不同土地利用类型下土壤-作物砷的积累特征及其健康风险分析

以菜地、稻田、果园、旱地等4种典型土地利用为研究对象,通过413个土壤和对应作物样品的测试分析,探讨了研究区不同土地利用方式下土壤及其种植作物的As积累特征和对人体的健康风险。结果表明,稻田土壤As含量在5.69～148.5 mg kg-1,积累程度最高;果园土壤As含量在3.29～24.7 mg kg-1积累程度最低。研究区各土地利用类型下土壤As变异系数均在0.5以上,为中等变异性,各样点之间土壤As含量变化较大。研究区不同土地利用方式下,作物As含量差异较大,油料作物As平均含量最高达2.15 mg kg-1,旱地谷物和水果As含量均值最低,均为0.032 mg kg-1。根据研究区作物As的富集系数进行聚类分析,将研究区作物划分为4类,油料作物富集系数最高可划分为第1类,水稻划分为第2类,叶菜类蔬菜划分第3类,而富集系数较低的水果、瓜果类蔬菜、豆荚类蔬菜、根菜类蔬菜和谷物划分为第4类。依据JECFA推荐的ADI值和研究区居民膳食结构进行计算,结果表明研究区不同土地利用类型土壤As对人体健康的风险为稻田>菜地>旱地>果园,尤其是稻田土壤As对人体健康的风险较大,因水稻食用导致的居民As摄入量高达0.0043mg人-1d-1,已面临较大的健康风险,应采取积极措施对研究区作物的种植结构进行调整,并对土壤As污染的区域进行治理和修复。     

不同土地利用类型下土壤-作物铅的积累特征及其健康风险分析

潜在有毒污染物对人体的暴露及其健康风险是当前环境研究中的一个主要问题,重金属Pb对人体具有较大毒性,为此通过对研究区菜地、稻田、果园、旱地、茶园等5种典型土地利用类型402个土壤和同步采集的作物样品的测试分析,探讨了不同土地利用方式对土壤及其种植作物Pb积累的影响。研究结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,土壤Pb积累的程度不同,菜地土壤Pb积累程度最高,果园土壤Pb积累程度最低。方差分析结果表明,菜地土壤与茶园、果园土壤之间,茶园土壤与菜地、稻田、旱地土壤之间Pb含量存在显著差异性。研究区不同土地利用方式对作物Pb积累的影响较大,水稻Pb平均含量最高,水果Pb平均含量最低。不同作物之间Pb含量也存在显著性差异,水稻Pb含量显著高于其他4种作物,水果和蔬菜Pb含量则远低于其他3种作物。利用定性风险分析技术,对不同土地利用类型下土壤Pb对人体健康的风险商值进行了计算。结果表明,不同土地类型土壤Pb对人体健康的风险商值为稻田〉菜地〉旱地〉果园,尤其是稻田和菜地土壤Pb对人体健康的风险较大,均存在土壤Pb含量对人体健康造成危害、处于不可接受的样点,居民面临较大健康风险,应采取积极措施对这两种土地利用类型下土壤Pb污染进行治理和修复。     

广州石化工业区周边农业土壤重金属污染现状与潜在生态风险评价

采集广州石化工业区周边包括菜地、果园和林地表层土壤(0~20 cm),分析土壤Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的含量,利用污染指数和潜在生态风险指数评价了土壤污染状况和潜在生态风险。结果表明,土壤Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的含量分别为158.6 mg kg-1(19.6~386.1 mg kg-1),33.6 mg kg-1(3.6~294.3 mg kg-1),67.1 mg kg-1(25.4~182.1 mg kg-1),0.22 mg kg-1(0.02~1.00 mg kg-1),0.61 mg kg-1(0.03~2.40 mg kg-1)和4.40 mg kg-1(0.01~15.50 mg kg-1)。参照中国土壤环境质量二级标准,土壤受到了不同程度的Hg、Zn、Cu和Cd的污染,其中Hg污染最为严重;土壤重金属元素的潜在生态危害性为Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>As,其中Hg和Cd是主要的生态风险的贡献因子。不同土地利用方式下土壤污染程度和潜在生态风险均为菜地>果园>林地。     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜铜含量及其健康风险

在桂林地区蔬菜和菜地土壤铜含量进行大规模调查基础上,评价其污染程度,并用THQ评估经食用蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险。结果显示,桂林地区菜地土壤铜含量范围、中值、算术均值和几何均值分别为11.69～348.8mg·kg-1和27.41、34.62、29.43mg·kg-1,与桂林市土壤背景值相比,桂林市菜地土壤铜没有明显的积累;桂林地区蔬菜铜含量范围和平均值分别为0.032～3.530mg·kg-1和0.324mg·kg-1,与其他城市蔬菜铜含量相比,桂林地区蔬菜铜含量处于较低水平,通过蔬菜摄入铜的健康风险小。蔬菜对铜的富集能力以辣椒最高,因而其抗污染能力较差,白菜、包菜和萝卜对铜的富集能力最低。     

上海市崇明岛蔬菜和菜地土壤砷含量及其风险评价

对崇明岛蔬菜和菜地土壤As含量状况进行系统地分析,并筛选出抗As污染能力强的蔬菜品种。研究表明:崇明岛菜地土壤As含量范围和平均含量分别为3.59~47.34 mg kg-1和12.30 mg kg-1,是上海市土壤As背景值(9.1 mg kg-1)的0.39~5.20倍;蔬菜As含量最高达0.123 mg kg-1,平均含量为0.019 mg kg-1,9.52%的样品超过了《食品中砷限量卫生标准》(GB 4810-94)的限量值(0.05 mg kg-1)。空心菜、茄子、黄瓜、南瓜和辣椒抗As污染能力较弱,而番茄、豇豆、卷心菜和芦笋抗As污染能力则较强。运用基因毒物质评价模型对研究区蔬菜As含量进行了风险评价。结果表明,各样点蔬菜As的年健康风险均表现为儿童大于成人,风险值在E-07~E-06 a-1之间,大于部分机构和作者推荐的最大可接受水平。     

复合污染土壤上几种叶类蔬菜对Cd和As的富集效应

[目的]不同蔬菜镉、砷富集系数各异,对镉和砷污染土壤的响应也不同。研究复合污染土壤上不同叶类蔬菜对Cd和As的积累效应,为轻度中度Cd和As污染土壤的合理与安全利用提供适宜的蔬菜种类。[方法]采集了西安市12个污染程度不同的菜地耕层土壤,于2015年3月6日5月26日在西北农林科技大学资源环境学院遮雨大棚内进行了盆栽试验。供试7种叶菜,包括菠菜、油菜、生菜、油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿。蔬菜收获后,测量了蔬菜产量、Cd和As含量与吸收累积量,计算了蔬菜对Cd和As的富集系数等,并用线性回归模型研究了不同蔬菜栽培的土壤Cd和As安全临界值。[结果]镉污染土壤(0.6~2.4 mg/kg)对大多数蔬菜生物量有抑制效应,中、低浓度镉砷复合污染(Cd 1.0~2.4 mg/kg,As 24.9~26.8 mg/kg)对供试蔬菜生长没有叠加效应。镉污染土壤上,菠菜、油菜、苋菜叶、生菜可食部Cd含量均超出食品安全限量标准(0.2 mg/kg),其中菠菜和油菜Cd最高超标4倍以上;而茼蒿和空心菜茎秆Cd未超标。虽然供试蔬菜砷含量随着土壤砷含量增加有升高趋势,但叶菜As含量没有超标。7种蔬菜Cd富集系数为0.083~0.491,高低顺序为油菜、菠菜、生菜和苋菜叶>油麦菜、苋菜茎和空心菜叶>空心菜茎和茼蒿。菠菜、油菜、生菜、油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿土壤Cd安全临界值分别为0.33、0.38、0.46、1.15、0.59~1.79、1.49~8.16和8.98~17.11 mg/kg,其中菠菜、油菜和生菜阈值与现行标准(0.3~0.6 mg/kg)相当,而油麦菜、苋菜、空心菜和茼蒿均大于土壤重金属污染限量值。As富集系数为0.002~0.006,空心菜叶和茼蒿叶片As富集系数显著高于其他蔬菜。7种蔬菜的土壤As临界阈值分别为62.31、70.35、70.21、67.41、67.86~90.43、57.21~75.70和72.43~105.06 mg/kg,均高于现行标准(25 mg/kg)。[结论]中等程度的Cd和As复合污染土壤上,Cd对蔬菜的生长有显著的抑制,As与Cd没有叠加作用。不同蔬菜的产量、污染程度和安全阈值等有显著差异,因此选择低富集、抗污染蔬菜品种是利用中低重金属污染土壤的一条可行途径。空心菜和茼蒿对Cd富集系数低,可推荐在中、低污染土壤上种植。     

典型农业土壤重金属的累积特征与源解析

为探明商丘市农业土壤重金属累积特征及规律,调查研究商丘市不同利用方式下的土壤重金属含量。结果表明,商丘市农业土壤重金属呈现不同程度的累积趋势,其As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量均值分别为10.74、0.24、21.87、15.33和70.93mg·kg-1。通过不同土地利用方式比较发现,重金属As、Cu、Zn含量以设施菜地最高,Pb在绿化地、Cd在果园的含量最高,而森林土重金属含量普遍较低,其Cu、Zn含量显著低于设施菜地(P0.05),Pb含量以森林土和设施菜地较低。不同土壤按Cd累积程度排序为:果园露天菜地设施菜地绿化地麦地森林土;集约化生产方式下,设施菜地重金属含量随设施年限的增加而不断累积,导致相应的环境风险增加,此过程与化肥和有机肥的不当投入有关。本文研究为规避农业土壤重金属累积风险及开展区域重金属污染防控提供一定科学依据。     

金堂环溪河流域土壤氮素含量及其影响因素分析

采集耕层(0～20cm)土样108个,研究其氮素含量及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤全氮和碱解氮均呈正态分布。其中土壤全氮平均含量为0.52g kg-1,碱解氮平均含量为68.1mg kg-1。地形条件、土地利用方式和轮作制度是影响土壤氮素含量的重要因素。统计分析表明,不同台位之间土壤全氮含量均未达到显著水平;不同台位之间土壤碱解氮含量差异显著,冲沟水田(77.1mg kg-1)、一台地(72.3mg kg-1)和二台地(71.0mg kg-1)均显著高于丘顶地(51.6mg kg-1)。四种土地利用方式之间全氮含量呈显著差异,林地(0.69g kg-1)和旱地(0.45g kg-1)、水田(0.48g kg-1)分别达到极显著差异和显著差异水平,非林地之间差异不显著;四种土地利用方式之间碱解氮含量呈极显著差异,林地(81.3mg kg-1)与旱地(56.1mg kg-1)达到极显著差异,而在非林地之间,旱地与果园(77.2mg kg-1)、水田(70.8mg kg-1)分别达到显著差异。轮作制度对土壤氮素含量和分布的影响程度不如台位和土地利用方式,四种轮作制度之间土壤全氮和碱解氮含量均未达到显著差异。     

芜湖市三山区蔬菜中重金属富集特征及健康风险评价

通过采集蔬菜和对应土壤样品进行室内分析测试,研究了芜湖市三山区蔬菜和土壤中重金属的含量分布、富集特征及其经食入途径对人体的健康风险评估。结果表明,与食品中污染物限量值相比较,蔬菜中As、Zn、Cu、Pb和Cr含量均未超标。不同品种蔬菜中重金属含量不同,花菜和青菜中As、Zn、Pb、Cr、Fe、Ni、Co和Mn的含量相对于其他蔬菜中的同种重金属含量要高。除Cu、Cr外,其他重金属在根茎类蔬菜中的含量最低,除Pb外,其他重金属在花果类中的含量最高。各元素平均富集系数大小为：Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Cr〉Ni〉Pb〉As〉Co〉Fe。叶菜类对As、Pb的富集系数最大,花果类对其他重金属的富集明显。三山区蔬菜对重金属的富集系数总体偏低,主要是受土壤pH值偏高、周围良好的大气环境质量的影响。三山区蔬菜中重金属所致的健康风险主要来自化学致癌物Cr,而花果类蔬菜中Cr含量最高,因此该区应加强土壤Cr的防治,居民应减少花果类蔬菜的种植和摄入,保障其饮食安全。     

湖南冷水江锑矿区苎麻对重金属的吸收和富集特性

通过野外调查采样,分析了湖南冷水江锑矿区土壤的重金属含量,以及矿区9个采样点的苎麻对Sb、Cd、As和Pb4种重金属的吸收与富集能力及其富集特征。结果表明,矿区土壤受Sb污染严重,9个采样点Sb含量超过全国土壤背景值40～11503倍;伴生有Cd、As、Pb污染,Cd平均含量（13.08mg·kg-1）和As平均含量（82.64mg·kg-1）明显高于土壤环境质量标准的三级警戒值,Pb平均含量（71.27mg·kg-1）明显高于全国土壤背景值。苎麻叶和花混合样中的Sb最高达到1103mg·kg-1;苎麻体内的Cd含量均高于一般植物2～10倍,Cd富集系数最高为2.1,转运系数最高为3;As富集系数最高为1.04,转运系数最高为12.42;苎麻地上部对重金属迁移能力较强,当季对Sb、Cd、As迁移量分别达796.55、11.20和31.34mg·m-2。本研究说明苎麻对复合重金属具有一定的耐性,为复合污染植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.     

细菌、真菌及植物氮营养信号研究进展

氮素吸收代谢是所有生物生命活动的核心部分,因此,各种生物对氮的吸收与同化过程都有精细的调节。这种调节依赖于生物对体内氮素状况信号及体外（生长介质中）氮素信号的感受。过去几十年中,在细菌、真菌中已经对氮素营养信号有了较好的研究,而植物中则相对缓慢,但也有了一定的认识。本文重点比较细菌、真菌及植物中氮信号系统的组成,以期为进一步认识植物中的氮信号接受与转导系统提供启示。     

Aircraft operations near concentrations of birds in Antarctica: The development of practical guidelines

Aircraft operations have the potential to disturb and to impact negatively on bird life. A gradient of increasing behavioural response is evident in birds when exposed to increasing aircraft stimulus. The most major disturbance is likely to lead to impacts on the health, breeding performance and survival of individual birds, and perhaps bird colonies. A process of revision to policies on aircraft operations contained in management plans for a number of specially protected areas in Antarctica by the United Kingdom, accompanied by consultations made within the scientific community through the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and with operational interests through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP) resulted in new guidelines being adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties in June 2004. The principal recommendations of the guidelines are that bird colonies should not be overflown below 2000 ft (∼610 m) above ground level and landings within 1/2 nautical mile (∼930 m) of bird colonies should be avoided wherever possible. These guidelines are less stringent and less specific than those that were recommended by the SCAR specialist group on birds, and represent a compromise to accommodate operational needs. While the adoption of clear and consistent guidelines for the operation of aircraft in Antarctica is welcome in that this provides practical advice that is likely to reduce incidences of close aircraft/bird encounters, there remains insufficient knowledge of the interactions between aircraft and birds in Antarctica, and the consequent impacts on individual birds and on bird populations. It is important, therefore, that the guidelines adopted are considered interim, and should be kept under scrutiny with revisions made as new and improved research results appear.     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.