Road-deposited sediment, soil and precipitation (RDS) in Bratislava, Slovakia: compositional and spatial assessment of contamination

Background, aim and scope  The urban environment in Bratislava is, in association with rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, significantly influenced by several potential sources of pollution, including automobile exhaust and industry emmissions. Urban road-deposited sediments contain many potentially toxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and also Fe at concentrations much higher than in soil. In this study, the chemical composition and spatial variability of road-deposited sediments in urban area of Bratislava were assessed for the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Fe and Mn. Additional evaluation of archive data for soil, snow and atmospheric dust was undertaken to provide an integrated view on urban environment contamination. Materials and methods  Urban road-deposited sediments (RDS) were collected during summer 2003 and 2004 mainly from major city crossroads. RDS samples were analysed for total metal content, pseudo-total metal content (HNO₃ digestion) and by a sequential extraction method, grain fraction composition and mineralogical composition (X-ray analysis). Metal concentrations in soil and snow samples from urban and non urban city area were compared. Results and discussion  The highest concentrations for all metals were found in the finest RDS fraction (<0.125 mm). Whilst in the fraction <1 mm mean concentrations of Cr, Cu and Pb reached 55.2, 143.8 and 34.4 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, for the fraction <0.125 mm, markedly higher contents of these elements were documented at the level of 86.8, 218.4 and 63.1 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The soil contents of potentially toxic risk elements in the urban area including As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were higher than in the non-urban area (except for Cd with similar contents). This distribution pattern of evaluated chemicals in urban and non-urban area is more evident in the case of winter precipitation (snow). The snow concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in the urban area were two tot five times higher than in non-urban area. Conclusions and recommendations  Monitoring of road-deposited sediments, dust, soil and precipitation has confirmed the significant contamination of the urban environment in Bratislava with potentially toxic elements that can pose a threat for the health of its residents. Future works should be based on analyses of temporal variability of RDS and analyses of organic matter content.     

保定市污灌区土壤的Pb、Cd污染与土壤酶活性关系研究

本文应用一元线性与非线性回归事寻优模型，着重研究了保定市污灌区土壤重金Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ污染与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明，污灌区土壤Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ含量比清灌区有明显的增加，且均高于国内外重点城市的土壤背景值，已接近或达到轻度污染程度。     

Using isotopic tracers in lake sediments to assess atmospheric transport of lead in Eastern Canada

The isotopic composition of lead pollution in the environment provides information as to the source of emission. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio for Canadian industrial emissions (1.153±0.005) is significantly less than U.S. industrial emissions (1.213±0.008) making it possible to determine the relative contributions of emissions from both countries within Eastern North America by means of a simple isotopic mixing model. Profundal sediments in lakes chronicle contaminant inputs and are therefore useful monitors of environmental pollution. Surface sediment from 32 sediment cores across Quebec and Ontario, Canada were analyzed for ²⁰⁶Pb^/207Pb to ascertain the relative proportions of Pb emission from Canada and the U.S.A. Data show that U.S. contributions to the total lead burden in surficial sediments across much of southern Quebec and Ontario are often in excess of 50%. Local sources were particularly important in the Eastern Township region of Quebec which lies 200 km south east of the city of Montreal. The results are discussed in relation to the major sources of industrial lead emissions in North America.     

Lead isotope and trace element composition of urban soils in Mongolia

Lead (Pb) pollution in and around Ulaanbaatar is of national concern, given that the Mongolian capital is home to nearly half of the country’s entire population. By comparison, Mongolian countryside is a pristine environment because of its sparse population and low industrial activity. The concentration of Pb in urban soils (average of 39.1 mg kg^–1) was twice the values found (average 18.6 mg kg^–1) in background territories (i.e., Mongolian rural sites). Furthermore, Pb contamination was examined by using Pb stable isotopic composition, and covariance of Pb isotopic ratios showed two groups between rural and urban soils as pristine and disturbed sites. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio, the most prominent fingerprint for Pb pollution, was 1.163–1.185 for the urban whereas values for rural soils (1.186–1.207) were analogue to the regional Pb isotopic signatures. Local coal sources and their combustion products, one of the potential Pb pollution sources in Ulaanbaatar, have significant radiogenic properties in terms of Pb isotopic composition and revealed an average of 1.25 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and 19.551 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios. Thus, contributions from coal firing activity to Pb pollution lower than it was assumed, and smaller range of these values measured in urban soils may be attributed to the mixing of less radiogenic Pb as a constituent of the leaded gasolines.     

不同城市功能区绿地土壤重金属分布及其生态风险评价

对山东中部某典型城市9个城市功能区64个绿地土壤样品中的Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd 4种重金属元素含量进行了测定,评价了土壤重金属污染特征及其生态风险。结果表明:各功能区绿地表层土壤Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd的平均含量均高于当地自然植被土壤背景值,已表现出富集状态,其中Cd平均含量超标严重;工业区、风景名胜区、商业区和居民区等绿地土壤污染程度居前;单因子污染评价表明,该市绿地土壤中Cu,Zn和Pb已处于潜在污染状态,而Cd已经处于重污染状态;综合污染评价研究表明,处于“中度污染”污染级别的绿地类型有工业绿地、商业区绿地、风景名胜区和居住区绿地,而且苗木生产区和道路绿地也接近“中度污染”级别;潜在生态危害评价表明,该市绿地土壤处于轻微生态风险,但Cd潜在生态危害指数已经处于中等生态风险;土壤中Cu-Zn,Cu-Cd,Pb-Cd显著相关,Cu-Pb,Zn-Cd极显著相关,重金属之间存在一定复合污染现象,表明这些重金属元素的来源可能相同。该市绿地土壤Cd污染的防治应该引起重视。     

西安市文教区地表粉尘中Pb,Cd及其同位素污染特征和风险评价

地表粉尘中重金属对人体的健康有着重要影响。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱-质谱法(ICP-MS)对西安市文教区地表粉尘中的重金属Pb和Cd的季节含量进行了测定。采用地质累积指数法分析了重金属的污染特征,并采用健康风险评价法对各污染源进行了风险评价。结果表明,西安市文教区地表粉尘中Pb和Cd的含量大部分超过陕西省土壤背景值,地质累积指数范围大部分小于1,属于无污染或轻度污染。而冬季地表粉尘中重金属污染高于其它季节,其中冬季地表粉尘中重金属Pb的区域受污染程度顺序为:东郊>西郊>北郊≈南郊,Cd的含量区域差别顺序为:东郊>南郊>北郊>西郊,在重金属Pb和Cd的3种同位素中,²⁰⁷Pb和¹¹²Cd的含量最高。Pb和Cd的日均暴露剂量最大的途径是经口误食,其中镉对人体健康的危害远高于铅。     

大同市城区公园表层土壤重金属污染特征和健康风险及来源解析

【目的】为了解大同市城区公园表层土壤中重金属污染特征、健康风险和污染来源。【方法】于2021年4月在大同市7个公园共采集54个0～10 cm表层土壤样品,测定铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、钴（Co）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）含量,利用地累积污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和健康风险评价模型评价土壤重金属污染程度,并采用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型解析重金属污染来源及其贡献率。【结果】大同市公园表层土壤中9种重金属含量均高于山西省A层土壤背景值。其中,所调查的公园土壤中As、Cd和Pb含量分别是土壤背景值的2.27、18.93和2.77倍。文瀛湖公园表层土壤重金属污染最严重,其次是御河公园,Cd是主要污染因子。Mn对成人和儿童造成的非致癌健康风险最大,其次是As和Cr;经呼吸吸入途径造成的非致癌健康风险高于经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径。【结论】大同市各公园表层土壤中重金属对成人造成的非致癌健康风险指数均在可接受范围内,而对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险指数均远大于1.0,存在非致癌风险。Co对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康风险指数均大于1×10-4,存在致癌风险。...     

南宁市郊部分菜区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价

对南宁市郊 1 2个主要菜区土壤和蔬菜中重金属 ( Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)含量调查和分析测定 ,采用重金属污染单因子评价方法对土壤重金属污染状况进行评价 ,以国家规定的蔬菜卫生标准评价蔬菜重金属污染状况 ,结果表明 :南宁市郊部分蔬菜区土壤不同程度地受到了 Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb的污染 ,依次是 :Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu;蔬菜中 Cd、 Pb积累较 Cu、 Zn高 ,供试点中大部分蔬菜 Cd、 Pb含量超出了国家规定的蔬菜卫生标准     

上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。     

Trace metals in sediments and aquatic plants from the Xiangjiang River, China

Purpose

The metal concentrations and Pb isotopic composition in sediments and plants from the Xiangjiang River, China, were investigated to understand the contamination and potential toxicity of metals in sediments; to determine the accumulation and distribution of metals in plant tissues; and to trace the possible pollution source of Pb in sediments and plants.

Materials and methods

Sediments and plants were collected from 43 sampling sites in the study region. After sediments were air-dried and passed through a 63-??m sieve, they were acid-digested and DTPA-extracted for determination of total and bioavailable metals. The plants were separated into roots, leaves, and stems; dried; cut into pieces; and digested with HNO₃?CH₂O₂. Metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and Pb isotopic composition were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.

Results and discussion

Maximum As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in sediments were 47.18, 55.81, 129.5, 161.6, 160.4, 430.7, and 1,098.8?mg?kg^?1, respectively. The bioavailable fractions of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn had significant linear relationship with their corresponding total contents in sediments while no significant relationship was observed between bioavailable and total contents of Cr and Ni. In general, plant tissues showed higher As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations and lower Cr and Ni concentrations compared with sediments. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios decreased in the order of total > bioavailable > stems ?? leaves > roots. A strong linear correlation was observed between the ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios of the plant tissues, sediments, and the possible pollution sources of Pb in the Xiangjiang River.

Conclusions

As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn demonstrated higher contamination levels in sediments and plants compared with Cr and Ni. Cd had highest potential ecological risk. The Pb from anthropogenic sources with low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios was preferentially associated with the bioavailable fractions in sediments and accumulated in roots. The Pb in plant tissues is mainly derived from the Pb in sediment and is taken up through the sediment-to-root pathway.     

Hydrogenic heavy metal pollution of alluvial soils in the city of Perm

The differences in the sources and compositions of the pollutants among the alluvial soils within the city of Perm were revealed. Heavy metal pollution of hydrogenic origin is caused by unpurified sewage water. The main source of pollution of the urbanozems and replantozems of the city is the aerial input of heavy metals. The lead content in the alluvial soils of the city was twice lower and the mean Zn and Ni contents were 1.5 and 4.0 times higher than in the urbanozems and replantozems, respectively. The concentrations of Sr, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr did not correlate positively with the content of clay particles in the fine earth of the alluvial soils. The higher pollution of the light-textured soils showed that, nowadays, its main source was sewage water but not sludge. In the alluvial soils, small Fe-rohrensteins are formed. They serve as microgeochemical barriers for some part of the microelements. The Pb and Zn contents in the rohrensteins of the soils of the Las’va river basin reached 440 and 890 mg/kg, respectively. In the upper horizon of this soil, the contents of Pb and Zn in the rohrensteins were 42 and 17% of their concentration in the fine earth, respectively.     

Heavy Metal Uptake by Rape

Abstract

In pot experiments, the effect of single and combined pollution of soil by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) and uptake of heavy metals in Brassica napus L. were investigated. There were two main factors that affected the assimilation of Pb, Cd, and Zn by rape: (i) level of soil pollution by the particular element and (ii) the combined influence of Pb, Cd, and Zn. In general, with the increase of the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in the soil, there were increases in the concentrations of those elements in the roots, stems, and seeds. The main part of the Pb and Zn amounts taken up by the roots from the soil are fixed and accumulated in the roots, and small amounts of them move through the conductive system to the seeds. Cadmium moves relatively easily from root to stem and is accumulated in higher concentrations in the top of the plant.

There is a well‐expressed synergistic interaction between Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, as well as of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Zinc has a highly depressing effect on the assimilation of Cd²⁺, as does Pb²⁺ on the assimilation of Zn²⁺. The combined pollution by Pb, Cd, and Zn stimulated the assimilation of these elements by the roots and foliage and eliminated the effect of Zn²⁺ on Cd²⁺ and of Pb²⁺ on Zn²⁺.     

苏州市不同区域水稻籽粒重金属积累特征与健康风险评价

以苏州市7个县市的水稻籽粒为研究对象,在2006年采集的449份水稻籽粒样品的基础上,分析了稻米中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr和Zn的积累特征,并评价了样品的健康风险。结果显示,苏州市水稻籽粒重金属积累平均含量均不超标,但水稻籽粒Pb存在29．49％的样点超标率,Cu、Cd和Cr的超标样点一般在4个以下。单因子污染指数评价结果显示,水稻籽粒重金属元素污染指数高低顺序为Pb＞Cr＞Cu、Zn＞Cd,其中昆山和吴江水稻籽粒受到Pb的轻度污染。综合污染指数评价表明,水稻籽粒重金属污染处于警戒线级别,且水稻籽粒的污染是由于Pb的积累量较高引起的,其中太仓和张家港两市水稻籽粒属于安全等级,昆山、吴中、相城和常熟处于警戒线等级,吴江风险较高。暴露风险评价结果显示,研究区存在水稻籽粒Cr暴露风险,而水稻籽粒Pb仅在个别县市暴露风险高,整体风险并不高。     

Heavy metal tolerance of nematode-trapping fungi in lead-polluted soils

A study was conducted to establish whether the diversity of nematode-trapping fungi in Pb-polluted soils increases or decreases with increasing degree of soil contamination, and whether the fungi from polluted soils exhibit higher tolerance to Pb toxicity than those from unpolluted soils. Five genera containing 28 nematode-trapping fungi were recorded in total from five collection sites highly contaminated by Pb, with the concentration ranging from 306 to 4907 mg kg⁻¹. These fungi fell into seven groups according to their trapping mechanisms. In this area, the most frequent group was the net former of which 16 species were recorded and its occurrence frequency (61.15%) was higher than those of the others. Fungal diversity of NTF was slightly positively correlated with the Pb pollution levels (r = 0.29), which suggested the distribution of nematode-trapping fungi was not restricted by the heavy metal at these sites. The mycelial growth of nematode-trapping fungi which derived from either Pb-polluted soils or from unpolluted soils was completely inhibited by 1.8 mmol of Pb. At the Pb concentration of 1.2 mmol, the inhibition growth rates varied between 18.50 and 22.57% and there was no significant difference in the Pb tolerance of nematode-trapping fungi as to whether the strains derived from Pb pollution soils or unpolluted soils.     

某铅锌冶炼厂废弃地复垦整理区土壤重金属污染评价

对贵州省六盘水市某铅锌冶炼厂废弃地复垦整理区土壤中重金属Cu，Zn，Pb，Ni，Cd，Cr，Hg，As以及土壤部分理化性质进行了测定和分析，对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明：废弃地上堆放的铅锌冶炼矿渣中除Cu，Cr，Hg的含量较低、污染指数小于1之外，Zn，Pb，Ni，Cd，As的含量很高，其单项污染指数分别为2．95，45．14，1．00，10．67，50．41，综合污染指数高达36．98，属于剧烈污染源。项目区土壤综合污染指数在0．77～1．99之间；综合污染指数小于1的未受重金属污染的土壤占总样品数的50．00％，而综合污染指数〉1．00但没有超过2．00的样品数占总样品数的50．00％，说明项目区仅有部分土壤遭受重金属的轻度污染。采用适当的复垦整理、改良技术和合理的利用方式，可以促使该废弃地恢复农业生产能力。     

Heavy metal pollution by long range atmospheric transport in natural soils of Southern Norway

Natural surface soils in Southern Norway are strongly contaminated by metals from atmospheric deposition. Except from local pollution with Cu, Ni and to a limited extent Pb around the town of Kristiansand, this large-scale contamination can be ascribed to long-range atmospheric transport from other parts of Europe. Zinc, As, Cu, and Pb are all found in excessive concentrations in the surface layer of natural soils throughout the region, and in particular within a zone of about 20 to 40 km from the coast. In this zone the elements appear at the following concentrations or higher in the A₀ layer (typical levels in other parts of Norway little affected by air pollution in parantheses): Zn, 120(30) mg kg^?1; As, 4(0.5) mg kg^?1; Cd, 2(0.2) mg kg^?1; Pb, 160(15) mg kg^?1. Possible harmful effects to soil biological processes of this contamination cannot be excluded.     

Anthropogenic environmental impact in the Mediterranean coastal area of Koper/Capodistria,Slovenia

Purpose

Heavy metal content in soils could be a consequence of geogenic and different anthropogenic sources. In ancient times, soils in the Mediterranean region were affected by agriculture and viticulture, whereas more recently, industry and traffic might contribute more to their pollution. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of multisource heavy metal pollution in soils within the Koper area.

Materials and methods

Along the northern Adriatic Sea coast, around the port city of Koper/Capodistria, 24 topsoil samples were collected; sets of six samples representing four possible pollution sources: intensive agriculture, viticulture, port activities and industry. The parent material of the soil is mainly derived from the Eocene flysch weathered marls and calcarenites and the soil types are eutric. The chemical composition of the samples was determined by ICP-ES for oxides and several minor elements and by ICP-MS for heavy metals. The mineral composition of the selected samples was checked using X-ray powder diffraction. Different statistical analyses were performed on the normally distributed data.

Results and discussion

The mean concentrations of all samples are: Cr 215 mg kg^?1, Ni 81 mg kg^?1, Zn 67 mg kg^?1, Cu 44 mg kg^?1 and Pb and Co 18 mg kg^?1. The ANOVA showed significant differences only in CaO, C/TOT, P₂O₅, Co and Pb between those locations within reach of the different contamination sources. The observed average values of heavy metals are well below Slovenia’s Directive limit for Cu, Pb and Zn, close to but not above it for Co and above the action value for Cr and Ni. According to Igeo, soils from all the sampling locations are uncontaminated with Co, Ni and Pb, and uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Cu and Zn at one port location, and with Cr at all locations.

Conclusions

The very high Cr and Ni levels could still be geogenic because soils developed on Eocene flysch rocks are enriched in both metals. Cr and Ni are not correlated because of their different levels of sorption and retention in carbonate soils. Cr was retained and concentrated in the sand fraction but Ni has been mobilised in solution. The only serious threat to the environment seems to be an illegal waste dumping area near the port.     

XRF光谱法研究城市工业区的土壤环境污染

利用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对某城市工业区周围的土壤环境进行了研究.根据对土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、S、N、P 9种元素含量,土壤的pH值以及TOC的测定和利用内梅罗综合污染评价指数法对重金属污染评价的结果,表明工业区电池厂的生产活动是土壤环境污染的主要因素,建立了重金属Pb与土壤性质间的回归预测模型,提出了造成土壤环境污染的原因.且XRE法是对土壤重金属检测和污染评价的快速有效的方法.     

广东大宝山矿区土壤重金属污染

Soil contamination in the vicinity of the Dabaoshan Mine, Guangdong Province, China, was studied through determi- nation of total concentrations and chemical speciation of the toxic metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that over the past decades, the environmental pollution was caused by a combination of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, with tailings and acid mine drainage being the main pollution sources affecting soils. Significantly higher levels （P ≤ 0.05） of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were found in the tailings as compared with paddy, garden, and control soils, with averages of 1486, 2516, 6.42, and 429 mg kg^-1, respectively. These metals were continuously dispersed downstream from the tallings and waste waters, and therefore their concentrations in the paddy soils were as high as 567, 1 140, 2.48, and 191 mg kg^-1, respectively, being significantly higher （P ≤ 0.05） as compared with those in the garden soils. The results of sequential extraction of the above metals from all the soil types showed that the residual fraction was the dominant form. However, the amounts of metals that were bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter were relatively higher than those bound to carbonates or those that existed in exchangeable forms. As metals could be transformed from an inert state to an active state, the potential environmental risk due to these metals would increase with time.     

Heavy metal levels in earthworms of a forest ecosystem influenced by traffic and air pollution

Soils of a forest ecosystem in Berlin (West) are highly polluted by Pb and less polluted by Cd and Cu. Pb levels in earthworm species depend primarily on soil type and only secondarily on the distance from a highway crossing the forest. The dominating species Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena octaedra show different body burdens especially of Cd. Liming the forest soils decreases the Pb concentrations significantly. Only in D. octaedra has body weight been found to be related to Pb; Pb has been increased from 50 mg kg^–1 in small to 250 mg kg^–1 in large specimens; Cu has been regulated at a more or less constant absolute level (about 0.4 pg per specimen). This species obviously regulates or accumulates the three metals in different ways. Centipedes as predators of earthworms in the sites show markedly less pollution of Pb and Cd (about 2.5 and 0.6 mg kg^–1) than the worms, but higher concentrations of the essential Cu (about 40 mg kg^–1). The use of earthworms as indicators of heavy metal pollution should take into account the biology of the various species, the soil type, the type and amount of organic matter as well as chemical parameters such as pH value or basic anions.