14个南丰柑桔品种及品系间的ISSR遗传多样性分析

柑桔是江西省南丰县生物资源中十分有特色的种质资源。本研究利用ISSR分子标记对南丰柑桔品种的遗传多样性进行研究。从100个ISSR引物中筛选出17个多态引物,对14份柑桔样品进行ISSR-PCR分析。结果显示,共扩增出162条DNA条带,其中多态性条带为134条,占82.71%,其片段大小在200～2000bp之间。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,以遗传相似系数为0.67为分界线,可以将14份供试柑桔样品分成三类:第一类包含以ss-28为代表的7个柑桔品种;第二类包含以杨小2,6为代表的3个柑桔品种第三类包括以早系97-1为代表的4个柑桔品种。本研究结果对于南丰蜜桔的辅助育种或品种(株系)苗木鉴别具有重要的参考价值。     

8份广西产绞股蓝种质的RAPD引物筛选及其遗传多样性分析

本研究的目的在于筛选合适的RAPD随机引物,应用RAPD技术对药用植物绞股蓝进行遗传多样性分析,并构建DNA指纹图谱。研究结果表明,我们利用生物信息学方法挑选出的20条引物中有19条引物的扩增条带清晰且多态性好;在清晰稳定出现的354条带中,294条具有多态性;其中有3条引物的扩增条带可清楚区分绞股蓝与混淆品种乌蔹莓,可建立其DNA指纹图谱。按UPGMA法进行聚类分析,计算其遗传相似系数,结果显示,8份绞股蓝供试材料聚为两类,聚类结果与其地理区域远近和生长环境一致。本研究中筛选出的19条引物适用于绞股蓝遗传多样性分析,且获得的DNA指纹图谱可用于鉴别绞股蓝。     

川西北野生九眼独活资源遗传多样性ISSR分析

川西北野生九眼独活资源丰富,应用广泛,但目前川产九眼独活来源较混乱,为了准确了解野生九眼独活资源类型,利用ISSR技术对川西北野生九眼独活资源的分类和遗传多样性进行探讨。从40条ISSR引物中共筛选出12条引物,对60份样本进行ISSR-PCR分析,结果显示,共扩增出101条DNA条带,其中多态性条带86条,占85.14%,表明川西北九眼独活资源遗传多样性较丰富。用NTYS-PC2.10e软件进行UPGMA聚类分析,可将供试样本分为4大类,各组包含的材料并没有表现出地理来源的相对独立性。     

利用ISSR标记分析福云（半）同胞系茶树品种（系）的遗传多样性和亲缘关系

福鼎大白茶和云南大叶茶是茶树育种中的骨干亲本,利用这两个亲本选育了许多优良的品种（系）。本研究利用ISSR标记技术分析了40个福云（半）同胞系茶树品种（系）的遗传变异水平和亲缘关系。14个ISSR引物在供试品种（系）间共扩增出251条谱带,多态性条带的比率为96.4％。引物的PIC值平均为0.94,Rp值平均为29.35,表明引物扩增位点的高多态性和对品种的强辨别能力。40份供试品种（系）的基因多样性指数（H）为0.35,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.52。按母本来源和育种机构对供试品种（系）进行分组分析,结果表明不同品种（系）组间的遗传多样性水平比较接近,遗传变异主要存在于组内品种（系）的个体之间,不同组间基因交流明显。供试品种（系）间的相似系数介于0.52-0.75,根据相似系数矩阵按UPGMA法对40个供试品种（系）进行聚类分析,构建了不同品种（系）间的亲缘关系树状图。福鼎大白茶在树状图中形成单独的分支,在树状图的根基处,其它品种（系）根据遗传距离聚类成不同的类群。来源于同一育种单位的部分茶树品种（系）聚类在同一类群中,但未发现按母本来源区分的独立类群。总之,通过ISSR标记分析,可在基因组水平上进一步了解福云（半）同胞系茶树品种（系）间的遗传变异水平,并进一步明确其亲缘关系,为今后福云（半）同胞系在茶树育种上的有效利用提供依据。     

37份龙眼种质资源亲缘关系的ISSR分析

本研究利用ISSR技术对37份龙眼种质资源进行遗传多样性检测。研究结果表明,从100条ISSR引物中筛选出7条重复性好,条带清晰的引物对37份龙眼品种基因组DNA进行扩增,共扩增出54条带,其中43条具有多态性,比率为79．6％。不同龙眼品种间遗传相似系数变幅为0．69～0．97,平均达0．83,说明ISSR标记能够揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性。UPGMA聚类结果表明,ISSR标记能将37份龙眼品种完全区分开,并能将来源于中国、越南和泰国的37份龙眼品种分别聚类到中国、越南和泰国三大品种群,说明龙眼品种资源的亲缘关系与地理因素有关,三个国家的龙眼品种之间存在较大的遗传差异。本研究结果将为为龙眼品种资源的研究利用提供参考。     

鹌鹑品种（系）的随机扩增多态性DNA指纹分析

本研究以ＧＣ、Ｄ２０、Ｄ１４、Ｆ０７和Ｌ０１为随机引物，分析了五个鹌鹑品种（系）的随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ指纹，共得到５２条带，其中４０条带（７３％）具有多态性。计算了鹌鹑品种（系）间的遗传距离和群内遗传距离，构建了这些品种亲缘关系的树状图。结果表明：日本鹌鹑和法国Ｓ系的遗传距离最远，鹌鹑品种（系）内的遗传变异较大。     

杨梅不同品种的ISSR分析

利用ISSR－PCR方法对杨酶（Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc．)。植物的7个品种2个无性系进行了基因组多态性分析。选用11个引物扩增出116个DNA片段，其中48个片段呈现多态性，占总扩增片段的41．4％，依据扩增结果进行遗传距离分析，构建了分子树状图，研究结果表明，ISSR分析中产生了一些品种特有的指纹图谱。利用DNA扩增结果进行聚类分析，把供试验酶的7个品种和2个无性系分为3类，并对基本品种及种下品种群的遗传关系进行了探讨。     

小麦杂种优势群研究：I.利用RAPD标记研究小麦品种间遗传差异

选用我国的３８个冬小麦品种（系）和２个加拿大春小麦品种（系），利用ＲＡＰＤ标记进行小麦基因型之间分子标记遗传差异研究，探讨分子标记在建立小麦杂种优势种中的应用。利用５９个随机引物对４０个小麦基因型ＰＣＲ扩增结果表明，其中２９个引物（占４９％）扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离表现多态性，这２９个引物共扩增出１６８条带，其中７８条带（占４６．６％）具有多态性，每个引物可扩增１￣６条多态性带，平均２．７条带     

RAPD和ISSR标记对甜瓜种质遗传多样性的研究

利用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术对37份甜瓜(CucumismeloL.)种质进行了遗传多样性研究.在供试材料中筛选到具有多态性的RAPD引物21个,ISSR引物10个(其中ISSR-2与ISSR-4等量混合组成ISSR-10引物对).RAPD引物共扩增出多态性带106条,多态性条带比率(PPB)为58.62%,平均多态信息量(PIC)为0.47;ISSR引物共扩增出多态性带73条,PPB值为65.51%,平均PIC值为0.53.根据两种标记的结果,采用UPGMA聚类分析,将供试材料分为两大类群野生甜瓜和栽培甜瓜;栽培甜瓜又分为厚皮甜瓜和薄皮甜瓜两大亚群,各野生甜瓜种质之间的遗传距离较大,这与其分类地位基本一致.两种分子标记的分析结果呈极显著正相关(r=0.62>r=0.01).研究表明,RAPD和ISSR标记可用于甜瓜种质遗传多样性的研究.     

河南粳稻品种SSR指纹图谱的构建及遗传差异分析

为了建立河南粳稻品种的DNA指纹图谱,了解河南粳稻种植品种的遗传多样性,本研究利用均匀分布于水稻(Oryza sativaL.)12条染色体的37对SSR引物,以河南1963～2010年间主要推广种植的37个粳稻(O.sativaL.ssp.japonica)品种为材料,进行简单序列重复(SSR)指纹图谱构建和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,33对引物具有特异多态性片段,共检测到114个等位基因,平均每位点3.53个等位基因;引物多态性频率为0.054～0.739。37个品种的遗传相似系数为0.627～0.992,平均为0.812。17个品种都至少具有1对SSR特征引物,其余20个品种的鉴定需要结合不同的SSR引物。利用19对核心SSR引物构建的指纹图谱能逐一区分出36个粳稻品种。采用非加权类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析,在遗传相似系数0.710处可将37个品种分为2大类,河南选育品种基本都聚到同一大类群,表明河南推广的粳稻品种遗传基础狭窄。     

12个地方鸡种遗传多态性的AFLP指纹分析

利用6对AFLP引物组合对中国12个地方鸡种进行了遗传检测，构建了各个品种的AFLP DNA指纹图谱，根据AFLP分析结果, 统计了每个引物组合在各个品种中检测到的多态性条带和特异性条带，计算了12个地方鸡种的遗传相似系数和遗传距离，并据此构建了UPGMA聚类关系图，分析了所研究鸡种的遗传关系。结果表明：6对AFLP引物组合在12个地方鸡种中共检测到279条多态性条带，平均每个引物组合产生46.5条多态性标记，同时在每个品种群体中还检测到了数量不等的特异性条带，其中寿光鸡和东乡黑鸡最多，为9条，旧院黑鸡和兴义矮脚鸡最少，为1条。12 个鸡种聚为3类，鸡种间的遗传相似系数及聚类结果与所保存的地方鸡种的地理分布、现实状况是相吻合的。从而表明AFLP指纹用于我国地方鸡种遗传多态性分析、品种的鉴定及品种间的亲缘关系分析是可行的。     

RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting in cultivated chickpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer arietinum</Emphasis> L.) and its wild progenitor <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cicer reticulatum</Emphasis> Ladizinsky

Detection of genetic relationships between 19 chickpea cultivars and five accessions of its wild progenitor Cicer reticulatum Ladizinsky were investigated by using RAPD and ISSR markers. On an average, six bands per primer were observed in RAPD analysis and 11 bands per primer in ISSR analysis. In RAPD, the wild accessions shared 77.8% polymorphic bands with chickpea cultivars, whereas they shared 79.6% polymorphic bands in ISSR analysis. In RAPD analysis 51.7% and 50.5% polymorphic bands were observed among wild accessions and chickpea cultivars, respectively. Similarly, 65.63% and 56.25% polymorphic bands were found in ISSR analysis. The dendrogram developed by pooling the data of RAPD and ISSR analysis revealed that the wild accessions and the ICCV lines showed similar pattern with the dendrogram of RAPD analysis. The ISSR analysis clearly indicated that even with six polymorphic primers, reliable estimation of genetic diversity could be obtained, while nearly 30 primers are required for RAPD. Moreover, RAPD can cause genotyping errors due to competition in the amplification of all RAPD fragments. The markers generated by ISSR and RAPD assays can provide practical information for the management of genetic resources. For the selection of good parental material in breeding programs the genetic data produced through ISSR can be used to correlate with the relationship measures based on pedigree data and morphological traits to minimize the individual inaccuracies in chickpea.     

Analysis of Genetic Relationships among Turkish Cultivars and Breeding Lines of Lens culinatis Mestile Using RAPD Markers

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA markers were used to determine the genetic relationships among Turkish lentil cultivars and breeding lines. Fourteen cultivars and thirteen breeding lines were evaluated to determine genetic variability using nine random 10-mer primers (among 45 primers). Forty-one reproducible bands were obtained, 54% of which were polymorphic. Genetic distances among cultivars and breeding lines were obtained from the simple matching coefficients (SM). The lowest genetic distance was observed between the cultivars of Ali Dayi and Kafkas with 5.0%, while ‘Seyran-96’ and ‘Ozbek’ had the highest genetic distance with 58.3%. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis was performed on the distance matrix using Phylip software. The dendrogram clearly showed two distinct groups. The first group is composed of Akm 565 and Akm 563. The second group contains all the cultivars and remaining eleven breeding lines.     

菊属11个野生种和12个栽培品种遗传关系的ISSR分析

为进一步明确菊属野生种与栽培品种的遗传关系和多样性,本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术对菊属11个野生种和12个栽培品种之间的遗传关系进行比较分析。从75个ISSR引物中筛选出了14个引物,对供试材料的DNA进行扩增,共获得142条清晰可辨的谱带,多态位点比率为95.1%;菊属野生种的平均有效等位基因数（effective number of alleles,Ne）、平均Nei＇s基因多样性指数（Nei’s gene diversity,H）及Shannon信息指数（shannon’s information index,I）均高于栽培菊花,说明各野生种间基因差异比较显著,多态性强于栽培品种。UPGMA聚类结果表明：菊属野生种呈现由低倍向高倍进化的趋势;栽培菊花之间遗传关系复杂,大体可以推断出平瓣是菊花的基本瓣形;菊花脑与栽培菊花亲缘关系最近,小红菊、龙脑菊、若狭滨菊与栽培菊花关系亦较近,神农香菊与其它材料关系最远。本研究的结果表明菊属野生种与栽培品种之间遗传关系比较复杂,而ISSR分子标记技术可以较好地从分子水平上揭示出菊属植物间的遗传关系。     

An Assessment of the Genetic Diversity within a Collection of Wild Cranberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vaccinium macrocarpon</Emphasis> Ait.) Clones with RAPD-PCR

Forty-three wild cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) clones collected from four Canadian provinces and five cranberry cultivars were assessed for genetic variability by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Fourteen primers generated 161 polymorphic RAPD-PCR bands. A substantial degree of genetic diversity was found among the wild cranberry collections. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) separated the wild clones and three cultivars into five main clusters, and identified the two remaining cultivars as outliers. Furthermore, within four clusters, the genotypes tended to form sub-clusters that were in agreement with the principal coordinate (PCO) analysis. Geographical distribution explained 10% of total variation as revealed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The RAPD markers detected a sufficient degree of polymorphism to differentiate among cranberry clones and cultivars, making this technology valuable for germplasm management and the more efficient choice of parents in current cranberry breeding programs.     

Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat fingerprints to assess genetic diversity in Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) germplasm

The genetic diversity of 18 Tunisian fig cultivars was investigated at the DNA level using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) associated with the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Using a set of primers, the most informative ones were selected that were characterized by an important Resolving power value of 29.6. A total of 47 discernible fragments were scored from samples, with a mean of 11.7 fragments per primer. The 90.4% of sample that were polymorphic were scored as molecular markers to examine the Tunisian fig germplasm polymorphism at DNA level. A large genetic diversity as related to ISSR patterns was found within the local Tunisian fig germplasm. An UPGMA dendrogram exhibits the unstructured variability in this crop. Moreover, the principal component analysis shows that the observed diversity was typically continuous. Our data provide a large number of ISSR markers that are useful in the fingerprinting of Ficus carica L. cultivars, and in the understanding of the genetic relationships among these accessions.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in Solanum trilobatum L., an important medicinal plant from South India using RAPD and ISSR markers

Solanum trilobatum L. is an Indian medicinal plant containing rich amount of steroidal glyco-alkoloids that can be used as precursor for commercial steroid production. Two efficient marker systems such as Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were used for the first time to assess the genetic diversity across 14 S. trilobatum accessions obtained from five South Indian states. Twenty out of 60 RAPD primers generated 189 distinct bands of which 160 were polymorphic with an average of 8 polymorphic bands per primer. A maximum of up to 15 fragments were amplified with an average of 9.45 bands per primer and the amplicons varied in size between 100 and 3,000 bp. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 55.5 to 100, with an average of 84.6. ISSR profiling using 7 out of 20 primers amplified 83 bands and the number of amplified fragments varied from 2 to 16 with a size range of 200–1,800 bp. Totally 72 polymorphic bands were obtained using 7 ISSR primers at an average of 10.28 polymorphic bands per primer. Polymorphism percentage varied from 50 to 100 among the selected accessions resulting in an average percentage of polymorphism of 86.7. The PIC values ranged from 0.49 to 0.93 for RAPD and 0.16 to 0.90 for ISSR primers. The study pointed out that ISSR markers were more efficient than RAPD markers in evaluating the degree of genetic variation in S. trilobatum. The UPGMA cluster analysis grouped all Tamil Nadu accessions in one cluster and other state accessions in another cluster. The Principal component analysis also substantiates this clustering pattern. Thus the phylogenetic relationship and a high genetic variation revealed in the present study could provide a baseline data for conservation and improvement of this plant in future. Also the molecular markers identified in this study will be helpful in authentication of this species to prevent adulteration in herbal medicine.     

Genetic diversity and relationships among safflower (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carthamus tinctorius</Emphasis> L.) analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs)

Genetic diversity and relationships among 48 safflower accessions were evaluated using 22 inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers. A total of 429 bands were amplified, and 355 bands (about 82.7%) were polymorphic. Five to forty-one polymorphic bands could be amplified by each primer, with an average of 16.1 polymorphic bands per primer. The results showed that the polymorphism of the safflower germplasm was higher at the DNA level. All the 48 accessions could be distinguished by ISSR markers and were divided into 9 groups based on ISSR GS by using UPGMA method. The genetic relationships among the accessions from different continents were closer. Comparatively, the genetic diversity of the accessions originated from Asia was higher, from Europe assembled. The results also showed that the genetic variation of accessions from Indian and Middle Eastern safflower diversity centers were relatively higher. ISSR is an effective and promising marker system for detecting genetic diversity among safflower and give some useful information on its phylogenic relationships.     

ISSR Variation in Olive-tree Cultivars from Morocco and other Western Countries of the Mediterranean Basin

In olive tree (Olea europaea L.), 12 varieties (or cultivars) representing the main domesticated material used in Morocco and 19 olive cultivars used extensively in five countries of the western Mediterranean Basin, were analysed using inter-simple sequences repeat (ISSR) markers which had never been used previously for extensive discrimination of cultivars. Four selected primers produced a total of 26 polymorphic reproducible amplification fragments. Combinations of these ISSR markers allowed to identify 25 of the 31 cultivars. Two additional combinations were distinguished, each corresponding to three Moroccan cultivars or local varieties. Evidence of a multiclonal composition in the widely cultivated variety ‘Picholine marocaine’ was obtained by the identification of three genotypes within the four morphologically distinct clones analysed in the variety. In the UPGMA phenogram based on the proportion of shared ISSR fragments, five groups of cultivars were distinguished at the 40% critical value of similarity. Four of the groups contained varieties from various geographic origins, as the consequence of successive human migrations which favoured olive dispersion throughout the Mediterranean Basin. However, the fifth group gathered together 9 of the 12 Moroccan cultivars and very few cultivated clones from Greece and Spain. The results suggest that most of the Moroccan cultivars are closely related and likely originated from local domestication.