南疆阿拉尔垦区海岛棉耗水规律研究

通过对7个海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化分析研究,结果表明,不同品种各生育期土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量存在极显著差异。所有品种土壤含水量在不同土层的变化趋势基本一致,呈现出“Z”字型的规律性变化。即随土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,80～100 cm土层土壤含水量又升高。含水量最高的土层是0～20 cm,最低的土层是60～80 cm。这种规律性变化与棉花生长特点、根系的发育特点以及吸收特点有关。534I、Z181、新海21是节水型品种,能够较充分地利用有限的灌溉水,在干旱半干旱地区具有强大的优势。     

不同海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化研究

通过对5个海岛棉品种土壤水分动态变化分析研究,结果表明,不同海岛棉品种各生育期土壤含水量、土壤蓄水量以及水分利用效率存在差异。含水量最高的土层是80~100 cm,最低的是0~20 cm。这种规律性变化与棉花根系的发育特点、吸收特点有关。新海21是节水型品种,能够较充分的利用有限的灌溉水,在干旱半干旱地区具有强大的优势。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种土壤水分动态变化研究

对紫花苜蓿品种西香和会宁不同刈次和不同深度土壤含水量测定结果表明,在不同刈次,引进种土壤含水量明显小于当地种;不同深度土壤含水量引进种西香明显小于当地品种会宁,且多数表现为高—低—高"V"字型变化。但在60～80cm,80～100cm土层,土壤含水量变化有所波动。这种规律性变化与引进种根系强大、有较强的生长势与生长量以及外界降水有关。引进种能吸收深层土壤的水分,且有较强的增产潜力和抗旱能力。     

膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分动态变化研究

通过系统观察不同土壤类型棉花土壤水分动态变化规律，研究膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分的变化，以有效地提高棉花产量和水分利用效率。结果表明：膜下滴灌棉花土壤含水量呈现规律性的变化：在黏土地上，土壤含水量的变化趋势近似于抛物线，0～20cm土壤含水量最低，随土层深度增加，土壤含水量逐渐增加，至60-80cm达最大，随后又降低。而在沙土地，土壤含水量的变化趋势与黏土地相反。这种变化与土壤的理化、生物学特性以及棉花根系的生长发育有关。不同土壤类型膜下滴灌棉花产量、总耗水量及水分利用效率存在明显差异。     

高海拔地区樱桃园土壤水分变化特征分析

为给樱桃园土壤水分管理提供依据,2018年对云南省曲靖市马龙区某樱桃园的土壤水分变化进行了监测,探究樱桃园土壤水分变化特征。结果表明:1)樱桃生育期内,土壤含水量随土层深度增加而增加;生育前期(发芽、开花期)土壤含水量变化幅度较小,生育后期(幼果、硬核、成熟期)的变化幅度相对较大。2)浅层土壤(20 cm、40 cm)含水量变化幅度较大,而深层土壤(60 cm、80 cm)含水量趋于稳定,即随土层深度增加,土壤含水量变化幅度减小。3)土层间土壤含水量的相关性随土层间距增大而减弱;相邻土层间(20 cm和40 cm土层)土壤含水量相关性较好,相关系数为0.92;40 cm土层的含水量变化趋势最能代表0～80 cm土层土壤含水量变化特征。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同年限机修梯田土壤水分变化规律研究

以黄土丘陵沟壑区永和县2013年、2015年和2016年机修梯田为研究对象,对不同年限机械梯田的土壤含水量垂直动态变化及土壤蓄水效益进行了测定分析。结果表明:不同年限机修梯田在不同深度土层的土壤含水量变化幅度差异较大,含水量最大变幅出现在坡耕地0-20 cm土层;不同年限机修梯田不同深度土层土壤含水量变化规律与降水量的季节性变化趋势相同,趋势线形状呈现出倒"V"形,峰值均出现在7月下旬;0-20 cm和40-60 cm土层,2013年的机修梯田储水能力优于2016年的机修梯田,且不同年限机修梯田的储水能力均不同程度地高于坡耕地;在相同土层深度,2013年的机修梯田土壤含水量稳定性优于2015年和2016年的机修梯田,且不同年限机修梯田的土壤含水量稳定性均不同程度高于坡耕地;不同年限机修梯田,随土层深度增加,降水和其他气象因素对土壤含水量的作用减弱;0-20 cm、0-40 cm和0-60 cm的土壤蓄水能力,2013年的机修梯田最高,2016年的机修梯田较低。     

青海省刚察县吉尔孟地区不同厚度土壤水分研究

通过土壤含水量测定,对青海湖西部天然草地不同厚度土壤含水量等问题进行了研究.结果表明,吉尔孟厚土层和薄土层土壤含水量均呈现随深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势.在相同土壤厚度条件下,低草地土壤含水量比高草地含水量高.在植被相同条件下,厚土层含水量比薄土层的含水量高.草地厚土层在80 cm深度出现土壤干层,指示当地的土壤下部水分不足.30 cm厚度的薄土层高草地和30 cm厚度的薄土层低草地分别在21和24 cm出现了含水量低于11％的干化现象.厚土层上部30 cm含水量比30 cm厚度的薄土层含水量高12.4％.吉尔孟土壤水分的突出特点是上部含水量高,说明该区土壤水分具有在上部聚集的特点,这是该区土壤冻结期较长和蒸发及蒸腾较少造成的,土壤水分在上部聚集对草原植被生长是有利的.由于该区土壤下部水分不足,该区应该发展耐旱牧草和其他耗水较少的草原植被,不适于发展深根系耗水较多的植被.     

毛乌素沙地南缘灌丛沙丘土壤水分与粒度特征研究

土壤水分与土壤粒度是影响灌丛沙丘植被与沙丘演变的重要因子.通过对毛乌素沙地南缘典型灌丛沙丘土壤粒度以及4月、7月的土壤水分的测定.揭示了沙丘各部位土层土壤含水量的时空变化特征与粒度分布规律:由于是降雨1 h后采样,丘间地与丘顶0-10 cm土层7月土壤含水量均随深度变化骤减.丘间地自表层至70 cm深度范围的土层,受植被、降雨、太阳辐射等外界环境因子影响较大.丘顶四月表层被灌木老枝覆盖,从一定程度上抑制丘顶0-30 cm土层土壤水分的蒸发,同时增加粗糙度,降低下垫面起沙起尘率,从而为维持水分平衡、防沙治沙提供手段;30-80 cm间的土层7月土壤含水量较4月土壤含水量丰富,是由于7月正值雨季,雨水下渗土壤含水量较高.风况、植被条件、沙面活动程度决定各部位土壤含水量的变化幅度,根系分布与植被决定沙丘土壤水分的动态变化与拐点出现的土层深度.迎风坡、丘顶、背风坡、丘间地沉积物粒度特征相似,均以细砂为主,垂直结构中细砂、极细砂含量较高,其次为粉砂.黏土、中砂、粗砂、极粗砂含量随土层深度的增加变化不大,极细砂、细砂含量随土层深度增加变化起伏较大.     

陕北黄土区阳坡微地形土壤水分特征研究

采用定点动态监测的方法对陕西省吴起县合沟流域内的阳坡微地形土壤含水量进行了对比研究。结果表明:(1)微地形土壤水分的季节变化滞后于降雨的季节变化,其对土壤含水量的影响旱季大于雨季;(2)在0—180 cm土层中,随着土层深度的增加,微地形土壤含水量呈增加的趋势,变异系数减小;(3)微地形不同土层的土壤含水量具有差异,在0—20 cm土层,所有微地形土壤含水量均大于对照坡面,土壤含水量呈现:缓台>塌陷>切沟>陡坎>浅沟;20—80 cm土层土壤含水量则表现为:切沟>缓台>塌陷>陡坎>浅沟>坡面;80—180 cm土层中,土壤含水量最大的是缓台,坡面、浅沟、切沟土壤含水量相差不多,陡坎土壤含水量比坡面略小,塌陷土壤含水量最小。     

聚丙烯酰胺对沙化草场土壤水分的影响

研究了施用不同剂量的聚丙烯酰胺后,0-20 cm土层的土壤含水量、不同天气情况下的土壤含水量以及观测期始末土壤含水量的变化,结果表明:几种处理中,施用剂量为75 kg/hm~2的处理土壤含水量最高;观测后期与观测前期比较以75 kg/hm~2处理土壤含水量相差最小;10—20 cm土层土壤含水量降幅小于0—10 cm土层。     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Leaf position and genotype differences for mineral element concentrations in sorghum grown on tropical acid soil 1

Mineral element deficiencies and toxicities are common problems associated with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production on acid soils. To better understand some of the mineral element problems and the analysis of plant tissue of sorghum plants grown on acid soils, four sorghum genotypes were grown on an acid Oxisol at Carimagua, Colombia limed with dolomite at 2 and 6 Mg ha^‐1.

Samples for mineral element analyses were obtained from leaves at different positions on the four genotypes. Concentrations of P and Mg were highest in the flag leaf (Leaf No. 1) and decreased as the position on the plant declined from the top of the plant for plants grown at 2 Mg lime ha^‐1. Similar decreases in P, Mg, K, and Zn concentrations occurred in plants grown with 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. Concentrations of Ca, S, Si, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Al increased as leaf position declined from the flag leaf for plants grown at 2 and 6 Mg lime ha^‐1. The higher lime supply enhanced Ca and reduced Mn and Fe concentrations in leaves. Differences in mineral element concentrations for the four genotypes used were fairly extensive. The elements to show the greatest range among genotypes were Al and Si and the elements to show the least range among genotypes were P, K, and S. Care should be used in collecting leaf samples for plant analysis and genotypic differences for accumulation of mineral elements should be considered in interpretation of results.