人乳铁蛋白转基因研究进展

人乳铁蛋白是一种具有多种生理功能的糖基化蛋白，可可逆性地结合两个铁离子。概述了人乳铁蛋白的结构和理化性质，以及乳铁蛋白基因的结构，并着重论述了人乳铁蛋白转基因研究的状况和主要研究成果。在此基础上，提出了尚未解决的问题，并展望了人乳铁蛋白转基因研究的前景。     

云南省红河州冬春茬番茄栽培技术要点

番茄是我国重要的水果型蔬菜之一,营养丰富,具有提高人体免疫力、减缓衰老速度、抗癌等作用,深受消费者青睐。云南省红河州地处亚热带,光温条件好,湿度低,为冬春茬番茄种植创造了优越的自然条件。介绍红河州冬春茬番茄关键栽培技术,包括品种选择、茬口安排、育苗、定植、田间管理、采收等内容。     

番茄GRX基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

GRX基因家族是从原核生物到真核生物中普遍存在的一类巯基-二硫键氧化还原酶,在植物的生长发育、器官构建及逆境胁迫和激素信号应答中均发挥重要作用.本研究在番茄基因组范围内,利用生物信息学方法对番茄的GRX基因组家族的成员、分布及结构和功能等进行分析.预测结果显示,番茄GRX家族包含55个蛋白质,分为4个亚族,其中植物特有的CC亚族成员最多,有35个,其他GRX基因成员与拟南芥GRX家族具有相似分类.在番茄GRX结构域中包含12个重要的基序,主要分布在序列的N端,相同亚族中的GRX成员蛋白序列的氨基酸保守域构成基本一致,且各亚族成员的氨基酸保守域组成特异,表明这些基序的存在对GRX蛋白功能的执行是必需的.利用实时荧光定量PCR对番茄GRX基因的组织表达和胁迫响应分析,结果表明,GRX基因具有组织特异性表达差异,CC型在根和花中表达较高,在果实中表达较低;在盐、SA、ABA、高温和低温胁迫条件下,22个番茄GRX基因的表达模式被阐明;其中部分基因的表达水平被显著地诱导增加或者降低,很可能参与了调控番茄逆境胁迫条件下的防御应答反应.本研究结果将为番茄GRX家族基因的深入研究提供依据,为进一步解析GRX基因功能奠定基础.     

小鼠乳铁蛋白基因克隆和大肠杆菌表达

从泌乳期小鼠乳腺组织中提取总RNA，经RT-PCR扩增得到了小鼠乳铁蛋白全长cDNA，并将其进行了克隆和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达。表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Westem blot分析结果表明，小鼠乳铁蛋白在大肠杆菌中得到了表达．但是表达量不高，这可能是由于重组表达产物对大肠杆菌有抑制效果。     

转基因小鼠乳汁中重组人乳铁蛋白的提取与抗菌活性分析

从人乳铁蛋白cDNA转基因小鼠(Mus musculus)中收集2个品系(PCL25和AP)的乳汁.采用凝胶过滤层析法提取重组人乳铁蛋白(rhLF).通过SDS-PAGE电泳.Western blot和ELISA鉴定并检测提取物中rhLF含量,按不同浓度rhLF作琼脂扩散抑制大肠杆菌(Eschenchia coil)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)试验.结果表明,PCL25和AP转基因小鼠乳汁提取物中的rhLF含量为7-8 mg/mL;rhLF分子量为78 kD,与天然人乳铁蛋白分子量一致;对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌均具有明显的抑菌作用.     

小鼠乳汁中重组人乳铁蛋白的提取与抗菌活性的研究

本研究从人乳铁蛋白（hLF）cDNA转基因小鼠乳汁中提取重组人乳铁蛋白（rhLF）,并用提取的rhLF进行抗菌活性分析。收集了2个基因和2个品系的（PCL25和AP基因）转基因小鼠乳汁,采用凝胶过滤层析法从转基因小鼠乳汗中提取rhLF,提取物通过SDS-PAGE电泳及Western-blotting分析,ELISA检测提取物中rhLF含量;按不同浓度rhLF作琼脂扩散抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌试验。结果表明,通过凝胶过滤层析获得的PCl25和AP转基因小鼠乳汁中的rhLF分子量为78KDa,与天然人乳铁蛋白一致,rhLF对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均具有明显的抑菌作用。     

番茄NBS-LRR抗病基因家族全基因组分析

NBS-LRR(nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich-repeat)是植物中最大类抗病基因家族之一。番茄基因组测序完成为全基因组水平上分析NBS-LRR抗病基因家族提供了机遇。利用生物信息学方法对番茄NBS-LRR抗病基因家族成员数目进行鉴定,并对其染色体定位和系统发育关系进行了分析。随后,将番茄和马铃薯NBS-LRR抗病基因进行了比较基因组学分析。结果表明:番茄基因组共包括252个NBS-LRR抗病基因,分布于番茄12条染色体上;63.5%的基因成簇存在,大部分为串联重复;系统发育关系分析表明番茄CC-NBS-LRR(CNL)亚家族较其他亚家族扩展程度大;同线性分析发现番茄中共79个NBS-LRR抗病基因与马铃薯基因具有同源关系。结果将为番茄NBS-LRR抗病基因家族的深入研究提供依据,同时也为利用番茄NBS-LRR基因进行基因定位以及相关抗病基因克隆等奠定基础。     

转基因番茄有效铁及Vc含量的研究

培育高铁和高VC品种对减少人类贫血,提高人体免疫力有重要意义。试验测定了7种转基因番茄有效铁和VC含量变化。结果显示,转铁还原酶FRO2基因番茄(TFRO2)叶片有效铁含量是对照的1.44倍,是转反义ACS基因番茄F1-3的2倍。TFRO2果实有效铁含量是对照的1.5～1.6倍。青果中TFRO2番茄VC含量最高,是对照的1.3倍。其次是F1、F2、F3基因型。红果中TFRO2和F3VC含量最高、是对照的1.5倍,其次是F1-3、F2、F1′-28、NR。叶片中TFRO2和F2番茄的VC含量最高,是对照的1.4倍。     

利用生物工程进行器官移植实现泪腺的功能再生

正泪腺包括主要的腺体和一些小的附属腺体,主要的腺体成管泡状,包括腺泡、导管和肌上皮细胞,是在胚胎发育过程中由上皮细胞和间质细胞发育而来的。泪腺分泌的泪液包括水和各种泪蛋白,包括乳铁蛋白和脂质运载蛋白等,在维持健康眼睛表面稳定的微环境中起着多方面的作用。干眼症是由于泪腺功能性障碍引起的一种缺少眼泪的疾病。这种功     

硒碘联合生物营养强化规律及硒碘交互作用初步研究

硒和碘是人体重要的微量元素,硒和碘缺乏可能导致人体处于亚健康状态或患多种疾病。膳食是安全、高效的补充硒和碘的方式。目前,对植物吸收两种元素的相关性研究较为匮乏。本试验通过施加一定含量梯度的碘酸钾、硒酸盐,探究番茄、生菜两种作物对硒和碘的吸收能力,以及两种元素吸收的相关性。研究结果表明:番茄植株相比生菜,对无机硒和碘酸钾的富集能力更强;生菜和番茄中,硒和碘的吸收没有显著相关性。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.