三种土壤水势传感器在原状与扰动黏壤土上测定精度评价

分别在田间原状黏壤土和室内扰动黏壤土上安装MPS-1、MPS-6、pF水势传感器与TDR315L土壤水分传感器测定土壤水分特征曲线,通过比较测定结果的准确性,提出了三种土壤水势传感器的使用建议。结果表明:MPS-1传感器虽测量范围窄,但无论在原状黏壤土还是扰动黏壤土上均表现良好;MPS-6和pF传感器测量范围宽,但测量的水势值精度不高,且MPS-6传感器对温度敏感,pF传感器在使用期间内表现不稳定。MPS-1传感器应用于原状和扰动黏壤土由其数据拟合出的土壤水分特征曲线与对照曲线重合度较高,而MPS-6和pF传感器应用于原状和扰动黏壤土,当含水量高于0.30 cm~3cm~(-3)时测定结果拟合得到的水分特征曲线与对照曲线重合度较高。比较三个水势传感器的测量表现,可以认为MPS-1传感器用于含水量高于0.30 cm~3cm~(-3)的原状黏壤土和含水量高于0.17 cm~3cm~(-3)的扰动黏壤土,MPS-6传感器用于含水量高于0.30 cm~3cm~(-3)的原状和扰动黏壤土测定土壤水势的效果较好。本研究结果可为使用上述三种传感器测定土壤水分特征曲线提供参考。     

太阳能供电的土壤剖面水分动态原位自动监测系统的研制

目前,商业化的土壤水分传感器在野外观测土壤剖面含水率时仍然存在测量深度不可调节、多传感器探头之间的互换误差、野外长期监测供电困难、成本较高等问题。为此,该研究设计并研制了一种太阳能供电的可实现野外长期工作的介电管式土壤剖面水分原位自动监测系统。该系统组成包括:传感器模块、主控模块、太阳能供电模块和参数设置软件。测量时,先将PVC管垂直安装至待测土壤中,安装过程不扰动土壤结构,主控与存储模块控制土壤含水率传感器在PVC管中上下移动测量土壤含水率,并同步记录土壤深度。此外,该系统可以根据实际需求通过PC机参数设置软件进行灵活设定测量参数(传感器测量深度、测量深度间隔和测量周期)。针对该系统的性能与测量精度开展了相关测试与观测试验,功耗测试结果表明该系统待机功率为0.35 W,工作功率为1.4 W,太阳能电池板最大输出功率为5W,太阳能电池板和锂电池配合供电的情况下能实现长时间续航;土壤含水率传感器在砂土和粉壤土中的标定试验表明:该系统测量结果与实际土壤体积含水率高度吻合,标定曲线决定系数R~2均大于0.99;经过校正后,该系统探头深度定位的标准偏差在0.2 cm以内。在两种质地土壤的滴灌试验结果表明:该系统分别在6和15 mL/min两种滴水速率下均能准确获取土壤剖面含水率的动态变化过程,为观测作物生长状态和根区水分变化、制定合理的灌溉策略以及研究并检验土壤入渗水动态模型提供了可靠的技术支持和保障。     

基于频域法的便携式无线土壤水分测量装置设计与试验

针对农田土壤水分测量的实际需要,研制了一种便携式无线土壤水分测量装置。该装置结构一体化设计采用"T"型结构,将土壤水分传感器和信息采集与发送单元融合,可在0~300 mm的不同深度下测量土壤水分,并采用蓝牙传输技术,将测量数据实时发送给Android手机,手机可通过App软件对数据进行分析处理,实现了农田数据的大容量存储和智能化处理。在实验室环境下,使用砂土和壤土2种土样对测量装置进行了标定试验,土壤容积含水率与传感器输出电压服从二次曲线关系,决定系数均达到0.99以上;将测量装置与波兰Easy Test TDR土壤测试仪进行对比试验,二者测量结果呈线性相关关系,决定系数为0.987。试验结果表明该装置可准确测量土壤水分含量。     

再生水水质对斥水和亲水土壤水分特征曲线的影响

为探求再生水灌溉对斥水和亲水土壤水力特性的影响,该文选用有代表性的斥水黏壤土和亲水黏壤土、斥水砂土和亲水砂土,测定其在自来水、再生水和其他4种生活污水条件下的土壤水分特征曲线,采用主成分分析法得到不同水质综合指标,分析水质综合指标对不同土壤水分特征曲线的影响,采用van Genuchten-Mualem模型对黏壤土土-水曲线的参数进行拟合,并分析水质综合指标对黏壤土累积当量孔径分布、比水容量和水分常数的影响。结果表明:在相同基质吸力情况下,黏壤土含水率随水质综合指标增加(水质变差)而减小,砂土的含水率随水质变化不大;在低吸力段,斥水和亲水黏壤土的比水容量随水质综合指标的增加而增加;土壤进气值与水质综合指标呈显著负线性相关关系(R~2分别为0.94和0.78);相同水质条件下,斥水土壤的进气值比亲水土壤小;随着水质综合指标的增加,斥水和亲水黏壤土的极微孔隙降低,而中等孔隙和大孔隙增加,小于某当量孔径的累积百分比增加;随着水质综合指标的增加,斥水和亲水黏壤土的田间持水率、凋萎系数、有效水和易利用水比例均减小,但再生水对田间持水率和易利用水比例降低作用不显著。研究结果可为大面积再生水灌溉及其管理提供一定的理论依据。     

求土壤水力特征的一种迭代法

土壤水力性质包括土壤水分特征曲线(它表明了土壤的基质势h与土壤水分含量θ之间的关系)θ(H)、非饱和水力传导率K和扩散度D。由于土壤的这三种水力性质可以通过关系式K=Ddθ／dh联系起来,因此,它们当中只有两个是独立的。不论是以水分含量为因变量还是以土水势为因变量的Richards方程,其中的参数如非饱和水力传导率、容水度或扩散度都是基质势或水分含量的函数。在研究实际问题时,通常需要知道土壤基质势与土壤水分含量之间的转换关系,以便在不同情况下,采用不同形式的Richards方程,所以,确定土壤的水分含量与基质势之间的定量关系有着非常重要的意义。     

电阻率法确定土壤水分特征曲线初探

以取自青岛市郊区的田间土样为研究对象,通过自制的室内土壤电阻率测量装置,测定了土壤的电阻率及对应的含水量,建立了电阻率-含水量关系模型。基于Ku/pF非饱和导水率测量系统测定的土壤水分特征曲线,借助含水量这一中间量,推求出了土壤电阻率-基质吸力关系模型,从而可以根据电阻率计算出对应的土壤基质吸力。耦合土壤电阻率-含水量关系模型与土壤电阻率-基质吸力关系模型,达到了预测土壤水分特征曲线的目的,为电阻率法在区域尺度空间和时间上预测土壤水分特征曲线提供了新的途径。     

电介质型水分传感器测定栽培基质含水率的标定模型

土壤与基质的理化特性相差较大,土壤水分传感器测定基质含水率时有较大误差,不能直接用于基质含水率测定。为实现栽培基质水分快速检测,在不同配比的基质中采用电介质型EC-5土壤水分传感器进行了适应性测试。试验研究了温度、体积质量和电导率对传感器输出值的影响,采用多项式和线性回归处理方法,建立了基于温度、体积质量影响下的基质含水率标定模型。试验表明,经标定后,EC-5电介质型土壤水分传感器的测定含水率与实际含水率之间有较好的线性关系（R2＞0.9791）,且最大误差小于13%,因此,EC-5电介质型土壤水分传感器经标定后可作为基质的快速检测设备。     

基于pF meter基质势传感器的冻土水分迁移研究

基质势是指土壤毛管产生的毛管力和土粒表面的吸附力所引起的吸持水分的能力,基质势是冻土水分迁移研究中的关键参数之一。以往由于测试技术的限制,冻土基质势很难直接测定,制约了冻土水分迁移研究中许多机理性问题的准确回答。本研究通过室内试验的方法,利用新近推出的适用于负温冻结土环境的高精度基质势传感器、SWR水分探头和热敏电阻,直接测量土冻结过程中基质势、未冻水含量、温度和变形的动态变化。试验结果表明,青藏粉质黏土基质势随温度下降而减小,随温度上升而增加,温度达冻结温度时基质势约为-30 kPa。试验发现,土体基质势和土冻结过程中冻胀量变化密切相关,其引起了土冻结过程中的水分重分布,导致了11 cm深度处含水量较试验前增大约3%。不同深度处基质势差值可达400 kPa,冻土中基质势控制了土冻结过程中水分迁移的方向和迁移量,是土冻结过程中水分迁移的动力和源泉。试验结果表明,新型pF meter基质势传感器可以应用于冻土水分迁移研究,为揭示冻土水分的驱动力和水分迁移机理提供新技术和新手段。     

黄土高原不同土壤类型对桃树水分运转影响的模拟

根据不同土壤的水分特征曲线、气孔导度模型、冠层蒸腾模型和RC模型模拟出黄土高原不同土壤类型下桃树(Prunus persicavar.nectarina Maxim)的水分运转动态。在逐步干旱过程中各类土壤维持桃树蒸腾的时间和桃树散失的水分总量均依次为中壤土>轻壤土>紧砂土>重壤土,中壤土的保水能力最好,重壤土的可利用水最少,中壤土维持蒸腾的时间最长,但中壤土、轻壤土和紧砂土之间的保水能力与维持蒸腾的时间无显著差异。在整个干旱周期过程中气孔导度、叶片水势和组织贮存水均呈波动式减小,其总体趋势与土壤水势相一致。     

SMP-01型土壤水分传感器性能测试

通过对SMP-01型土壤水分传感器在3种土壤质地（砂土、壤土、粘土）在不同土壤水分含量下对应的传感器输出的测试，分析比较研究其对应的拟合曲线，进行率定，并同时研究了传感器对酸性土、盐碱土的测试情况。实验结果表明SMP-01土壤水分传感器在各种性能上都能满足农业上对于测定土壤水分的精度要求，具有较好的应用前景。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.     

Short-term variation in the concentration of selected ions within individual tropical rainstorms

Rainwater was collected at the campus of the University of Brunei Darussalam in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, using a funnel-in-bottle sampler. Polypropylene bottles were changed at intervals during rainstorm events. The pH and conductivity were determined immediately after collection on aliquots of the sample. Samples were refrigerated at 5°C for subsequent chemical analysis. Analyses for Na, Mg, Ca, Zn and Fe were carried out by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES); Cu and Mn were analysed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS); K was analysed using flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES); and Cl^–, NO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were analysed by ion chromatography (IC). Concentration versus time profiles are reported for three rainstorm events. All ions exhibited a decrease in concentration during the rainstorm. The first sample contained the highest concentration of ions, consistent with a first-flush effect. The contribution of the initial stages of the shower to the total quantity of ion deposited during the entire rainstorm is quite overwhelming; in many cases 20 to 30% of the mass was deposited in less than 5% of rainstorm duration. On the other hand, the pH and conductivity variation during rainstorms did not exhibit a consistent pattern.     

The 5S rRNA gene diversity in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Secale</Emphasis> and determination of its closest haplomes

We analyzed 127 rDNA sequences (5S DNA units) obtained from 23 seed accession samples from more or less 10 taxa in wild and cultivated rye, genus Secale L. The sequences fell into two known groups, here assigned to two unit classes, viz. long R1 and short R1 (designations to reflect on R haplome of rye). The different taxa could not be fully differentiated based on the 5S DNA units. We searched for 5S DNA sequences from known unit classes most closely similar to the long R1 and the short R1. One set with the long R1 unit class contained sequences of the long P1 unit class from Agropyron (P haplome) and from Kengyilia (StYP haplome), long J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome), whereas the set with the short R1 included the long S1 from Pseudoroegneria (St haplome) and Kengyilia (StYP haplome), the short J1 from Thinopyrum (J haplome) and the short V1 from Dasypyrum (V haplome). Each of the two sets was analyzed separately by maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis from which we were able to infer that the 5S DNA units of Secale differentiated in a non-clock fashion and followed the HKY substitution model in the gene tree with the long R1 unit class and the HKY + G in the gene tree with the short R1 unit class. A complementary Bayesian analysis yielded identical tree topologies to the ML ones for each of the two sequence sets. In the tree with the long R1 units the long P1 and long J1 unit classes were closest to the long R1 unit class, whereas in the tree with the short R1 units the long S1 and short J1 unit classes were closest to the short R1 unit class, indicating possibly a close relationship between the St, J and R haplomes.     

Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms

Summary Litterbag experiments with 10 different kinds of leaf litter showed that detritivore (Lumbricus species) and geophagous (Aporrectodea species) earthworms prefer certain litter types over others, since different numbers of worms were found below the litter after 50–52 days of exposure in a pasture. The detritivores preferred Fraxinus, Tilia, and predecomposed Ulmus and Fagus litter to Fagus litter and paper, while geophages preferred Tilia litter to Alnus and Ulmus litter, so that the two groups of earthworms showed different preferences. The detritivores seemed to be more selective than the geophages. The palatability of the litter was examined in relation to the C: N ratio, the lignin concentration and the initial and final polyphenol concentration. The numbers of detritivores were significantly correlated with the C: N ratio and the final polyphenol concentration, so that selection of litter seems to be related to palatability. The numbers of geophages were not significantly correlated with any of the parameters for palatability. The disappearance of litter after 50–52 days appeared to be due to detritivore activity, since the numbers found below the litter were positively and significantly correlated with the litter disappearance. There was no significant correlation with geophage activity. This indicates that detritivores use litter as food, and therefore influence the composition of the litter layer.     

Nematode succession and microfauna-microorganism interactions during root residue decomposition

The quality of plant material affects the vigor of the decomposition process and composition of the decomposer biota. Root residues from hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rye (Secale cereale L.) and vetch+rye, packed in litterbags were placed in pots of soil at 15 C and the content of the bags was analyzed after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Bacterial biomass did not differ between residues with contrasting composition. Among bacterivores groups of nematodes that require high bacterial production dominated in fast decomposing resources whereas flagellates with smaller requirements prevail in slower decomposing resources. Biomass of bacterial feeding nematodes correlated positively with early phase (0-2 wk) decomposition that increased in the order: rye< vetch+rye<vetch. Bacterial biomass therefore seems to be under top-down (predation) control during early decomposition. In contrast, the fungal biomass differed between resources with highest values for rye. Moreover, this increase in fungal biomass occurred later during succession and was correlated with decomposition activity for rye in that period. Fungal biomass therefore seems to be under bottom-up (resource) control. The composition of the nematode assemblages (composed of 25 taxa) showed a clear relationship to initial plant resource quality as well as decomposition phase. Early successional microbivorous nematodes vary according to resource quality with demanding bacterivores+predators (Neodiplogasteridae) dominating in vetch and less demanding bacterivores (Rhabditidae) and fungivores (Aphelenchus) being equally common in vetch and rye. Later in the succession (2-4 wk) bacterivorous Cephalobidae and fungivorous Aphelenchoides prevailed similarly on the different root materials whereas bacterivorous protozoa and the amoebal fraction thereof dominated in rye. At week 12 no species dominated the nematode assemblages that were similar between the resources. The differences between nematode assemblages among plant resources at 2 week were similar to the results of a field study sampled after 6 weeks with the same soil and plant resources. This lends support to the relevance of the successional patterns observed in this incubation study.     

Cycling of extracellular DNA in the soil environment

Upon entering the soil environment, extracellular DNA is subjected to dynamic biological, physical, and chemical factors that determine its fate. This review concerns the fate of both recombinant and non-recombinant sources of DNA. A schematic of DNA cycling coupled with genetic transformation is presented to understand its behavior in soil. Extracellular DNA may persist through cation bridging onto soil minerals and humic substances, be enzymatically degraded and restricted by DNases of microbial origin, and/or enter the microbial DNA cycle through natural transformation of competent bacteria. Lateral gene transfer may disseminate DNA through the microbial community. An understanding of DNA cycling is fundamental to elucidating the fate of extracellular DNA in the soil environment.