不同抗性甘薯品种感染疮痂病后光合机理的研究

研究了田间栽培条件下感病薯种“金山1255”和抗病薯种“广薯88-70”染甘薯疮痂病后的光合机理。结果表明,染病后感、抗病品种叶绿素均被降解,叶片膜不饱和脂肪酸含量、不饱和指数、叶绿体膜流动性均降低,叶绿体Ca2 -ATP酶和Mg2 -ATP酶活性均下降,气孔导度、净光合效率、蒸腾速率均下降,但感病品种下降幅度比抗病品种大;胞间CO2浓度在抗病品种中下降,而在感病品种中略有上升;感、抗病品种的叶绿体超微结构都发生了变化,但感病品种受到的伤害程度远大于抗病品种。     

硼对不同硼效率棉花品种苗期叶片膜脂过氧化和多胺含量的影响

土培条件下研究缺硼对不同硼效率棉花品种苗期叶片膜伤害、保护酶活性及多胺化合物含量的影响。结果表明 ,遭受缺硼胁迫时 ,两棉花品种叶片膜透性和丙二醛含量增加 ,膜脂肪酸不饱和度下降 ,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性降低 ,但硼高效品种变化幅度比低效品种小。缺硼还导致两品种叶片中腐胺 (Put)含量显著降低 ,而低效品种降低幅度更大 ,但缺硼使高效品种叶片中精胺 (Spm)、亚精胺 (Spd)含量及多胺总量 (Spd +Spm +Put)显著升高 ,低效品种仅有升高趋势。推测硼高效品种在缺硼条件下保持较高的多胺含量是其保护酶活性较高、膜受伤害程度较轻的原因之一。     

Ca(NO3)2胁迫对番茄嫁接苗叶片不同形态多胺含量的影响

以耐盐番茄品种‘影武者’为砧木,‘宝大903’为接穗,研究了80 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2胁迫10 d条件下,嫁接苗与自根苗生长和叶片不同形态（游离态、结合态和束缚态）多胺含量的差异。结果表明,Ca(NO3)2胁迫后,嫁接苗的生物量显著高于自根苗。整个胁迫期内嫁接苗叶片3种形态的腐胺、亚精胺和精胺含量均呈上升趋势;自根苗叶片3种形态的腐胺含量下降;游离态、结合态亚精胺和精胺含量上升;束缚态亚精胺含量下降,束缚态精胺含量变化不显著。以上结果表明,3种形态的腐胺、束缚态亚精胺和精胺在番茄嫁接苗叶片耐盐性方面发挥重要作用。     

黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素对不同抗性黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗胁迫作用研究

利用黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素处理不同抗性品种黄瓜,研究粗毒素对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,结果表明:粗毒素对不同抗性的黄瓜胚根生长和侧根分化均有抑制作用,且随处理浓度增加,抑制作用愈加明显,但粗毒素对感病品种的抑制作用强于抗病品种。粗毒素胁迫使黄瓜胚根的细胞膜透性、MDA含量、可溶性糖含量增加,其中感病品种的细胞膜透性和MDA含量高于抗病品种,但可溶性糖含量低于抗病品种。在粗毒素处理36 h内,抗感品种黄瓜幼苗的PAL、PPO和POD酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,其中PAL和PPO的峰值出现在粗毒素处理12 h,而POD的峰值出现在粗毒素处理24 h,抗病品种的3种酶活性峰值高于感病品种。表明抗病品种对黄瓜枯萎菌粗毒素胁迫的抵抗能力强于感病品种。     

青枯菌侵染对烟草叶片H202代谢、叶绿素荧光参数的影响及其与抗病性的关系

对青枯病菌抗性的不同2个烟草品种接种青枯菌后,随接种时间的延长,病株叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧物阴离子自由基(O2)、丙二醛(MDA)累积明显高于健株,感病品种"红花大金元"累积幅度大于抗病品种"岩烟97",抗病、感病品种间差异达到显著、极显著水平;病菌感染初期叶片超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,随后升高,抗病品种活性高于感病品种;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先上升而后下降,感病品种降幅高于抗病品种;过氧化物酶(POD)活性先下降而后上升,感病品种升幅大于抗病品种;病株叶绿素可变荧光(Fv)、光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)及光系统Ⅱ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均受到抑制,感病品种受抑制程度大于抗病品种,这表明烟草品种对青枯菌的抗性与H2O2代谢以及叶绿素荧光参数有着密切关系.     

甘薯抗蔓割病的酚类物质代谢的研究

通过对甘薯抗蔓割病品种"金山57"和感病品种"岩薯8-6"接菌处理,研究了甘薯体内酚类物质的代谢规律以及与PAL酶活性的变化关系及其对甘薯抗蔓割病的影响。结果表明,两品种接种蔓割病菌后植株体内总酚、类黄酮、木质素、绿原酸、阿魏酸等含量都有提高,但抗病品种比感病品种酚类物质的积累速度快、保持较高浓度的时间长,从而更有利于抵抗病原菌侵染。同时,接菌后PAL酶活性的提高也与品种抗性呈正相关。     

不同抗性豌豆品种人工接种白粉病后相关生理指标研究

为研究不同抗性豌豆品种在接种白粉菌后相关防御系统酶活性、叶绿素质量浓度的变化,以8个不同抗性豌豆品种为试材,分析了豌豆白粉菌接种后不同时间相关SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、叶绿素质量浓度的变化规律。结果表明,接种后SOD活性随着时间变化均表现为先升高后降低,抗病品种的SOD的活性高于感病品种。接种后POD活性随着时间变化呈现持续上升趋势,抗病品种上升幅度高于感病品种。接种后CAT活性随着接种后时间的变化,多数品种呈现先升高后降低的变化。接种后所有品种的叶绿素质量浓度均下降,抗病品种的下降趋势小于感病品种。SOD活性、POD活性变化与品种间差异显著,POD活性、叶绿素质量浓度与豌豆品种的抗性呈正相关。     

硅对水稻几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响及其与抗纹枯病的关系

在溶液培养条件下,以水稻抗病品种91SP和感病品种Lemont为材料,研究施硅和接种纹枯病菌对水稻纹枯病发生情况、外切几丁质酶、内切几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响。结果表明,施硅能降低抗病品种91SP的纹枯病病级和病情指数,显著降低感病品种Lemont的病级和病情指数。在未接种纹枯病菌条件下,施硅增加了抗病品种几丁质酶活性,增加了感病品种的几丁质酶活性,但对β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性影响不大。接种纹枯病菌后,水稻几丁质酶活性被迅速激活后又下降,施硅通过提高抗病品种91SP几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,以及通过提高感病品种Lemont几丁质酶活性来增强对纹枯病的抗性,但感病品种Lemont施硅处理的几丁质酶活性降低幅度小于抗病品种91SP。     

甘薯抗薯瘟病的苯丙烷类代谢研究

甘薯瘟病是甘薯的重要病害, 严重影响甘薯的品质和产量.本试验在甘薯苗期, 通过剪叶法接菌研究甘薯抗感病品种苯丙烷类代谢的变化规律.结果表明: 甘薯抗感病品种接菌后PAL、POD活性均有所提高, 且提高速度与品种抗性呈正相关; 抗病品种接菌后木质素和绿原酸含量显著增加, 感病品种接菌后绿原酸、总酚和类黄酮含量波动较大, 木质素含量降低.相关性分析表明, 接菌后木质素和绿原酸的积累与甘薯品种抗病性密切相关.接菌后PAL、POD活性迅速提高并积累木质素和绿原酸等抗病物质是甘薯抗薯瘟病的苯丙烷类代谢基础, 在抗病品种鉴定方面有一定的参考价值.     

盐胁迫对番茄种子萌发中多胺形态变化和抗氧化的影响

以番茄“合作903”为材料,研究25~200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫对其种子发芽、种子活力指数（SVI）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、保护酶活性、溶质积累和不同形态多胺含量的影响。结果表明：25、50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理7 d,不影响番茄种子发芽率,但显著降低SVI;随着盐处理浓度上升,发芽率和SVI均显著下降。分别以种子发芽率和SVI为因变量,NaCl处理浓度为自变量,种子萌发和萌发后幼苗建成的耐盐阈值分别为106.1 mmol·L^-1 NaCl（0.62%）和43.38 mmol·L^-1 NaCl（0.25%）。随着NaCl处理浓度上升,萌发种子MDA含量显著上升,保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白（SP）和可溶性糖（SS）均上升,游离态腐胺（fPut）、游离态亚精胺（fSpd）和游离态精胺（fSpm）、(fSpd+fSpm)/fPut均显著上升,束缚态腐胺（bPut）、束缚态亚精胺（bSpd）、束缚态精胺（bSpm）均显著增加,而(bSpd+bSpm)/bPut变化不明显。与对照相比,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理下,番茄萌发种子结合态亚精胺（cSpd）、结合态精胺（cSpm）含量及(cSpd+cSpm)/cPut均极显著上升,随着NaCl处理浓度上升,cPut、cSpd、cSpm含量及(cSpd+cSpm)/cPut均逐渐下降。综上所述,盐胁迫延缓、抑制番茄种子萌发,对于萌发后幼苗的建成抑制作用更强。番茄种子萌发阶段对盐分具有一定的抗性,主要由于番茄萌发种子中多胺代谢在盐胁迫下呈现(fSpd+fSpm)/fPut比值的急剧上升、cSpd和cSpm含量的显著上升和束缚态各多胺的显著积累,同时SS和SP的积累随盐胁迫加剧显著积累,从而提高了萌发种子的抗氧化和渗透调节能力;但是在高盐（150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl）下,cSpd和cSpm的上升调控作用明显减弱,而束缚态各多胺、fSpd和fSpm的上升以及SS和SP积累调控作用仍在增强。     

Glycolic acid oxidase activity in crop plant leaves

Many workers have revealed the possible role of glycolic acid oxidase in the photosynthesis and the respiration of plant leaves (1, 5) and in the organic acid metabolism of rice plant roots (6). There is also abundant evidence that α-hydroxysulfonates, the bisulfite addition compounds of aldehydes and ketones, are the specific and competitive inhibitors of the enzyme (7, 8). The pevious works (9, 10) showed that a deficient application of potassium increased the content of amino-N and reducing sugars and concomitantly the respiratory activity in sweet potato roots. Such a derangement in the metabolic status of plant roots would be expected to be intimately connected with any changes in the photosynthesis and the respiration of the leaves. This paper, as a preliminary, describes some results from investigations into the glycolic acid oxidase activity in leaves of rice plant- and barley seedlings, sweet potato plants, and taro plants which were grown in solution culture at varying potassium application : the effects of light and plant age on enzyme activity, the activation of the enzyme by FMN addition, the stability of the enzyme during a prolonged incubation of sap from leaves, and the inhibitory effects of specific inhibitors on the enzyme in vitro and in vivo.     

Phosphorus compounds and their solubility in swine manure compost

In the Japanese warm areas, as a result of intensive and repeated potato cropping, common scab, a soil-borne disease has become a serious problem. The soil moisture level has been shown to be an important factor affecting the incidence of common scab. That is, a high level of soil moisture reduces the severity of common scab. However, in this investigation, although during the spring cropping precipitation was abundant, a large number of tubers showing scab lesions were produced. The results indicate that the soil moisture level may not be an important factor affecting the incidence of potato scab in the humid region.

To identify other factors which may affect scab severity, the relation between sugar content in the peel of potato tuber and the incidence of common scab was investigated. Generally, the amount of reducing sugar in the tuber peel increased gradually with the growth of the tubers, then reached a maximum level two weeks after the start of tuber formation, and thereafter declined. The period corresponding to the highest sugar content in peels coincided with the most susceptible period for scab infection. The content of reducing sugar in the peel of susceptible cultivars was higher than that of the resistant cultivars, throughout the tuber growth, and the critical value of the content was 2.0 mg per 100 g fresh peel. These results suggest that the content of reducing sugar in tuber peel may be an important factor affecting the incidence of common scab.     

湿度对甘薯愈伤的影响

为探索湿度对甘薯愈伤的影响,本试验以普薯32号甘薯为原料,人工模拟机械损伤后于25℃、不同相对湿度(RH50%和RH80%)条件下愈伤,通过比较甘薯木质素生成、失重率、呼吸强度、愈伤过程关键酶活性、总酚和类黄酮含量的差异,评价湿度对甘薯愈伤的影响。结果表明,RH80%条件下较RH50%更有利于甘薯愈伤木栓组织的形成,在愈伤4 d时甘薯木质素积累达到最高。与RH50%组相比,RH80%条件处理能显著提高甘薯愈伤组织苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性(P<0.05),提升总酚、类黄酮含量,促进呼吸高峰提前,降低甘薯重量损失。相关性分析表明,RH80%条件下愈伤,甘薯木质素含量与PAL、POD、PPO活性及总酚、类黄酮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。本研究结果为甘薯采后愈伤提供了一定的理论依据。     

钾素对食用型甘薯糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨钾素提高甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础。选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置不同施钾处理,于2009～2010年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性。结果表明,与对照比较,施用钾肥能显著提高块根产量、可溶性糖及各糖组分含量,其中K2O用量为24 g/m2处理增幅最大,为最适用量。进一步研究发现,适宜供钾处理显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为10.31%和34.13%,同时提高了块根中蔗糖合成酶、不溶性酸性转化酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅为16.47%和3.66%,在提高源端光合产物供应的同时促进蔗糖在库端的卸载,促进块根中淀粉和可溶性糖的积累;适宜供钾处理还提高了块根中-和-淀粉酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅分别为26.06%和14.64%,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化。此外,适宜供钾处理还显著提高了生长前期和后期块根中可溶性酸性转化酶活性、以及生长后期块根中蔗糖-蔗糖果糖基转移酶活性,促进了葡萄糖、果糖和果聚糖在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量分别提高了13.52%和3.02%。即钾肥能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、促进块根对蔗糖的吸收、促进淀粉水解,是其提高块根可溶性糖含量的生理原因。     

甘薯长喙壳侵染对甘薯块根抗氧化酶活性的影响

以易感黑斑病甘薯品种“徐薯18”为试验材料, 分别接种分离自石榴、甘薯和芋头的甘薯长喙壳(Ceratocystis fimbriata), 研究其保护酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。结果显示, 非亲和性菌株[分离自石榴的甘薯长喙壳(CQS2)和分离自芋头的甘薯长喙壳(YP1)]和亲和性菌株[分离自甘薯的甘薯长喙壳(SP1)]接种的甘薯块根苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性, 与对照处理相比均有升高, 且接种CQS2 和YP1 的处理始终高于接种SP1 的处理; 非亲和性菌株和亲和性菌株接种的甘薯块根MDA 含量均呈先上升后下降趋势, 且接种CQS2 和YP1 的处理在接种25 h 时MDA 含量明显高于接种SP1 的处理, 接种SP1 的处理在接种后期(50 h)的MDA 含量降至与对照相当水平。由此表明: 不同寄主的甘薯长喙壳侵染甘薯块根后, 非亲和性接种菌株(CQS2 和YP1)比亲和性接种菌株(SP1)能增强POD、SOD和CAT 酶活性及诱导较多的MDA, 从而增强病原菌侵染的抗性。     

Expression and characterization of sweet potato invertase in Pichia pastoris

An invertase cDNA (Ibbetafruct1) was cloned from sweet potato leaves and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Ibbetafruct1-encoded protein was closely related to vacuolar invertases and included the WECVD catalytic domain characteristic of them. An expression plasmid containing the coding region of Ibbetafruct1 under the control of the alcohol oxidase promoter was used to transform the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The biochemical properties for the expressed recombinant enzyme, which was determined to be the acid beta-fructofuranosidase with an acidic pI value (5.1), were similar to those of vacuolar invertases purified from sweet potato. Periodic acid/Schiff staining and Con A-Sepharose gel-binding experiments revealed the recombinant invertase to be a glycoprotein containing glucose and/or mannose residues. Furthermore, the carbohydrate moiety appears to be a key determinant of the enzyme's sucrose hydrolysis activity, substrate affinity, and thermal stability.     

外源脱落酸增强甘薯幼苗耐盐性的作用

【目的】本文系统研究了不同浓度NaCl胁迫及外源脱落酸(ABA)对NaCl胁迫下甘薯幼苗生根及一些生理生化特性的影响,探讨了外源ABA对盐胁迫下甘薯幼苗的缓解效应,为增强盐碱地甘薯耐盐性、 提高产量提供理论依据。【方法】以甘薯种植品种徐薯25为实验材料,在装有石英砂的具孔塑料盆中放入培养室自然光照/昼夜温度[(261)/(171)℃]中培养,并进行不同浓度NaCl处理以及对NaCl 300 mmol/L胁迫甘薯幼苗叶片喷施ABA溶液,连续处理7 d后,测定生根数,使用CIRAS-1型便携式光合仪测定光合作用指标、 植物效率分析仪测定叶绿素荧光参数、 采用比色法测定丙二醛、 脯氨酸、 可溶性糖含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性、 用原子吸收分光光度计测定Na+、 K+、 Ca2+含量,利用SPSS13.0和Excel软件对数据进行处理分析。【结果】低浓度 NaCl胁迫(50 mmol/L)对甘薯幼苗影响较小; 随着盐度的增加,甘薯生根不断减少,相对电导率、 丙二醛(MDA)、 脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量持续增加,甘薯叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈先增加后降低趋势; 叶片净光合速率(Pn)、 蒸腾速率(Tr)、 气孔导度(Gs)、 光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、 捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中超过QA的其他电子受体的概率(0)、 用于电子传递的量子产额(E0)逐渐降低,放氧复合体活性(Vk)和用于热耗散的量子比率(D0)不断增加; 叶片中Na+含量增加,K+、 Ca2+和K+/Na+水平降低。高浓度(300 mmol/L)NaCl胁迫下,甘薯幼苗的正常生理代谢受到显著抑制。适当增加外源ABA浓度,能够显著缓解NaCl胁迫造成的伤害作用,以ABA浓度为70 mol/L的缓解效果最好。【结论】外源ABA可显著促进盐胁迫下甘薯幼苗生根,维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化程度,调节植物细胞的渗透和离子动态平衡,使甘薯幼苗叶片维持较高的Fv/Fm、 0、 E0和较低的Vk、 D0,缓解PSⅡ光抑制的程度,改善植物的光合作用,提高植物的耐盐性。因此,喷施70 mol/L ABA是缓解NaCl胁迫效应,提高甘薯幼苗耐盐性的一种有效方法。     

Invertase inhibitors from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas): purification and biochemical characterization

Two proteinaceous invertase inhibitors, designated ITI-L and ITI-R, were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. ITI-L was purified from acetone powder of sweet potato leaves through sequential steps entailing buffer extraction, acid treatment, DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography, and Sephacryl S-100 gel filtration. ITI-R was purified from sweet potato tuberous roots by sequentially applying buffer extraction, Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography, DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-200, and Superose 12 gel filtration. The optimal pHs for interaction between ITI-L and ITI-R and acid invertase from sweet potato leaves were 5.5 and 5.0, respectively. The molecular masses of ITI-L and ITI-R were 10 and 22 kDa, respectively, as estimated by both gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. Both inhibitors were thermostable (90% of the activity remained after incubation at 100 degrees C for 20 min), and Western blotting showed them to be immunologically related.