镇江下蜀黄土的稀土元素地球化学特征研究

稀土元素(REE)作为示踪元素在各种岩石的成因、物源、演化及形成环境等方面均具有重要意义。对镇江大港下蜀黄土-古土壤剖面中稀土元素含量和分布特征的研究结果表明:镇江下蜀黄土-古土壤剖面∑REE变化于193.7~214.9μg g-1之间,平均值为207.7μg g-1。下蜀黄土REE绝对丰度明显高于黄土高原黄土,这主要是由于下蜀黄土中粘粒组分含量较高,对REE特别是轻稀土元素(LREE)产生较强的吸附作用造成的。镇江下蜀黄土和黄土高原黄土的REE特征参数及配分模式具有很好的相似性,它们均与上陆壳(UCC)具有相近的REE组成;下蜀黄土剖面不同时代样品的REE分布模式几乎完全一致。这些特征为下蜀黄土的“风成说”提供了新的地球化学证据,并揭示了下蜀黄土的物质来源区可能是一个广泛而开放的空间范围,下蜀黄土粉尘颗粒在搬运过程中经过了高度的混合。镇江下蜀黄土的稀土元素特征主要继承了原始物质的特征,粉尘物质堆积后虽经过较强的风化成土作用,轻重稀土间的分馏强于黄土高原黄土,但总体来说化学风化对REE的分馏作用并不十分显著,古土壤层与黄土层样品的REE组成差异不大,没有产生明显的Ce和Eu再分馏。     

不同形态河谷沉积物中稀土元素的粒径分布特征

稀土元素（REE）作为一种重要的土壤侵蚀示踪元素，明确其含量随土壤颗粒粒径的变化特征，对准确量化土壤侵蚀速率具有重要意义。本研究基于Samonova等采样测定的不同粒径范围（<1、1~10、10~50、50~250和250~1 000 μm）土壤/沉积物颗粒中的REE含量，分析了俄罗斯普罗特瓦河左岸河谷形态（“U”和“V”形谷）、地貌部位（坡面、沟坡/沟壁、沟道底部和洪积扇）、侵蚀（坡面、沟坡/沟壁）和沉积（沟道底部和洪积扇）环境对土壤/沉积物REE含量、富集系数等的影响。结果表明：（1）“U”和“V”形谷四类地貌下，轻稀土（LREE）、重稀土（HREE）和总稀土（?REE）含量均随颗粒粒径变粗呈降低趋势。在相同地貌部位，“U”形谷细颗粒中（<50 μm）中LREE、HREE和?REE含量较“V”形谷分别低14.6%~24.7%、10.0%~33.5%和14.2%~21.1%。（2）无论河谷形态和地貌部位，LREE和HREE均明显富集在细颗粒中，尤其是“V”形谷，LREE和HREE主要富集在<10 μm的颗粒中。（3）对比侵蚀和沉积区，“U”和“V”形谷沉积区细颗粒中LREE和HREE的富集程度均显著（P<0.05）大于侵蚀区。可见，无论河谷形态、地貌部位和侵蚀沉积区，REE均主要富集在细颗粒中；但河谷形态和侵蚀、沉积对REE含量的粒径分布有重要影响。     

昆山绰墩古土壤粒度特征及母质判别

自第四纪晚期以来,来自黄土高原的粉尘在风力作用下不断向东南扩张,在长江中下游地区形成了下蜀黄土。太湖流域的部分水稻土就是在下蜀黄土之上发育的。本文对绰墩古土壤的粒度组成特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明,绰墩古土壤<5μm粘粒、5~10μm细粉砂和10~50μm粗粉砂组分平均含量分别为22.89%、22.96%和63.52%,其中10~50μm粗粉砂组分为众数粒组。>50μm砂粒平均含量仅为5.10%。绰墩古土壤粒度组成与镇江下蜀黄土粒度组成具高度相关性(r=0.97)。根据粒度分析,我们初步认定绰墩古土壤母质为下蜀黄土。     

李家岗下蜀黄土剖面的反射光谱研究

采用色度学方法,系统研究了下蜀黄土典型剖面的反射光谱特征。结合磁化率、微量元素Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ的含量和比值,讨论了色度参数的古气候意义,初步把下蜀黄土形成以来的古气候划分为３个波动旋回。下蜀黄土和黄土高原色度参数的对比,揭示了长江中下游地区更强的化学风化作用和成壤强度。     

下蜀黄土中记录的氧同位素3阶段(MIS3)特殊暖湿现象

下蜀黄土在第四纪古气候研究上具有独有的区位特征,对南京李家岗下蜀黄土剖面上部的近20m进行野外观察和室内研究,划分出5层黄土和5层古土壤,按5cm间距采集了Rb/Sr、色度、磁化率和粒度样品,并在剖面和可追索的相邻剖面上采集了12个光释光测年样品。通过气候代用指标与深海氧同位素及古里雅冰芯、马兰黄土等的对比,结合光释光测年,对南京李家岗下蜀黄土进行气候地层划分,对比结果将下蜀黄土划分出分别相当于MIS2～MIS5的4个气候旋回。气候意义的分析表明,各代用指标具有良好的可对比性,显示了氧同位素3阶段明显的特殊暖湿特征,并且其所反映的气候变化过程和强度与青藏高原及西部黄土具有明显的差异。     

下蜀黄土组成特征研究

本文研究了下蜀黄土的颗粒、矿物和化学组成,并对下蜀黄土的成因作一初步探讨。研究表明,下蜀黄土物质组成以粉砂和粘粒为主,并存有一定量的>0.25mm粗颗粒;粗颗粒中重矿物含量很少,轻矿物以石英、长石为主;粘粒矿物以水云母为主;伴有绿泥石、蛭石、高岭石、2:1/1:1型不规则混层矿物、无定型物质、氧化铁(针铁矿、赤铁矿)和石英,矿物结晶较差。下蜀黄土存在较弱的脱硅富铝化作用(SiO₂/Al₂O₃为3.29±0.19),且有东南部高于西北部趋势。     

红壤性水稻土稀土元素组分分布与变异性研究

测定了具有代表性的 4种母质发育、3种水育型的红壤性水稻土及起源土壤的∑REE、∑LREE和∑HREE ,分析了其分布特点和剖面变异性 ,表明 :(1)红壤性水稻土的∑REE平均水平和离散性均大于全国水稻土平均水平 :(2 )不同母质发育的供试土壤的∑REE和∑LREE的平均水平依玄武岩母质土壤系列 >石英闪长岩母质土壤系列 >黑云母花岗岩母质土壤系列 >凝灰岩母质土壤系列顺序递减 ;(3 )土壤剖面稀土组分体系的变异程度为 :∑LREE >∑HREE >∑REE ;而在不同水育类型上则依起源土壤、潜育型水稻土、渗育型水稻土、潴育型水稻土顺序增大。 (4 )∑LREE和∑HREE在渗育型水稻土的E层和潴育型水稻土的Br层具有显著的分馏作用     

雷州半岛玄武岩母质土壤剖面稀土元素分布及其与常量元素、粒度的关系

对雷州半岛玄武岩母质土壤剖面稀土元素地球化学特征进行了研究,结果表明:土壤剖面中稀土元素的分布既受母岩的控制,又叠加了风化成壤作用的影响,∑REE和δEu对母岩有明显的继承性,风化成壤作用则导致REE在剖面上部富集以及土壤中Ce的显著正异常,并造成轻、重稀土之间发生一定的分馏(以轻稀土富集为主要特征),但轻稀土或重稀土内部未出现明显的分异;∑REE与Fe2O3含量呈极显著负相关,可能与风化成土过程中铁氧化物结晶程度提高,富含REE的无定形铁含量降低有关;∑REE与P2O5、MnO则呈极显著正相关,应当是由于剖面中含有较多的赋存REE的磷酸盐矿物和锰氧化物矿物所致;∑REE与黏粒组分(尤其是<1μm的组分)呈极显著正相关,表明风化成壤过程中黏土矿物含量增加所导致的对REE的吸附效应是造成该区REE富集的重要原因,其中黏粒对轻稀土元素的吸附更为明显。     

不同区域稻田土壤复合体有机碳分配及δ~(13)C特征

选取位于5个不同区域(吉林龙井、河南封丘、浙江慈溪、江西进贤和海南海口)的代表性稻田,对其土壤复合体有机碳分配及δ13C特征进行了研究。结果表明,不同区域稻田土壤中各粒级复合体含量(质量百分比)变化主要体现在<2μm和>50μm粒级部分。南方稻田0-20 cm土层中<2μm复合体含量较20-40 cm土层低,而北方稻田0-20 cm土层则较20-40 cm土层高。稻田0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层中,<50μm各粒级土壤复合体有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致;>50μm复合体有机碳含量则在稻田20-40 cm土层中出现急剧下降,显著低于表层。农田土壤有机碳主要集中在<10μm复合体中。气候条件、耕作制度和起源土壤对农田土壤复合体有机碳分配有显著影响,其中稻田耕作环境更有利于表层粗有机体的累积。不同区域稻田0-20 cm土层中,土壤复合体粒级越小,其有机碳δ13C值越高,碳库活性越低;而20-40 cm稻田土层中复合体有机碳库活性则并非严格遵循粗粒活性高于细粒的规律,在>50μm粗粒复合体中表现尤为明显。     

新疆博乐黄土磁化率特征及影响因素

博乐地区地处西风区,是新疆黄土的重要分布区之一。选择该区一个厚为11 m的黄土剖面作为研究对象,测试与分析了磁化率、粒度、TOC、CaCO(3%)等指标。结果显示,磁化率的平均值远远低于黄土高原典型黄土的磁化率值,磁化率的变化过程也同黄土高原典型黄土相反;粒度组成以粗粉砂(63~10μm)为主,粘土(<5μm)、细粉砂(5~10μm)和砂(>63μm)含量较少。相关性分析结果显示粘土和细粉砂与磁化率呈现较明显的负相关关系,而砂含量对磁化率的影响最为显著,分析其原因可能与沉积物的来源有关;由于TOC含量很少,对磁性矿物的生成和阻碍其老化方面贡献较小,再加上TOC自身的磁性也极其微弱,所以对磁化率的影响较小;CaCO3含量与磁化率相关关系不显著。由此可见,该区黄土沉积物磁化率影响因素较为复杂,进一步表明在该区如果用磁化率作为气候代用指标来恢复和重建古气候、古环境时需要更多的结合其它气候代用指标,多指标分析和合成解释其结果可能更可靠准确。     

洞庭湖地区红土微量与稀土元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

Trace element (TE) and rare earth element (REE) contents in red soils from the Dongting Lake area of China were determined to understanding the provenance and weathering characteristics of the red soils. The results showed similar REE distribution patterns among red soils from the Dongting Lake area, Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang, loess and the Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau. These patterns implied a similar provenance from dust-storms, except for red soil R5 which formed by bedrock weathering and had significant light REE (LREE) enrichment and heavy REE (HREE) depletion due to longer weathering periods and higher intensity of weathering. Trace element, especially the Rb/Sr and Li/Ba ratios, and REE, especially the LREE/HREE ratio and δEu could trace weathering intensity. Higher Rb/Sr, Li/Ba, and LREE/ HREE ratios and negative Eu anomalies were present in the red soil from the Dongting Lake area. The weathering intensity was in the decreasing order of R5 in the Dongting Lake area > red soil from the Dongting Lake area (including reticulate red soil, weak reticulate red soil, and homogeneous red soil formed by dust storms) > Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang > Loess-paleosol and Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau. Variations in the TE and REE contents of soil could be effectively used to study the provenance and the weathering intensity.     

安徽郎溪黄棕色土—红土二元结构土壤剖面的成因与长江流域第四纪晚期古气候演变

安徽宣郎广一带,黄棕色土-红土二元结构地貌十分常见。本文在郎溪选择了一个典型的黄棕色土-红土剖面,进行粒度组成和元素地球化学性状的研究,结果表明:(1)研究剖面上部黄棕色土的粒度组成和元素地球化学特征,与宣城、九江黄棕色土和镇江下蜀黄土十分一致,说明研究区域的黄棕色土确实与长江流域广泛分布的下蜀黄土同源。郎溪剖面粒度和元素地球化学特征的变化较均匀,尤其黄棕色土→埋藏红土(包括均质红土和网纹红土)间呈连续过渡,无沉积间断,表明埋藏红土的物源与黄棕色土和下蜀黄土相似,具典型的风积成因特性。(2)与黄棕色土相比,埋藏红土粒径偏细,风化成土作用显著增强。从埋藏红土逐渐过渡到黄棕色土,反映的可能是长江流域晚更新世初期,末次间冰期结束、末次冰期开始时的一次重大的古气候演变事件,但仍需确凿的年代学证据。     

江西九江泰和第四纪红土成因的比较研究

通过对江西九江和泰和第四纪红土的形成环境、粒度组成、稀土元素地球化学特性和石英微形态特征的研究，探讨两地第四纪红土的成因。结果表明：地处红黄土交接带的九江地区的第四纪红土，具有与下蜀黄土相似的风成特性，系风积成因；而位于吉泰古盆地的泰和地区的第四纪红土，具明显的冲积相特征，应为河流冲积成因。     

Influence of fertilization and organic amendments on organic‐carbon fractions in Heilu soil on the loess plateau of China

The influence of fertilization on organic‐carbon fractions separated by density and particle size in Heilu soil (Calcic Kastanozems, FAO) was investigated in a 20‐year (1979–1999) long‐term experiment on the Loess Plateau of China. Compared to an unfertilized treatment, N application alone did not increase total organic carbon (TOC) and its fractions of density and particle size. However, the treatment of N + P fertilization significantly increased salty‐solution–soluble organic carbon (SSOC), microbial biomass C (MB‐C), and organic C associated with fine silt. When manure was applied alone and in combination with N and P fertilizer, the light fraction of organic C (LFOC), SSOC, and MB‐C were increased significantly, and the TOC was as high as that of a native Heilu soil. Organic C associated with different particle‐size fractions was also increased significantly, and the allocation of C among the fractions was altered: the proportions of C in sand (>50 μm), coarse‐silt (20–50 μm), and fine‐clay (<0.2 μm) fractions were increased whereas fine‐silt (2–20 μm) and coarse‐clay (0.2–2 μm) fractions were decreased. It is concluded that N fertilizer alone is not capable of restoring organic‐matter content in the Heilu soils of the Loess Plateau and that C‐containing material like manure and straw is necessary to produce significant increase in soil organic carbon in these soils.     

中国南方金衢盆地红土多元成因的粒度证据

Six typical red clay profiles were sampled from Tangxi (TX),Langyaz (LYZ),South Shangshanwen (SSW),Xianqiao (XQ),Qijian (QJ) and Huhaitang (HHT) of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin,Zhejiang Province of China to evaluate the characteristics of grain size composition,distribution and parameters of red clays and to reveal the origin of red clays and interpret possible implications for paleoclimate in subtropical China.The results showed that red clays in TX,LYZ and SSW were fine and uniform,with no>2mm gravels and little>63μm fraction.They had a high content of 10–50μm fraction,so-called"basic dust fraction",and showed unimodal distributions,which were very comparable to those of the Xiashu Loess in southeastern China and the loess in North China.All these features reflected marked aeolian characteristics of the red clays in these areas.Red clays in XQ and QJ were much coarser than those in TX,LYZ and SSW,with high contents of >63μm fraction and even containing>2 mm gravels in some layers.The grain size distribution patterns showed significantly progressive trends from the lower profile to the upmost layer and could not be compared with those of the loess in North China or the Xiashu Loess,implying they might be derived from underlying parent rocks and had some inherited properties from bedrock.Red clays in HHT had high contents of>63μm fraction and contain many >2mm gravels in each layer.The grain size frequency curves showed multiple-peaks and some abrupt variations were also observed on the profile,revealing its alluvial or diluvial origin in HHT.The multiple origins of red clays reflected the diversity and complexity of the Quaternary environment in South China.It can be concluded that grain size is an efective proxy indicator for the origin of most deposits.     

安徽省南部第四纪红色粘土的成因

The particle-size distribution,heavy mineral constituents and rare earth elements(REE) characteristics of the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province were studied to explore the origin of the clay.The results showed that the clay had some properties of areolian deposits,which could be compared with,those of the loess in North China ;and its chondrite-normalized curves of REE were similar to those of the Xiashu loess implying tha they shared the same orighin.It was concluded in combination with the results rported by other researchers that the Quaternary red clay of southern Anhui Province originated from aolian deposts, and this could reveal the cycles of warm and cold climates in the area during the Quaternary period.     

Sedimentary aggregates in the Peoria Loess of Nebraska, USA

Loess grain size data used to infer transport direction or wind strength are generally derived from vigorously disaggregated samples. However, these data may not adequately represent the effective particle size distribution during loess transport, if the transported dust contained aggregates of fine-grained material. Thin sections of minimally altered C and BC horizons in the late Pleistocene Peoria Loess of Nebraska, USA, indicate the presence of aggregates with diameters of 30–1000 μm. The larger aggregates (>250 μm) are unlikely to have been transported, and are interpreted as the result of soil faunal activity and other pedogenic processes after deposition. Aggregates smaller than 250 μm could have a similar origin, but laser diffraction particle size analysis suggests that many are sedimentary particles. Comparison of minimally and fully dispersed particle size distributions from each sampling site was used to estimate the modal diameter of aggregates. The aggregate modal diameter becomes finer with decreasing loess thickness, representing increasing distance from the source. A similar trend was observed in the modal diameter of fully dispersed particle size distributions, which represents the mode of sand and silt transported as individual grains. We interpret both trends as the result of sorting during transport, supporting the interpretation that many of the aggregates were transported rather than formed in place. Aggregate content appears to increase with distance from the source, explaining a much more rapid downwind increase in clay content than would be expected if clay were transported as particles smaller than 2 μm diameter. Although the Peoria Loess of Nebraska contains sedimentary aggregates, many of the coarse silt and sand grains in this loess were transported as primary particles, were thoroughly exposed to sunlight and are potentially well suited for luminescence dating.     

黄土丘陵区植被恢复中不同粒级土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

对黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分布特征及其对植被恢复的响应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区不同植被覆盖条件下,土壤有机碳的分布具有一定的表聚性,0~20 cm土层中有机碳的含量均高于20~40 cm中有机碳的含量,不同植被群落下有机碳的含量大小为:大针茅群落>长芒草群落>铁杆蒿群落>百里香群落;(2)同一深度土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳的分布特征是:0.5~0.25 mm与1~0.5 mm两个粒级中有机碳的含量最高,>1 mm的团聚体中有机碳的含量有随粒级增大而减小的趋势;(3)恢复年限对不同粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳的含量影响很大,有机碳的含量随恢复年限的增加总体呈上升趋势。黄土高原沟壑区土壤有机碳的积累与土壤团聚体的粒级和植被恢复的类型、年限等有明显的关系。