大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的研究

该文以总黄酮含量和总黄酮回收率为考察指标，研究了大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的工艺。结果表明：AB-8型树脂对柚皮总黄酮有较好的吸附分离性能，是分离纯化柚皮黄酮的适宜大孔树脂；AB-8型大孔树脂分离纯化柚皮黄酮的最佳工艺条件为：柱体积为160 mL，柚皮提取物上样量为62.5 mg/mL(以湿树脂体积计)，先用pH 4的水淋洗，再用30%的乙醇洗脱，洗脱剂用量为2.5～3倍湿树脂体积。AB-8大孔树脂按上述确定的吸附洗脱条件可重复使用3次。柚皮黄酮经上述工艺纯化后总黄酮含量达到39.67%，总黄酮回收率为62.48%。对经AB-8大孔树脂纯化后的柚皮黄酮进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析发现，柚皮黄酮主要为黄酮甙类。     

光皮木瓜齐墩果酸超声波辅助提取及纯化工艺

以光皮木瓜为原料,利用超声波辅助提取及大孔吸附树脂纯化齐墩果酸。通过二次正交旋转组合设计优化提取工艺条件,采用静态吸附和解吸试验筛选合适的大孔树脂,并运用动态吸附和解吸试验验优化纯化条件。结果表明,超声波辅助提取最佳工艺条件为:超声功率600 W、提取温度53℃、液料比8:1、超声波提取70 min,回流提取120 min,齐墩果酸得率为3.000 mg/g;XDA-1型大孔树脂对齐墩果酸具有较好的吸附和解吸效果,最佳纯化工艺条件为上柱液浓度0.794 mg/mL,吸附流速0.5 mL/min;以90%浓度乙醇洗脱,洗脱流速1.0 mL/min,纯化后得提取物中齐墩果酸纯度可达26.55%。     

树莓叶总黄酮的超声波提取及纯化前后抗氧化性研究

目的:探讨树莓叶黄酮类物质纯化前后的抗氧化性比较。方法:采用超声波最佳提取条件提取黄酮后,粗提液中黄酮物质与经AB-8大孔树脂纯化后的提取液中黄酮物质对DPPH自由基的清除率进行比较。结果:超声波提取后的红树莓粗提液中黄酮得率是5.227%,纯化后的提取液中黄酮得率是11.419%。黑树莓粗提液中黄酮得率为8.228%,纯化后提取液黄酮得率提高到16.640%。树莓叶黄酮纯化前后抗氧化性存在较大差异,纯化后抗氧化性增强。当提取液浓度均为0.02 mg·mL~(-1)时,红树莓纯化物对DPPH自由基的清除率增加23.36%,黑树莓纯化物对DPPH自由基清除率增加29.89%。结论:纯化后的黄酮提取液随着黄酮含量的增加抗氧化性增强。     

微波辅助萃取-大孔树脂分离纯化芳樟叶黄酮

为了综合利用芳樟叶精油提取过程中产生的大量残渣,该文利用微波辅助萃取和大孔树脂选择性吸附来分离纯化芳樟叶黄酮。采用L9(34)正交试验,考察了萃取剂、微波辐射功率、辐射时间及料液比对黄酮得率的影响,确定了微波辅助萃取的优化工艺条件:以60%乙醇做萃取剂,微波功率320W,间歇辐射2次,每次1min,料液质量体积比1:12,在此条件下,芳樟叶黄酮的提取得率为2.97%,与乙醇热回流提取方法相比,得率提高了6.83%,时间缩短了98.89%;为进一步纯化萃取所得的黄酮提取物,选择6种大孔吸附树脂,测定芳樟叶黄酮在树脂上的吸附量和解吸率,筛选出了吸附剂HPD-450,其对芳樟叶黄酮有较好的静态吸附和解吸效果。经装填有大孔树脂HPD-450的固定床纯化后黄酮纯度由22.49%提高到51.28%,纯化倍数2.3倍。     

灰枣多糖大孔径树脂提纯工艺优化

新郑灰枣富含各种营养成分,特别是多糖具有抗氧化抗癌等许多生物效应。为研究新郑灰枣多糖的提纯工艺,该文在超声波酶法联合提取、乙醇沉淀、超滤膜过滤得到的粗多糖的基础上,筛选出的AB-8大孔树脂纯化多糖,并对树脂的动态吸附解吸特性进行研究。响应曲面法优化AB-8大孔树脂动态吸附工艺条件,最佳动态吸附条件为:上样速率1.5mL/min,料液浓度2.2mg/mL,pH值5.6,最大动态吸附量为19.52mg/g;正交试验优化AB-8大孔树脂动态解吸的最佳工艺条件为:氯化钠浓度为0.4mol/L,乙醇添加量60%,盐酸浓度0.2mol/L,流速1.5mL/min,最优动态解吸率为85.21%。通过树脂纯化,多糖纯度可达88.87%。该红枣多糖提纯技术是一种非常有效的方法,在医疗及保健行业具有巨大的应用潜力和市场。     

大孔吸附树脂一次性分离杜仲叶中杜仲总苷和杜仲黄酮的研究

本文就9种大孔树脂吸附分离杜仲总苷和杜仲黄酮的工艺进行了研究，结果表明：一次性分离杜仲总苷(富含绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚苷等活性物质)和杜仲黄酮的适宜的大孔树脂为XDA-1和X-5。适宜的吸附解吸条件分别为：上柱液pH 6，吸附时间应大于10 h；XDA-1树脂用40%乙醇洗脱杜仲总苷，用80%的乙醇洗脱黄酮；X-5树脂用30%的乙醇洗脱杜仲总苷，用70%的乙醇洗脱黄酮。两种树脂的分离效果分别为：XDA-1分离杜仲总苷(其中绿原酸含量为14.23%，桃叶珊瑚苷含量为7.69%)粗品得率为8.01%，杜仲总黄酮粗品得率为4.76%，含量为15.82%；X-5分离杜仲总苷(其中绿原酸含量为15.39%，桃叶珊瑚苷含量为9.07%)粗品得率为7.35%，杜仲总黄酮粗品得率为5.11%，含量为16.15%。     

大孔树脂纯化黄精多酚及其抗氧化性与组成分析

考察4种树脂对黄精多酚粗提物的吸附-解吸特性,筛选出最佳的纯化树脂,并研究其纯化工艺,分析黄精多酚的体外抗氧化活性、红外光谱特性和单酚组成。结果表明,AB-8型大孔树脂最适合于对黄精多酚粗提液的纯化,静态吸附5 h达到饱和,静态解吸3 h达到平衡;在室温下,用质量浓度为0.80 mg/mL的黄精多酚粗提液以0.8 mL/min的流速上样;吸附平衡后以70%的乙醇为洗脱剂,在洗脱流速为1 mL/min时,大孔树脂纯化效果最好,经纯化后黄精多酚的纯度提高了3.37倍。黄精多酚具有较好的抗氧化能力,且具有良好的量效关系,纯化前后黄精多酚总还原能力的IC50值分别为(27.48±1.93)、(19.01±1.48)μg/mL,清除DPPH·的IC50值依次为(5.21±0.48)、(4.00±0.26)μg/mL,清除ABTS+·的IC50值依次为(4.89±0.82)、(4.21±0.53)μg/mL,经纯化后黄精多酚的抗氧化活性明显增强。红外光谱分析表明其具有多酚和黄酮的特征峰;HPLC-DAD分析表明,黄精多酚主要含绿源酸,阿魏酸,芦丁和熊果酸。     

大孔树脂对苹果渣中多酚物质的吸附研究

通过静态吸附与解吸实验对8种大孔树脂进行筛选,结果表明:NKA-9型大孔树脂表现出最好的吸附性能与解吸效果,是较好的富集纯化苹果多酚树脂。通过单因素实验，确定NKA-9树脂的较佳动态吸附条件为苹果多酚液浓度2.50 mg/mL，pH 4.5，流速1.0 mL/min，较佳洗脱条件为乙醇浓度60%,洗脱流速1.0 mL/min,洗脱体积10 BV。     

石榴皮提取物的大孔树脂纯化及其抗氧化性能

为开发石榴皮资源提供技术支持,从D101、AB-8和DA-2013种大孔吸附树脂中筛选出D101树脂,进一步研究D101对石榴皮提取物中多酚和总黄酮的纯化工艺。所得最佳纯化工艺为:上柱液浓度5mg/mL,pH5,上柱液体积180mL,上柱液流速80mL/h,以60%乙醇溶液为洗脱液,洗脱流速80mL/h,洗脱液体积为100mL。在此条件下,多酚和总黄酮的含量由30.43%和17.12%分别提高到53.55%和35.71%。同时对纯化前后的抗氧化活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,石榴皮提取物经纯化后清除二苯基三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)和抗油脂过氧化能力都强于粗提物。     

勐库大叶茶中总黄酮最佳提取工艺的研究

黄酮类化合物具有多种药理作用,勐库大叶茶中含有丰富的黄酮类物质。本试验采用乙醇恒温浸提的方法提取勐库大叶茶中的总黄酮,并结合正交试验选择出最佳的提取工艺条件。结果表明4因素对勐库大叶茶中总黄酮提取得率影响的主次顺序为乙醇浓度>固液比>提取温度>提取时间,最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%、料液比1g:30 mL、提取温度85℃、提取时间2.0 h,在此条件下总黄酮的提取率为2.096%。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.