修正内梅罗指数法和模糊综合评判法在凤凰镇地下水水质评价中的应用

[目的]采用不同的评价方法,评价陕西省南部凤凰镇地下水水质,为该古镇水土保持工作的进一步开展提供科学依据。[方法]以凤凰镇2015年10月枯水期水质监测数据为基础,选取总硬度和硫酸盐等11个水质评价指标,分别采用单指标评价法、综合指标评价法、常规及修正内梅罗污染指数法及模糊综合评判法进行地下水水质评价。[结果]对各种评判方法的具体运用过程进行了全面介绍。结果显示,5种方法评价的水质类型有一定的出入,但通过对比分析认为常规、修正内梅罗水污染指数法和糊综合评判法在凤凰镇水质评价中具有较好的适用性。[结论]模糊综合评判法评价结果更加真实可靠,更能准确评价凤凰镇地下水水质。     

甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地的土壤特性

[目的] 对甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区内沼泽湿地土壤的理化性质进行了研究,以期揭示保护区内沼泽湿地土壤特性以及湿地土壤在湿地中的作用,为保护区的湿地保护提供参考。[方法] 在保护区内选择6处典型的沼泽湿地,采用随机法对土壤进行分层取样。根据国家标准对各沼泽湿地土壤的孔性特征、水分特征和养分特征进行了测定。[结果] ①随着土层深度的增加,各沼泽湿地土壤容重逐渐增大,土壤孔隙逐渐减小,土壤通气度逐渐减小。榆林河水脑和大德尔吉湿地土壤的各项孔性指标的测定结果均优于其他各沼泽湿地。②随着土层深度的增加,各沼泽湿地土壤水分特征指标均逐渐下降。榆林河水脑和大德尔吉湿地土壤的各项水分特征指标的测定结果均优于其他各沼泽湿地。③随着土层深度的增加,各沼泽湿地土壤养分含量均呈现下降趋势。榆林河水脑沼泽湿地土壤养分含量较高,野马大泉沼泽湿地土壤养分含量最低,其余4处沼泽湿地土壤养分条件相差不大。[结论] 随着土层深度的增加,保护区内各沼泽湿地土壤逐渐变得紧实,土壤孔隙逐渐减小,水分条件逐渐下降,土壤养分含量逐渐降低。其中,榆林河水脑和大德尔吉湿地土壤的土质疏松,通气性较好,并且有着较为优越的水分条件,具有较强的贮蓄水分和涵养水源的能力。而野马大泉湿地能够快速容纳降水并及时下渗,可有效调节径流。榆林河水脑沼泽湿地土壤养分条件最好,而野马大泉沼泽湿地土壤养分条件最差。保护区沼泽湿地土壤环境整体呈碱性。     

2013-2017年延河水质变化及其影响因素

[目的]分析延河水质变化趋势及其主要影响因素,为延河水质状况评估和水污染防治提供科学依据。[方法]应用Pearson相关性原理,构建适用于延河水质评价分析的指标体系,在此基础上对延河2013-2017年283组水质监测数据进行统计分析。[结果]2013-2017年延河水质的内梅罗指数逐年上升,水质状况逐年下降;延河水质变化中,氨氮在评价指标体系中的贡献率逐年增大,2017年已经达到38.7%,远超其他污染物。改善延河水质,氨氮的总量控制和治理会是重中之重。[结论]①在满足科学性、合理性的前提下,采用由氨氮、总磷、石油类、化学需氧量这4个因子组成指标体系,可以使水质评价工作简化,操作性更强。②改善水源的生态补给状况同时控制入河污染物总量是延河生态发展的必由之路。     

2016—2021年黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征及其成因

[目的] 分析黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征,揭示水质污染状况及成因,为该流域内生态文明建设和水环境治理提供科学依据。[方法] 基于黄土高原马莲河干流2016—2021年甘肃省庆阳市境内5个断面水质逐月监测数据,结合单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法对水质进行评价,利用线性趋势法对水质演变趋势进行分析。[结果] ①2016—2021年庆阳市境内马莲河水质整体较差,属于Ⅴ类水范畴,综合污染指数较高,主要污染因子为高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷、氟化物及六价铬,下游水质优于上游。②庆阳市境内马莲河干流水质季节变化特征显著,综合表现为夏、秋季优于春、冬季。具体表现为秋季最优,冬季最差。[结论] 2016年以来,庆阳市境内马莲河水质趋势稳定向好,尤其是2017年以后,向好趋势表现明显;受入境水质及流域地质条件影响,马莲河水污染治理任务依然任重而道远。     

浑太河流域水环境质量综合分析与评价

以浑太河流域为研究对象,选取流域88个监测站点,在2009,2010,2012年对河流高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮、总磷等9项指标进行监测,并对河流水质的时空异质性进行了分析。选择高锰酸盐指数、总氮、氨氮和总磷作为主要评价因子,采用单因子和综合水质标识指数法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价。结果表明,水质因子具有明显的时空异质性。单因子评价结果表明,非汛期总氮和氨氮为主要污染物,汛期总磷和总氮为主要污染物,非汛期的水质状况较汛期好,说明非点源是造成其污染的主要原因。河流水质综合评价中,小汤河上游、太子河南支、太子河北支所有点位的水质评价结果均为最好。所有站点中,海城河的支流（五道里河、运梁河、南沙河下游）区域的水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象。研究结果对指导浑太河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征研究

为了对大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征进行评价,在大凌河中游段设置10个水质监测断面。基于不同时期(丰、平、枯)氨氮、pH、电导率、总氮、总磷的水质断面监测数据,应用综合水质标识指数法,对大凌河中游水体污染季节性变化特征进行评价,并识别主要污染源。此外结合上、下断面监测数据对大凌河中游水体污染沿程变化进行分析。结果表明:丰水期,大凌河中游水体总体评价为II类水标准,轻度污染,在枯水期,水体呈现中度污染,总体达到III类水质标准,但水体pH全年可稳定在6.12~7.49,对水生生物的生长较为适宜;生活污染排放是大凌河中游主要污染源,主要污染指标为氨氮;从上游到下游监测断面,水体沿程污染指数逐步加重。     

2014-2017年赣江上游稀土矿区典型流域水质污染变化及成因

[目的] 分析赣江上游稀土矿区典型流域水质的时空分布特征,揭示水质污染状况和成因,为该流域的水环境治理提供理论依据和数据支撑。[方法] 采用2014-2017年赣江上游桃江流域10个监测断面的6项水质指标,运用描述性统计分析、水污染指数法、相关性分析等方法分析该流域水质污染现状及其成因。[结果] ①桃江流域各监测断面不同水文时期的污染状况均存在差异,以氨氮含量的时空差异最为明显。②水污染指数评价结果表明水质类别为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类所占比例分别为55%和29%,龙头滩断面的水质状况最差,以劣Ⅴ类为主。[结论] 水质污染成因解析揭示出氨氮为桃江流域最主要的污染物,降雨对流域内水环境的影响较大,农业活动和以稀土采选为主的工业活动是造成水环境污染的重要人为活动。     

川中丘陵区典型小流域治理对地表水水质的影响

为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。     

基于水功能区的湖北省农业非点源污染控制区划

农业非点源污染已成为区域水质恶化的主要原因,有针对性地按照国家和地区对不同水功能区的水环境质量标准的要求划分农业非点源污染控制区,可以使非点源污染的控制更有效率.以湖北省103个县域为对象,以水功能区要求为基础,采用ArcGIS分析法确定县域水环境质量标准,在此基础上,采用水质污染指数法及内梅罗指数法解析各县域单元的污染类型及敏感性,最终划定研究区农业非点源污染控制分区.结果表明：1）湖北省可划分为Ⅱ类水质保护区的县域单元29个,划分为Ⅲ类水质保护区的县域单元74个;2）Ⅱ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为3类,主要为单一污染源污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为不敏感、轻度敏感及中度敏感;3）Ⅲ类水质保护区污染类型可划分为7类,主要污染类型为单一污染源污染和混合污染,敏感区可划分为3类,分别为轻度、中度及重度敏感;4）农业非点源污染控制区可划分为3个级别,包括2个一级控制分区,6个二级控制分区,23个三级控制分区.区划结果可为湖北省农业非点源污染管理和防治提供参考.     

辽河流域水环境质量评价

在水环境质量评价中引入能够综合考虑不确定性因子的模糊集和贝叶斯理论,构建客观、真实反映河流水质状况的综合评价模型,进而构建水环境质量贝叶斯-三角模糊数评价模型。选取总磷、氨氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量等辽河干流段5个断面的水质评价因子,综合评价辽河干流段水环境质量状况。研究表明:辽河干流福德店、法库、新民、盘锦、六间房断面的水质区间分别为[3.316,3.365]、[3.122,3.180]、[3.277,3.195]、[3.430,3.426]、[3.405,3.471],均为[3,4]区间的Ⅲ类水质;断面水质优劣排序为法库<新民<福德店<盘锦<六间房;基于综合污染指数法和贝叶斯-三角模糊数模型的断面水质优劣排序情况基本保持一致,除法库河段外,其它断面水质评价结果保持一致;综合考虑先验信息的评价模型,能够更加系统、客观的表征水质状况。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.