福建梅花山自然保护区土壤特性及其垂直分布规律

梅花山地处中亚热带地区,基带土壤为红壤,从下而上依次分布着红壤,黄红壤和黄壤.此外,在一些千米以上的山间谷地,尚有零星的山地草甸土和沼泽土分布.各类土壤的性质均表现有一定的地带性特征.随着土壤类型的垂直地带性变化,其性质也表现较明显的地理分异规律.     

戴云山土壤腐殖质的初步研究

土壤腐殖质的含量和性质是反映土壤发生学的重要特征之一。前人工作表明,土壤腐殖质的性状具有明显的地带性变异规律,随着土壤类型的水平或垂直地带的依次更迭,其腐殖质的组成和特性也发生相应的、有规律的变化[1-3]。     

桂东南容县地质灾害发育与时空分布特征

[目的]掌握广西壮族自治区容县地质灾害的发育状况,为地质灾害的防治规划和监测预警提供科学依据。[方法]基于10a余的详查资料,运用统计分析方法,深入探讨地质灾害的发育与时空分布特征。[结果]地质灾害有滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡和泥石流4种类型,数量百分率分别为40.57%,26.87%,32.30%和0.26%,规模以小型为主。致灾体多为表层残坡积土,滑坡以牵引式为主,崩塌以滑移式与牵引式为主,不稳定斜坡有坡面局部崩塌型、坡面冲蚀型、高陡型。地质灾害受局地强降雨与台风降雨影响显著,在6—8月集中发生,稍滞后于降雨,具有夏汛突发的特点。地质灾害地域分布呈全县整体分散而部分乡镇高密度聚集的特点,主要发育于低山丘陵地貌区和块状坚硬花岗岩岩组区。沿地质构造带呈局部线状分布,但受地质构造的影响不大。[结论]容县地质灾害发育与分布主要受岩土体类型、降雨与人类工程活动影响。     

试论黄土区旱地土壤水资源的地带性与非地带性

土壤水资源是干旱半干旱地区重要的水资源之一。本文主要以天然草地深层土壤含水量为基础,明确了土壤水资源的地带与非地带性概念,分析了黄土区埋地土壤水分资源的地带性与非地带性分异规律。指出,在相似的植被及地形条件下,黄土高原土壤深层水分从面向北和从东向西逐渐降低以及从山顶到坡脚逐渐增大,表面出水平和垂直地带性分异规律。在相似的土壤水资源带内,土地类型、坡度及坡向等地形因素导致土壤水分的局地分异,即土壤水     

典型泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对坡面侵蚀的影响

[目的]揭示泥石流小流域降雨和土地利用对流域内坡面侵蚀的影响和作用,为泥石流的生态治理提供科学依据。[方法]以白龙江流域一级支沟——甘家沟泥石流小流域为研究区,基于该流域已建的5个径流小区(裸地、坡耕地、草地、土坎梯田、经济林地)连续5年的观测资料,利用K-均值聚类法,选择降雨量(P)、降雨历时(D)和最大30 min降雨强度(I₃₀)3个降雨指标,将该流域46次侵蚀性降雨事件划分为3类雨型(Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型),以平均径流系数和平均土壤流失量为主要指标,定量化分析了不同降雨雨型和土地利用类型对坡面产流产沙的影响和作用。[结果]径流和土壤流失对降雨的响应存在差异,平均径流系数为Ⅰ型降雨最高,其次为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ型降雨;土壤流失量为Ⅱ型降雨>Ⅰ型降雨>Ⅲ型降雨。最大30 min降雨强度与5种土地利用类型的径流系数和土壤流失量的正相关性最高,其次为降雨量、降雨历时。5种土地利用类型的平均径流系数为裸地>经济林地>坡耕地>草地>土坎梯田,土壤流失量为裸地>坡耕地>经济林地>草地>土坎梯田。降雨和土地利用相互作用下,径流...     

川西高原的岩土体的冻融破坏类型及其灾害效应

[目的]探明川西高原冻融过程对岩土体的破坏类型、成因机制及其产生的灾害效应。[方法]通过对川西高原道孚县全县境内的地质灾害详细调查,对冻融破坏类型进行了室内统计分析,并在此基础上总结了冻融过程所产生的灾害效应。[结果]提出了冻融过程产生"剥皮效应"、滑坡的"浅表层效应"及泥石流物源的"碎化效应";发现川西高原上的泥石流流体携带块石含量较少且粒径多小于1m,其成灾模式多以於埋破坏为主;县境内约70%的滑体厚度小于20 m滑坡,多以浅层小规模为主,危害相对较小。[结论]道孚县境内发育的泥石流具有相对较弱的冲击力,防治时应以疏导工程为主;道孚县境内发育的滑坡具有规模相对小的特点,且易在冰雪融水或降雨作用下产生滑动,地表排水对其稳定性的维持极为重要。     

中巴公路奥依塔克-布伦口段高寒山区泥石流特征

[目的]掌握高寒山区泥石流的空间发育特征,进而分析泥石流的诱发机制及危害程度。[方法]以实地调查为基础,对中巴公路"三高"(高寒、高海拔、高烈度)地区泥石流分布特征、诱发机制进行研究。[结果]该区晚近构造活跃,岩体结构破碎,节理裂隙发育,再加上地处高寒山区,受气候影响,岩体冻融剥落,从而为泥石流的爆发创造物源条件。此外,天山独特的构造特征,山顶存在数百米厚的砂卵石层,保证了物源的补给速率。同时,高陡的地形提供了足够的运动势能,从而集中降水和融雪作用成为泥石流暴发的直接诱因,散粒体因侵蚀揭底、坍塌堵塞、溃决形成泥石流。[结论]高寒山区泥石流的形成主要受气候、地形地貌、水力以及地质条件的影响。较普通降雨型泥石流有较大差异,高寒山区泥石流具有明显的高原特性,在物源、水源和地形条件上均有体现。     

云南省贡山县“5·25”暴雨诱发地质灾害的特征与形成机制

[目的] 查明2020年5月25日云南省贡山县“5·25”强降雨诱发地质灾害的发育分布特征、形成机制及发展趋势，为该县地质灾害防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。[方法] 基于灾后应急排查一手资料，在系统收集区域地质及降雨资料的基础上，对其灾害过程开展了深入分析与研究。[结果] 贡山县“5·25”群发性地质灾害以滑坡和泥石流为主，规模多为小型，主要沿怒江两岸公路沿线分布，滑坡多以浅表层为主，泥石流多以土力类泥石流启动模式为主，地质灾害表现出典型的高位远程及链式灾害特征，滑坡或崩塌发生后进入沟道转化为泥石流的现象极为普遍。[结论] 贡山县地质灾害调查评价中需充分考虑高位地质灾害的排查，同时科学评估地质灾害引发的链式效应及其影响区范围；由于境内植被覆盖率较高，泥石流发生后会携带大量的漂木冲出，在沟道狭窄处或沟口桥涵处易形成堵塞，对泥石流的瞬时流量会起到放大作用而翻越沟道造成灾害。泥石流防治工程设计中要充分考虑堵塞系数取值的合理性。建议对贡山县城开展大比例尺地质灾害风险调查与评价，将评价结果与国土空间规划有机融合，从源头上对地质灾害风险进行管控，同时提高县城后山已有泥石流防治工程设防等级和标准。     

中国冰川泥石流的一些特征

本文重点阐述中国近期冰川泥石流的区域分布、发育条件与类型特征。中国的冰川泥石流主要分布在东经102°以西、现代冰川急剧消退的10多座山系中,其中海洋型冰川区泥石流最发育,亚大陆型冰川区泥石流次之,极大陆型冰川区泥石流最弱。按成因划分泥石流类型有冰雪消融型、冰雪融水与雨水混合型及冰湖溃决型。泥石流的发生率与规模,也以海洋型冰川区泥石流为大,如西藏古乡泥石流1964年发生85次,最大流量2.86万立方米/秒。     

黄河河口-龙门区间降雨时空分布特征及其与流域产沙的关系

[目的]揭示黄土高原典型多沙粗沙区河口—龙门区间降雨时空分布特征及其与流域产沙的关系,为区域水土保持规划的制定提供科学依据。[方法]基于降雨和产沙模数资料,采用泰森多边形加权变差系数法、K-means聚类分析以及线性回归分析,系统研究河口—龙门区间降雨和产沙的空间变异规律。[结果] 1959—2015年期间,河龙区间汛期降雨和汛期降雨侵蚀力具有相同的空间分布特征,但是汛期降雨侵蚀力表现出更强的空间变异性,两者在年内和年际时间尺度上分别表现出相同的空间分布特征,并且具有纬度地带性(p0.01)。汛期降雨和汛期降雨侵蚀力在支流尺度上的空间变异性差异不大,具有同增同减的变化趋势。[结论] 1959—2015年期间,水土流失大规模治理以前,河口—龙门区间流域产沙主要受降雨的影响(p0.01),水土流失治理以后,流域产沙量锐减,降雨和流域产沙模数无显著相关关系。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

The abundance of heterocystous blue-green algae in rice soils and inocula used for application in rice fields

Summary Algal populations were quantified (as colony-forming units [CFU] per square centimetre) in 102 samples of rice soils from the Philippines, India, Malaysia and Portugal, and in 22 samples of soil-based inocula from four countries. Heterocystous blue-green algae (BGA) were present in all samples. Nostoc was the dominant genus in most samples, followed by Anabaena and Calothrix. In soils, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 1.0 × 10² to 8.0 × 10⁶ CFU/cm² (median 6.4 × 10⁴) and comprised, on average, 9% of the total CFU of algae. Their abundance was positively correlated with the pH and the available P content of the soils. In soil-based inocula, heterocystous BGA occurred at densities ranging from 4.6 × 10⁴ to 2.8 × 10⁷ CFU/g dw (dry weight), comprising only a moderate fraction (average 13%) of the total algae. In most soils, the density of indigenous N₂-fixing BGA was usually higher than that attained by applying recommended rates of soil-based inoculum. Whereas research on the practical utilization of BGA has been mostly directed towards inoculation with foreign strains, our results suggest that attention should also be given to agricultural practices that enhance the growth of indigenous strains already adapted to local environmental conditions.Maître de Recherches ORSTOM (France), Visiting Scientist at IRRI