氮磷养分胁迫下小麦幼苗期生物学响应研究

为了阐明小麦苗期耐低氮、低磷胁迫的生物学响应特征,以矮抗58品种为试验材料,采用水培试验法研究了小麦在不同营养环境中(全营养、低氮胁迫、低磷胁迫)的地上部生物学特性(地上部干重、株高、叶面积)、根系形态学特性(最大根长、总根数、根系总长度、根系干重和根冠比)和根系生理特性(根系活力、根系吸收面积),以及小麦苗期氮、磷素吸收与根系形态之间的关系。结果表明,在低氮和低磷胁迫下,小麦的株高、叶面积、茎叶干重、含氮量、根系干重、总根长、总根数及根冠比均明显降低,其中低磷胁迫下根系干重、总根长及根冠比的下降幅度大于低氮胁迫,低氮下最大根长的增加幅度较低磷增加7.3%;在低磷条件下小麦的含氮量下降了57.7%。低氮、低磷胁迫下小麦根系的总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力均明显降低;正常条件下的小麦氮、磷素吸收量与根系形态指标之间相关性较差,在低氮和低磷条件下小麦的氮、磷吸收量与根系干重、总根长、总吸收面积、活性吸收面积及根系活力呈极显著正相关。总之,该小麦品种根系对低磷环境反应较为敏感,而对低氮胁迫具有较好的适应性,小麦通过改变根系形态增加对低氮、磷胁迫的适应。     

玉米苗期根系对氮胁迫反应的配合力分析

研究利用7个玉米自交系,采用NC-Ⅱ设计,分析了玉米苗期根系性状对氮胁迫反应的配合力及遗传参数变化。结果表明,在2个氮水平下,玉米苗期根系性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力都存在显著的基因型差异,而且不同的基因型在氮胁迫下的反应也不尽相同。高氮下,根系性状除轴根长以外均以非加性遗传为主;氮胁迫下,除轴根数以外的根系性状以加性遗传为主。2个氮水平下,根干重、总根长和侧根长的广义遗传力均较高;与高氮处理相比,在低氮胁迫下,根系性状的广义遗传力表现为下降趋势,根干重、总根长和侧根长的狭义遗传力有上升的趋势。     

不同春小麦品种耐低磷性评价及种质筛选

筛选磷高效作物是充分利用土壤磷素和减少磷肥施用量的重要手段。本研究以162份春小麦种质资源为材料,对其苗期的株高、总根长、根表面积等8个指标的耐低磷系数进行分析,采用隶属函数法综合评价春小麦苗期的耐低磷特性,初步筛选耐低磷材料,并进一步进行成株期的耐低磷特性鉴定,筛选出耐低磷材料和磷敏感材料,分析其在低磷下酸性磷酸酶的活性变化。结果表明,低磷胁迫下春小麦材料苗期和成株期的各性状均受到不同程度的影响,并随着胁迫程度的增加,小麦生长受抑制程度增强。通过主成分分析将苗期8个指标转化成4个综合指标(累计贡献率为82.60%),将成株期的10个指标转化为3个综合指标(累计贡献率为83.23%);采用隶属函数法计算耐低磷综合评价值(D)值,对D值进行聚类分析,将苗期的162份春小麦种质资源划分为耐低磷型(10份)、较耐低磷型(26份)、低磷较敏感型(91份)、低磷敏感型(35份)4类。选取耐低磷型材料(5份)和低磷敏感型材料(4份),进一步进行成株期鉴定,最终筛选1份耐低磷材料wp-35和1份磷敏感材料wp-119。通过分析其酸性磷酸酶活性,发现在低磷胁迫下春小麦根系和叶片中的酸性磷酸酶活性均升高,且耐低磷材料的酸性磷酸酶活性高于磷敏感材料。本研究结果可为解析春小麦耐低磷特性、培育耐低磷品种提供种质资源和理论依据。     

低铁胁迫对玉米苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响

为了揭示不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的差异,为玉米耐低铁能力的遗传改良提供依据,以耐低铁玉米品种‘正红2号’和不耐低铁玉米品种‘川单418’为材料,采用重度[10μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]、中度[30μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]和轻度[50μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]3种低铁胁迫及对照[100μmol(Fe~(3+))·L~(-1)]的铁营养液处理3叶1心玉米幼苗,分析低铁胁迫对不同耐低铁玉米品种苗期根系生长和铁素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,随着营养液铁浓度降低,两个玉米品种幼苗的根长、根体积、根系活力、干物质、铁含量、铁积累量、相对吸铁能力均显著降低,但根系麦根酸分泌量增多,铁素向地上部转移分配能力增强,铁素的生理效率提高,这是玉米适应低铁胁迫的重要生理机制之一。玉米幼苗的铁素积累量与根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力等根系性状均呈极显著或显著正相关。耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下根长、根体积、根干重、根系活力均较不耐低铁玉米品种高,是其铁素吸收积累量高的重要原因。根系麦根酸分泌量与铁素茎叶分配率呈正相关,铁素茎叶分配率与铁素生理效率呈极显著正相关,增加根系麦根酸的分泌量可在一定程度上提高玉米铁素的茎叶分配率,从而提高铁素生理效率;耐低铁玉米品种在中度和重度低铁胁迫下麦根酸分泌量增幅高于不耐低铁玉米品种,是其铁素生理效率高的主要原因。     

水稻根系生长对不同氮形态响应的动态变化

土壤养分供应变异很大,植物根系生长对这种养分变异的响应非常敏感.为了探索水稻根系生长对N素供应响应的动态变化规律以及这种适应性变化与水稻N效率之间的关系,采用水培方法,以两个苗期不同N效率水稻品种桂单4号和南光为研究材料,比较了不同铵硝比、不同浓度NH4、不同浓度NO3-和不同浓度NH4NO3对水稻根系构型参数的影响.结果表明:NH4 和NH4NO3供应显著降低了总根长、总根表面积和总根体积,且有增加平均根直径的趋势;而NO3-供应在0～1 mmol/L浓度范围内,增加了总根长、总根表面积和总根体积,降低了平均根直径,但当NO3-供应超过1 mmo1/L后,NO3-却有降低总根长、总根表面积和总根体积的趋势,对平均根直径没有明显影响.苗期N高效基因型桂单4号总根长和总根表面积在各种N素营养条件下均显著高于N低效基因型南光.上述结果表明,NH4 和NH4NO3都抑制了水稻根系生长,而NO3-为低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制根系生长,根长和根表面积,对提高水稻N效率贡献较大.     

离体条件下评价二倍体马铃薯(Solanum phureja ×S. stenotomum)耐盐性

为评价马铃薯耐盐性,筛选耐盐种质资源,本研究以164份二倍体马铃薯杂种后代及其亲本为试验材料,进行NaCl胁迫处理,测量盐胁迫和对照条件下杂交后代和亲本的芽长、芽鲜重、芽干重、根长、根鲜重和根干重6个形态指标,然后运用隶属函数分析和聚类分析方法进行综合评价及分类。结果表明,以亲本为对照,比较综合评价D值,筛选出26个耐盐无性系和10个盐敏感无性系;利用6个形态指标和D值分别聚类分析,166个无性系均被分为4个耐盐性不同的类群,表明可以分别利用6个形态指标和D值进行聚类,筛选出在同一类群中共同包含的无性系,提高耐盐评价的精确性;后代无性系根长相对值平均值较高(62.5),且聚类分析后,第一类群和第二类群的根长相对值的差异较小,说明根长不是理想的形态筛选指标,可以考虑用主根数替代根长,作为耐盐筛选的形态指标之一。本研究结果为快速评价大量马铃薯种质资源的耐盐性和马铃薯耐盐育种提供了理论依据和材料基础。     

不同铁效率玉米品种苗期适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异

  【目的】  石灰性土壤高pH和高重碳酸盐含量严重影响土壤中有效铁含量,导致作物缺铁黄化、减产,铁高效玉米品种的推广应用是实现石灰性土壤玉米高产稳产的重要途径。 本研究探讨不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系特征与铁积累差异,旨在为铁高效玉米品种的推广应用提供科学依据。  【方法】  试验以铁高效玉米品种正红2号 (ZH2)、正大619 (ZD619) 和铁低效玉米品种川单418 (CD418)、先玉508 (XY508) 为材料,设置极低铁处理 (Fe0,Fe浓度为0 μmol/L)、低铁处理 (Fe10,Fe浓度为10 μmol/L) 和正常供铁 (Fe100,Fe浓度为100 μmol/L) 3个处理,通过砂培试验,研究不同铁效率玉米品种适应低铁胁迫的根系形态特征、干物质重、铁积累及铁吸收利用差异。  【结果】  低铁胁迫下,玉米幼苗的根干重、单株干重、铁积累量、根系相对铁吸收效率均显著降低,而根冠比与铁素生理效率均显著升高,且随胁迫程度的增加变幅加大;总根长、根表面积、根体积和根直径则表现出明显的品种差异,与正常铁处理 (Fe100)相比,低铁处理下铁低效品种的总根长、根表面积和根体积显著降低,根直径显著增加,而铁高效品种的总根长和根表面积差异不显著,根体积显著增加,根直径在极低铁处理(Fe0)下显著降低,低铁处理 (Fe10)下差异不显著;铁高效品种总根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重、单株干物重、铁积累量和根系铁吸收效率的降幅及根冠比的增幅均明显低于铁低效品种,而铁生理效率的增幅高于铁低效品种。相关性分析结果表明,玉米幼苗铁积累量与总根长、根表面积、根体积和根干重均呈显著正相关,而与根冠比呈负相关,其中与总根长 (R2 = 0.8546) 和根表面积 (R2 = 0.8983) 相关性最强。  【结论】  与铁低效玉米品种相比,铁高效玉米品种低铁胁迫下具有较优的总根长、根表面积及较高的根系铁吸收效率与铁生理效率,促进了其对铁的高效吸收与利用,提高了其对低铁环境的适应能力。     

不同糜子品种对低氮胁迫的生物学响应

采用溶液培养的方法,研究了低氮胁迫下不同糜子品种苗期生物学性状、 氮素吸收利用效率差异及与根系形态生理指标之间的相关关系。 结果表明, 低氮胁迫下,糜子地上部生长受抑程度大于根部,植株氮累积量降低但氮利用效率明显提高。晋黍7号株高、 叶面积、 茎叶干重、 根干重、 总根数、 总吸收面积和活性吸收面积下降幅度在所测试品种中均最小, 其总氮累积量分别是晋黍1号、 晋黍5号、 晋黍8号的1.35、 1.50、 1.39倍,根系氮累积量/总氮量的百分率增加的幅度和地上部氮累积量/总氮量的百分率下降的幅度均最低,分别为9.75% 和 3.47%; 植株氮利用效率比晋黍1号、 晋黍5号、 晋黍8号分别高20.92%、 12.44%、 14.83%。晋黍7号较其他品种更耐低氮胁迫。低氮胁迫下,糜子根系干重、 总根长、 总吸收面积与总氮累积量呈显著线性相关,表明低氮胁迫下,根系形态生理指标对氮素吸收效率起重要作用。     

不同根型水稻的根系可塑性比较研究

为探究不同根型水稻对缺磷和干旱的响应情况,本研究筛选了不同根型的10个典型水稻品种作为试验对象,在水培条件下对其进行低磷和渗透胁迫处理1个月,研究水稻根系的可塑性。结果表明,不同根型水稻对低磷胁迫的响应差异显著,低磷胁迫会特异性地促进深根品种根系的伸长,平均比浅根品种伸长48.78%,同时显著抑制浅根品种根数目的增加,平均比深根品种根数减少24.90%。渗透胁迫对地上部分的抑制作用大于对地下部分的作用,分别减少地上干重和地下干重37.51%和5.73%。水稻对低磷和渗透2种非生物胁迫的响应方式不同,两者交互作用会加剧抑制植株生长。与2种处理叠加相比,低磷胁迫分别增加地上干重、地下干重和最大根长53.31%、54.05%和36.36%,减少根数9.05%;渗透胁迫分别增加地上干重、地下干重、最大根长和根数136.33%、49.19%、5.37%和32.91%。与对照相比,经3种处理的根冠比均显著上升,分别增加57.30%、142.70%、141.01%,但不同根型品种受相同程度胁迫后均倾向于保持近似的根冠比。本研究首次发现深根型水稻品种在低磷环境下特异性伸长根系这一特性,为水稻的营养高效和节水抗旱的研究和育种提供了理论依据。     

马蔺苗期耐镉性分析及鉴定指标筛选

为探讨马蔺苗期耐镉特性,筛选耐镉性快速鉴定指标并建立耐镉性数学评价模型,本研究通过盆栽砂培试验,以16份马蔺种质材料为试验材料,设置5个镉(Cd)浓度处理(0、50、100、200、300mg·kg-1),胁迫40d后测定马蔺种质材料的8项形态和生理指标,即株高(PH)、叶绿素(Chl)含量、地上干重(DWS)、根系干重(DWR)、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量,以各单项指标的耐性指数作为衡量耐镉性的依据,运用主成分分析、隶属函数法分析和逐步回归分析等方法进行综合评价及分类。结果表明,主成分分析将镉胁迫处理下马蔺苗期的8项形态和生理指标转换成3个彼此独立的综合指标;利用隶属函数法对3个综合指标分析,得到不同种质苗期耐镉性综合评价值(D值);通过对D值聚类分析,将16份马蔺种质材料分为3个耐镉群体,其中强耐镉材料6份,中等耐镉材料7份,弱耐镉材料3份;进一步运用逐步回归法建立耐镉性预测回归模型:D=-1.414+1.076DWS+0.744SP+0.266SOD,筛选出显著影响马蔺苗期耐镉能力的3个单项指标(DWS、SOD、SP);ML018、ML019等6份强耐镉材料具有较强的吸收、忍耐和转运能力,可作为Cd污染土壤修复的备选植物。本研究为马蔺种质资源评价及新品种选育奠定了基础。     

酸性磷酸酶活性与大豆耐低磷能力的相关研究

在水培条件下研究了11个南方春大豆地方品种和育成品种对低磷胁迫反应的差异及其与酸性磷酸酶活性（APA）的相关关系。结果表明，不同大豆品种的地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮积累量差异极显著（P＜0.01），表现出品种间耐低磷的差异性。大豆品种地上部干重、根干重、植株全磷和全氮量与APA的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。APA是大豆品种磷效率的一种机制，它可作为耐低磷品种筛选的一个生化指标。     

不同供钾水平对西瓜幼苗生长和根系形态的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究5个供钾水平(0、60 kg.hm 2、240 kg.hm 2、500 kg.hm 2和700 kg.hm 2)下西瓜苗期生长指标和根系形态参数的变化。结果显示:240 kg.hm 2钾浓度下,西瓜幼苗茎鲜重、叶鲜重、茎干重、叶干重、子叶面积、茎粗、株高、根长、比根长、表面积、根体积、根尖数和根平均直径分别比不施钾处理增长46.05%、31.31%、57.56%、29.87%、2.92%、12.71%、37.18%、67.23%、64.00%、64.03%、58.88%、154.11%和6.25%。700 kg.hm 2钾浓度下,西瓜幼苗茎鲜重、叶鲜重、茎干重、叶干重、子叶面积、茎粗和株高比240kg.hm 2钾浓度处理分别降低40.24%、25.31%、36.90%、23.08%、31.09%、9.81%和41.44%。700 kg.hm 2钾肥处理对西瓜幼苗根系生长的抑制作用不明显。所有处理的西瓜幼苗直径≤1.0 mm的根长占总量的90%以上,直径≤0.5 mm的根尖数占总量的98%以上;直径≤2.0 mm的比根长、根体积和根表面积占总量的50%以上;钾素对西瓜幼苗直径≤2.0 mm、2.5 mm<直径≤3.0 mm、3.5 mm<直径≤4.0 mm的根长、比根长、根表面积、根体积影响最明显。由于细根的吸收活力比较强,而西瓜细根所占比例最大,因此缺钾条件下,西瓜幼苗钾营养状况受到的影响较根系生长受到的影响更为严重。适宜的钾浓度有利于西瓜幼苗的生长,提高幼苗的生长质量,促进根系的生长发育,而不施钾和高钾处理会抑制幼苗的生长,但高钾对根系生长的抑制作用不明显。在本试验条件下,综合考虑经济因素,240 kg.hm 2钾肥施用量对西瓜幼苗生长和根系形态建成效果最明显。     

冀东野生大豆(Glycine soja)耐盐碱性鉴定及耐性生理指标测定

为充分利用盐碱地资源,明确野生大豆耐盐碱生理机制,本研究对采集于冀东地区的349份野生大豆种质资源进行耐盐碱性鉴定,测定了高耐材料2010-12和敏感材料2012-34、2012-49在0、100和200 mmol·L^-1盐碱胁迫下的丙二醛、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、电解质外渗率以及脯氨酸代谢关键酶吡咯琳-5-羧酸合成酶(GmP5CS)、吡咯琳-5-羧酸还原酶(GmP5CR)、脯氨酸脱氢酶(GmPDH)及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶19(GsGST19)相关基因的表达量。结果表明,表现耐性等级1级的高耐材料有2份(Yong 2和2010-12),表现耐性等级2级的耐性材料有22份,表现耐性等级3、4、5级的材料各有80、77和161份。与CK相比,高耐野生大豆材料2010-12在盐碱胁迫下脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量显著升高,丙二醛含量及电解质外渗率无显著差异。在高耐盐碱野生大豆材料中,GmP5CS、GmP5CR和GsGST19基因表达量上调,GmPDH基因表达量下调。以上结果表明高耐野生大豆材料在盐碱胁迫下脯氨酸合成通路激活,脯氨酸含量升高,说明脯氨酸在野生大豆对抗盐碱胁迫中发挥重要作用。本研究筛选的高耐盐碱野生大豆材料可为培育耐盐碱栽培大豆提供优异种质。     

SILICON EFFECTS ON THE PARTITIONING OF MINERAL ELEMENTS IN SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS UNDER DROUGHT AND ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) on soybean seedlings under (combined) drought and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation stresses. Specifically, we determined dry matter accumulation and partitioning of the mineral elements in different organs of soybean seedlings using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The amount of dry matter accumulated in root, stem, and leaf of seedlings treated with (combined) drought and UV-B radiation stresses were lower than that of the control. Also, the content of macroelements in seedlings under the combined stress was lower than in those under control conditions. Changes in the contents of microelements varied according to the intensity of drought, UV-B radiation, and the organs of soybean. The relationship between the contents of mineral elements and the accumulation of dry matter also varied similarly. These results demonstrated that drought and UV-B radiation induced an alteration in the distribution of mineral elements in root, stem and leaf, leading to decreases in dry matter accumulation and inhibition of soybean growth.     

低氮胁迫对谷子苗期性状的影响和耐低氮品种的筛选

筛选和培育耐低氮能力强的作物品种,是提高作物氮素利用效率,减少氮肥施用量,降低环境污染的有效措施。本研究以45份谷子品种为试材,采用水培的方法,在低氮(0.1mmol·L~(-1))和正常氮(5mmol·L~(-1))条件下,测定苗高、根长和根数等22个氮效率相关指标,采用综合耐低氮系数法以及基于主成分分析的隶属函数法评价参试谷子品种的耐低氮性。结果表明,与正常氮条件相比,低氮胁迫下,谷子苗期根长、根冠比、地上部氮素生理效率、地下部氮素生理效率、单株氮素生理效率有不同程度提高,其余17个指标都有不同程度降低。两种评价方法均根据45个谷子品种的耐低氮能力将其划分为强耐低氮型、耐低氮型、中间型、较敏感型和敏感型5类。筛选出耐低氮性较强的品种5份,编号分别为11、14、17、35和39。利用GGE双标图对品种-耐低氮相关指标的分析表明,编号39和14的耐低氮品种主要耐低氮性状为地下部干重、地下部鲜重、根长;编号为11、35和17的耐低氮品种主要耐低氮性状为地上部鲜重、叶片数、叶宽、叶长、单株氮累积量、地上部氮累积量、单株干质量、地上部干重、地下部氮累积量、根数、苗高和SPAD。可见不同谷子品种的耐低氮机制存在一定差异,研究结果可为谷子耐低氮品种的选育提供材料基础。     

Evaluation of switchgrass entries for acid soil tolerance

Abstract

Crop and forage yields are significantly reduced by strong soil acidity throughout much of the northeastern United States. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a valuable perennial warm‐season pasture species generally regarded as tolerant to stress conditions, i.e., infertile, dry, or low pH soils; however, switchgrass has not been studied for variability in acid soil tolerance. The objectives of this study were (a) to compare the responses of different switchgrass entries to soil acidity, and (b) to identify selected agribotanical trait response to unlimed (‐L) and limed (+L) soil. Sixteen entries (cultivars, germplasms, and breeding populations) were studied in short‐ and meso‐term experiments. Unlimed (pH 4.9) and limed (pH 5.9) treatments of a sandy loam soil (Typic Dystrochrept) were used in both experiments. Switchgrass seedlings were exceptionally tolerant of soil acidity in the short‐term experiment. In the meso‐term experiment, acid soil stress significantly reduced all agribotanical traits (plant height, leaf area, top weight, and root weight) determined in the study when compared to +L plants. There were significant, positive correlations among the agribotanical traits; however, the effect of ‐L soil was more obvious on root weight and less so on plant height. Entries 922 GST6, 920 AST6, 921 DST6, and 922 BST6 showed superior general adaptability and promising forage production, while cultivars Carthage and PI 142138 were acid soil tolerant with low productivity. Our data suggests that selection for increased acid soil tolerance in switchgrass may be possible and would result in improved productivity of this grass in acid soil environments.     

Responses of Root Growth and Nitrogen Transfer Metabolism to Uniconazole,a Growth Retardant,during the Seedling Stage of Soybean under Relay Strip Intercropping System

Relay strip intercropping of soybean has been widely developed in the southwest of China to secure China's soybean production. However, due to the shading from maize, soybean plants are thin and have a poor root system. Uniconazole is a plant-growth retardant that could enhance root vigor; increase root length, root volume, and root dry weight; and affect nitrogen (N) metabolism. To understand the effects of uniconazole on the root growth and N-transfer metabolism of soybean seedlings under relay strip intercropping, the changes in some morphological characteristics of root, dry-matter weight, root vigor, nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-N, ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N, and amino acid of xylem sap after seed treatment with uniconazole powder (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg^?1 seed) were investigated. Main root length, total lateral root lengths, first lateral root numbers, root nodule numbers, root vigor together with bleeding sap, bleeding sap–top ratio, root dry weight, and root/shoot ratio were increased, indicating uniconazole improved soybean root system in relay strip intercropping. Uniconazole powder treatment could increase NO₃ ^?-N, NH₄ ⁺-N, and total amino acid of xylem sap, to increase the potential of leaf and root N reduction and assimilation, and increase of leaf and root N contents. Thus, results suggested that uniconazole treatment can improve root growth and N transfer mechanism of soybean to support its further growth.     

Changes in total protein profiles of barley cultivars in response to toxic boron concentration

In this study, ten‐day‐old seedlings of barley {Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar Anadolu [boron (B)‐tolerant] and Hamidiye (B‐sensitive)} were used. Boron‐treated plants were grown on H₃BO₃ solution (final concentration of 10 mM) for five days. Control plants received no B treatment during this period. Total protein patterns were obtained by analysis of total protein extract from root and leaf tissues of control and B‐treated plants using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining. The protein profile of B‐treated seedlings of each cultivar was compared to the profile of control (no stress treatment) plants of the same cultivar. Silver‐stained gels showed that B stress caused increases or decreases in a number of proteins in root and leaf tissues. Moreover, as a result of B treatment, one newly synthesized protein with relative molecular weight (M_r) of 35.0 kDa was detected in root profile of the tolerant cultivar. This protein failed to show up in root profile of the B‐treated sensitive cultivar. Three proteins were quantitatively increased in B‐treated root profile of both cultivars. Following B treatment, three proteins were increased in root profile of the tolerant cultivar, but were not changed in the sensitive one. In leaf tissues, however, there were remarkable changes in total protein profiles after B treatment, relative to the control. Following B treatment, in leaf tissues, at least seven proteins were increased in amount in tolerant cultivar but were unchanged in the susceptible one. In tolerant and sensitive cultivars, amounts of two proteins were increased in B‐treated plants, relative to control seedlings. In addition, four proteins (M_r:29, 58, 58, and 22 kDa) were unchanged in control and B‐treated seedlings of the tolerant cultivar. In the susceptible cultivar however, among these four proteins, the first one (M_r:29) was very much reduced and the others (M_r: 58, 58, and 22 kDa) were completely lost in B‐treated seedlings. Moreover, following B treatment, a set of high‐molecular‐weight proteins was quantitatively decreased in the susceptible cultivar but was unchanged in the tolerant cultivar. These results indicate that in barley, certain proteins may be involved in tolerance to B toxicity. In this study, changes in polypeptide composition as a result of B toxic concentration in leaf tissues were more abundant than in roots. Therefore, it is suggested that these changes, especially at shoot level may form the basis of the tolerance mechanism to B toxicity.     

Comparison of water stress effects on growth,leaf water status,and nitrogen fixation activity in tropical pasture legumes siratro and desmodium with soybean

Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum), desmodium (Desmodium intortum), and soybean (Glycine max) were grown in pots with or without irrigation for 20 d at the vegetative growth stage in order to examine the effects of water stress on the leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, biomass production, biological nitrogen fixation, and nitrogen accumulation. Whole plant weight decreased under water stress conditions and the decrease was less pronounced in siratro than in desmodium and soybean. Decrease in total leaf area was the largest and dry matter partition to stem and petioles was the highest in siratro. Decrease in leaf water potential was lower in desmodium and soybean than in siratro. Although water stress decreased biological nitrogen fixation in all the species, the decrease was relatively less pronounced in siratro than in desmodium and soybean. Whole plant nitrogen concentration was higher in siratro than in soybean and desmodium. The results indicated that siratro is more tolerant to water stress than soybean and desmodium. This could be partially attributed to the maintenance of a higher water potential and higher biological nitrogen fixation by siratro under water stress conditions.