定位试验,比较了施钾与秸秆还田的增产效应、钾素吸收利用和作物土壤系统的钾素平衡状况。结果表明:在氮、磷肥充足的情况下,施用钾肥（NPK）、秸秆还田（NP+St）和秸秆还田配施钾肥（NPK+St）,均有明显的增产效应,表现为NPK+StNPKNP+StNP;不同施钾措施在夏玉米上的增产效果优于冬小麦;同一作物秸秆还田结合施钾肥的增产效果最好,降低了年度间的产量变异系数,在获得高产的同时,年际间产量稳定,有利于稳产;施钾肥和秸秆还田可显著提高小麦和玉米的钾素吸收总量; NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为1.26,0.42,0.92。秸秆还田和施钾肥有利于钾素的收支平衡,减轻作物对土壤钾素的消耗,缓解土壤钾素肥力下降的程度,可维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定。     

早稻秸秆原位焚烧对红壤晚稻田CH4和N2O排放及产量的影响

选取湖南双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田在常规施肥（NPK）、常规施肥+秸秆原位焚烧（NPK+SB）处理下的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测,同时根据设定参数对秸秆焚烧排放的CH4和N2O进行估算。结果表明,晚稻生长期间NPK和NPK+SB 处理的CH4排放量差异很小,秸秆焚烧会增加N2O排放22.8%,但差异不显著（p＞0.05）。两种施肥方式下N2O排放峰值都出现在追肥后的土壤水分饱和时期而晒田期排放很少。据估算秸秆焚烧排放的CH4和N2O分别占NPK+SB处理总排放的4.27% 和17.31%。NPK+SB处理单位产量的全球增温潜势比NPK处理高22%。综合考虑生产效应和环境效应,水稻秸秆焚烧不是明智的选择。     

施肥对土壤不同碳形态及碳库管理指数的影响

分析了施肥对土壤活性碳（ＣＡ）、微生物生物量碳（ＣＭＢ）、矿化碳（ＣＭ）及碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）的影响。结果表明,不同土壤ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ的大小为：水稻土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉潮土。施肥对ＣＡ和ＣＰＭＩ,ＣＭＢ和ＣＭ的影响分别为：处理３〉处理〉处理１〉处理４〉ＣＫ,处理３〉处理５〉处理４〉处理１〉ＣＫ。在提高ＣＡ、ＣＭＢ、ＣＭ及ＣＰＭＩ方面,稻草肥、绿肥优于厩肥,厩肥高量施用优于常量施用。     

Community level functional diversity and enzyme activities in paddy soils under different long-term fertilizer management practices

Soil microbial community structure and function are commonly used as indicators for soil quality and fertility. The present study deals with the effect of different long-term fertilizer management practices on community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) and soil enzyme activities of paddy soils. Since 1954, chemical fertilizers have been applied in the fields as N–P₂O₅–K₂O, and compost has been added as rice straw at 0, 7.5, 22.5, and 30.0 Mg ha⁻¹ in NPK, NPKC750, NPKC2250, and NPKC3000 treatments, respectively. Community-level functional diversity was significantly enhanced in the plots treated with both chemical fertilizer and compost as compared to only chemical fertilizer and untreated control plots. Average well color development (AWCD) obtained by the Biolog Eco plate indicates that there were few differences among soil samples. Shannon diversity and evenness indices were the highest in NPKC750-treated soil and the lowest in chemically fertilized soil. Dehydrogenase, cellulose, β-glucosidase, and acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities were significantly increased depending on the amount of added compost with inorganic fertilizers; the alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity was the most sensitive to treatments. Our results demonstrated that enzyme activities can be used as sensitive and liable indicators in long-term managed rice-paddy ecosystems.     

有机无机肥配施对酸性菜地土壤硝化作用的影响

通过室内培养和田间试验, 研究了有机无机肥配施对酸性菜地土硝化作用的影响。培养试验条件为60%土壤最大持水量和25 ℃。 结果表明,土壤硝化作用模式为指数方程,延滞期10天。与纯化肥处理（NPK）相比,鲜猪粪配施无机肥（FPM+NPK）和猪粪堆肥配施无机肥（CPM+NPK）均能降低土壤硝化势和氨氧化潜势,猪粪堆肥配施无机肥还能增加土壤微生物量碳、 氮。鲜猪粪配施无机肥和猪粪堆肥配施无机肥处理在硝化培养和田间试验期间N2O释放量均没有差异,但硝化培养期间鲜猪粪配施无机肥的N2O释放量显著低于纯化肥处理,田间试验期间猪粪堆肥配施无机肥的N2O释放量显著低于纯化肥处理。培养试验结束后的土壤pH值与土壤硝化势间,以及硝化培养期间N2O累积释放量与土壤硝化势间均存在显著正相关关系。本研究表明, 有机无机肥配施显著影响土壤硝化作用以及硝化培养期间和田间N2O释放。     

低土壤肥力下施钾和秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

为了研究我国华北平原低肥力土壤条件下秸秆还田和施钾肥对作物产量和钾素平衡的影响,于2008年10月～2011年10月在中国农业科学院高新技术园区国家测土施肥中心实验室试验基地(河北省廊坊市),通过3年6季的定位试验,比较了施钾与秸秆还田的增产效应、钾素吸收利用和作物-土壤系统的钾素平衡状况。结果表明:在氮、磷肥充足的情况下,施用钾肥(NPK)、秸秆还田(NP+St)和秸秆还田配施钾肥(NPK+St),均有明显的增产效应,表现为NPK+St>NPK>NP+St>NP;不同施钾措施在夏玉米上的增产效果优于冬小麦;同一作物秸秆还田结合施钾肥的增产效果最好,降低了年度间的产量变异系数,在获得高产的同时,年际间产量稳定,有利于稳产;施钾肥和秸秆还田可显著提高小麦和玉米的钾素吸收总量;NPK+St、NPK、NP+St处理的钾素表观平衡系数分别为1.26、0.42、0.92。秸秆还田和施钾肥有利于钾素的收支平衡,减轻作物对土壤钾素的消耗,缓解土壤钾素肥力下降的程度,可维持土壤钾素肥力的稳定。     

Microbial composition and diversity of an upland red soil under long-term fertilization treatments as revealed by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches

Background, aim, and scope  Fertilization is an important agricultural practice for increasing crop yields. In order to maintain the soil sustainability, it is important to monitor the effects of fertilizer applications on the shifts of soil microorganisms, which control the cycling of many nutrients in the soil. Here, culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches were used to analyze the soil bacterial and fungal quantities and community structure under seven fertilization treatments, including Control, Manure, Return (harvested peanut straw was returned to the plot), and chemical fertilizers of NPK, NP, NK, and PK. The objective of this study was to examine the effects on soil microbial composition and diversity of long-term organic and chemical fertilizer regimes in a Chinese upland red soil. Materials and methods  Soil samples were collected from a long-term experiment station at Yingtan (28°15′N, 116°55′E), Jiangxi Province of China. The soil samples (0–20 cm) from four individual plots per treatment were collected. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi were determined as colony forming units (CFUs) and selected colonies were identified on agar plates by dilution plate methods. Moreover, soil DNAs were extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were polymerase chain reaction amplified, and then analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning, and sequencing. Results  The organic fertilizers, especially manure, induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs, but the highest bacterial diversity ascertained by DGGE banding patterns. Chemical fertilizers, on the other hand, had less effect on the bacterial composition and diversity, with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. For the fungal community, the manure treatment had the largest CFUs but much fewer DGGE bands, also with the NK treatment having the lowest CFUs. The conventional identification of representative bacterial and fungal genera showed that long-term fertilization treatments resulted in differences in soil microbial composition and diversity. In particular, 42.4% of the identified bacterial isolates were classified into members of Arthrobacter. For fungi, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor were the most prevalent three genera, which accounted for 46.6% of the total identified fungi. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Discussion  It was evident that more representative fungal genera appeared in organic treatments than other treatments, indicating that culturable fungi were more sensitive to organic than to chemical fertilizers. A very notable finding was that fungal CFUs appeared maximal in organic manure treatments. This was quite different from the bacterial CFUs in the manure, indicating that bacteria and fungi responded differently to the fertilization. Similar to bacteria, the minimum fungal CFUs were also observed in the NK treatment. This result provided evidence that phosphorus could be a key factor for microorganisms in the soil. Thus, despite the fact that culture-dependent techniques are not ideal for studies of the composition of natural microbial communities when used alone, they provide one of the more useful means of understanding the growth habit, development, and potential function of microorganisms from soil habitats. A combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches is likely to reveal more complete information regarding the composition of soil microbial communities. Conclusions  Long-term fertilization had great effects on the soil bacterial and fungal communities. Organic fertilizer applications induced the least culturable bacterial CFUs but the highest bacterial diversity, while chemical fertilizer applications had less impact on soil bacterial community. The largest fungal CFUs were obtained, but much lower diversity was detected in the manure treatment. The lowest bacterial and also fungal CFUs were observed in the NK treatment. The long-term fertilization treatments resulted in different bacterial and fungal compositions ascertained by the culture-dependent and also the culture-independent approaches. Phosphorus fertilizer could be considered as a key factor to control the microbial CFUs and diversity in this Chinese upland red soil. Recommendations and perspectives  Soil fungi seem to be a more sensitive indicator of soil fertility than soil bacteria. Since the major limitation of molecular methods in soil microbial studies is the lack of discrimination between the living and dead, or active and dormant microorganisms, both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods should be used to appropriately characterize soil microbial diversity.     

Long-term impacts of manure, straw, and fertilizer on amino sugars in a silty clay loam soil under temperate conditions

There is increasing evidence that microorganisms participate in soil C sequestration and stabilization in the form of resistant microbial residues. The type of fertilizers influences microbial activity and community composition; however, little is known about its effect on the microbial residues and their relative contribution to soil C storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term impact (21 years) of different fertilizer treatments (chemical fertilizer, crop straw, and organic manure) on microbial residues in a silty clay loam soil (Udolls, USDA Soil Taxonomy). Amino sugars were used to indicate the presence and origin of microbial residues. The five treatments were: CK, unfertilized control; NPK, chemical fertilizer NPK; NPKS₁, NPK plus crop straw; NPKS₂, NPK plus double amounts of straw; and NPKM, NPK plus pig manure. Long-term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments increased the total amino sugar concentrations (4.4–8.4 %) as compared with the control; and this effect was more evident in the plots that continuously received pig manure (P?<?0.05). The increase in total amino sugar stock was less pronounced in the straw-treated plots than the NPKM. These results indicate that the accumulation of soil amino sugars is largely influenced by the type of organic fertilizers entering the soil. Individual amino sugar enrichment in soil organic carbon was differentially influenced by the various fertilizer treatments, with a preferential accumulation of bacterial-derived amino sugars compared with fungal-derived glucosamine in manured soil.     

添加生物质黑炭对红壤结构稳定性的影响

本研究通过室内恒温恒湿控制试验,研究添加黑炭、秸秆在分解过程中对土壤抗破碎性及团聚体稳定性等土壤生物、物理特征的影响。黑炭是在400℃缺氧状态下水稻秸秆焚烧而制成的。实验包括不添加任何物料的对照(CK)、添加黑炭(BC)、黑炭+氮磷钾肥(BC+NPK)、秸秆(Straw)、秸秆+氮磷钾肥(Straw+NPK)等5个处理。研究结果表明,经过55天恒温(25℃)恒湿(田间持水量的40%)培养,黑炭分解速度很慢,通过换算,其周转周期约为1400年,而秸秆周转周期仅为7年,配施氮磷钾能加速黑炭和秸秆的分解。添加黑炭没有提高土壤抗破碎能力和土壤团聚体稳定性(P>0.05),而秸秆则相反(P<0.05)。该研究结果表明生物质黑炭不能像其他有机物料一样提高土壤微生物活性和土壤结构稳定性。