中低品位磷矿资源高效利用机制与途径研究进展

磷矿是生产磷肥的原料,是不可再生的重要战略资源。高品位磷矿开采过度,面临枯竭。充分利用中低品位磷矿,是磷资源可持续高效利用的关键。中低品位磷矿有效磷含量低,提高磷的活化利用效率是综合利用中低品位磷矿的核心。然而,对中低品位磷矿的利用大多重视物理和化学方法的活化效应,忽视了植物自身根际效应的活化作用。植物通过调控根系形态与生理,以及根际互作效应,促进对中低品位磷矿养分的活化与吸收。这种基于根际过程的生物活化是磷资源高效利用的重要途径。本文在总结中低品位磷矿中磷的活化方法的基础上,提出了通过强化作物根际效应,挖掘植物的生物学潜力,提高作物对中低品位磷矿的综合利用效率,为磷资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。本文主要从根际效应层面剖析了中低品位磷矿高效利用的技术原理与途径。充分发挥作物高效利用磷的生物学潜力,有效利用作物的根际特性,实现土壤–作物–磷肥的匹配,开发“绿色”新型磷肥将是未来实现磷资源可持续利用的有效途径。加强磷矿中全量养分的综合利用也是未来研究的重点方向。     

秦岭巴山耕作区土壤有效磷与磷肥试验相对产量关系研究

依托测土配方施肥土壤养分数据库以及大量"3414"田间肥效试验结果,分析了秦岭巴山耕作区近30 a间土壤有效磷的变化情况,评价了5种农作物磷肥试验相对产量与土壤有效磷之间的线性关系,结果显示:目前该区域土壤有效磷含量平均值为18.1 mg/kg,达到中等磷水平;小麦、玉米、水稻、油菜、马铃薯肥效试验平均相对产量分别为85.7%、85.5%、88.7%、84.3%、86.0%,说明该区域在目前土壤有效磷含量水平下,基本能满足农作物相对产量80%～85%的生长需求。基于土壤有效磷含量已达中等偏高水平及当前农作物磷肥相对产量值,参照磷肥在土壤中的固定机理以及作物吸磷特性,对于土壤有效磷含量低于15mg/kg,特别是低于10mg/kg的低肥力农田,建议全部磷肥分为基肥、追肥两次施用;对于土壤有效磷含量高于20mg/kg,特别是有效磷高于30mg/kg的高肥力农田,只追施部分或少量磷肥,充分利用土壤有效磷,开发活化被固定的磷素资源,提高磷肥利用率,避免农业资源浪费,改善农业生态环境。     

超微细活化磷肥对小白菜生长及磷利用的影响

为减少磷肥在土壤中的固定损失,提高其有效性,增加作物产量,通过小白菜盆栽试验,研究不同超微细活化磷肥对小白菜产量、品质、土壤养分以及肥料利用率的影响。本试验以不施肥和常规施肥为对照,设置磷肥与钾肥、腐植酸、沸石粉、硅藻土不同搭配并进行超微细化处理。结果表明:超微细活化磷肥处理均显著提高了小白菜的产量,增产率达0.44%～12.82%;与氮磷钾常规施肥处理相比,超微细磷钾-腐植酸-硅藻土-沸石粉活化处理小白菜的Vc含量增加了5.37%,硝酸盐含量降低了18.23%,可溶性糖含量降低了53.13%,土壤有效磷含量提高了17.20%～24.87%,磷肥利用率提高了3.28～8.47个百分点。在本试验条件下,推荐在肥料生产和施用中选择超微细磷钾-腐植酸-沸石粉活化处理的肥料。     

不同磷水平下玉米-大豆间作对红壤无机磷组分及有效磷的影响

通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有...     

土壤—植物根际磷的生物有效性研究进展

探讨土壤－植物根际磷素养分状况及利用机理，提高土壤磷的生物有效性，使土壤中潜在的难溶性磷库活化，提高磷肥利用率，对促进农业生产的持续发展和陆地生态系统的良性循环具有重大的现实意义。文章从这一角度出发，论述了根际土壤中根际微生物，根际pH值，根系分泌物，菌根，根际土壤磷酸酶等各种因素对提高土壤磷素利用率的机理。     

不同磷肥调控措施下红壤磷素有效性和利用率的变化

南方红壤区磷肥当季利用率仅为10%～25%,提高磷肥利用率是亟待解决的问题。通过两年田间试验,分析了不同磷肥品种（过磷酸钙、猪粪、钙镁磷肥、磷酸一铵、磷酸二铵）、磷肥梯度（常规施磷、减磷20%、减磷30%）以及调控措施（石灰、钙镁磷肥配施磷酸二铵、钙镁磷肥配施秸秆）对红壤磷素有效性和作物生长的影响,探索提高磷肥利用率的途径。结果表明,各磷肥品种间,以猪粪处理土壤有效磷、地上部生物量、磷肥累积利用率等指标最高,土壤有效磷较不施磷处理两年分别提高了32%和241%,地上部生物量较不施磷处理两年分别提高了73%和510%,两年的磷肥累积利用率分别为16.4%和26.5%;伴随磷肥用量的减少,土壤有效磷含量显著降低,而对油菜生长、磷肥利用率及磷肥农学效率无显著影响;与单施钙镁磷肥相比,钙镁磷肥配施磷酸二铵能显著提高油菜籽粒产量、土壤有效磷含量、磷肥累积利用率、磷肥农学效率、土壤磷素盈余量等指标。添加石灰可提高作物产量及土壤有效磷含量。油菜产量与土壤有效磷呈极显著正相关关系。上述结果表明,猪粪替代化学磷肥可达到减施增效、促进作物生长的目的,且以减磷30%为宜;钙镁磷肥配施磷酸二铵可推荐为磷肥调控...     

徐淮地区石灰性土壤磷肥残效的研究——Ⅱ、稻麦轮作中磷肥的残效

研究表明,石灰性土壤有效磷水平受土壤磷饱和度所制约;对严重缺磷土壤,一次重施磷肥能提高土壤磷的饱和度和速效磷水平及有效磷贮量;重施磷肥残效显著,有残效磷和无残效磷的土壤,磷肥的增产效果不一样,磷肥残效对不同作物有不同的影响。     

植物高效利用土壤难溶态磷研究动态及展望

本文在论述磷资源危机及磷肥供求矛盾的基础上,对土壤的潜在磷累资源、供磷特性、不同植物类型以及相同植物的不同基因型间对土壤难溶态磷的吸收利用差异、潜力及开发利用意义等进行了简要的评论。展望了植物的遗传多样性与生理机制,以及利用杂交有种、细胞走向诱变及其基因工程等现代生物学手段进行筛选、走向诱导、基因转移及分子克隆等培育高效利用土壤难溶态磷作物新品种的可行性及应用前景。展现了植物基因工程与现代生物科学的发展动态以及在增加植物抗性、改善品质、提高某些特定指标方面转基因植物的成功实例与应用效果,并对当前植物矿质营养遗传学领域所存在的某些关键技术环节及近年来所取得的一些突破性进展也进行了简略的评述。     

锈斑Shan土田氯化铵定位试验研究

１９９１年至１９９６年５年１０季作物的定位试验研究表明,锈斑Ｓｈａｎ土田施用氯化铵肥料,在正常用量情况下,作物对Ｎ、Ｐ吸收无影响,对Ｋ的吸收有促进作用,在施相同的情况下,等氮水平的氯化铵与尿素对作物的产量,品质以及土壤的理化性状作用相似;另外,该肥料中的氮素能被植物比较完全的吸收利用,但对于缺磷的土壤,要施足磷肥否则氯化铵会抑制作物对磷的吸收,加重植物缺磷,因此,如该肥料能与磷肥、有机肥配施,效果     

菜地土壤解磷微生物特征及其在磷形态转化调控中的作用

目前蔬菜生产存在为追求高产而盲目"高磷投入"的现象,尽管持续高量的磷肥投入导致菜地土壤磷库储量较之粮田更加丰富,但土壤中的磷极易被固定形成无效态磷,导致菜地磷肥当季利用率低以及磷高积累带来的环境风险。而解磷微生物可以利用自身的代谢功能驱动土壤难溶性磷向有效磷的转化,从而直接影响土壤磷素周转及供磷水平。本文探讨了菜地土壤解磷微生物特征、根际磷素周转及其对蔬菜磷吸收利用的贡献、磷肥及碳源种类对解磷微生物的影响、解磷微生物在菜地面源污染防控中的作用及其今后高效应用研究方向,旨在为今后提高蔬菜磷肥利用率,以及充分利用菜地累积态磷,从而进一步降低环境风险提供参考。     

不同水生植物吸收地表水中氮磷能力差异及其机理

为查明不同水生植物吸收地表水中氮磷能力的差异及其机理,采用模拟沟渠试验和盆栽试验,研究了8种水生植物地表水中氮磷吸收能力的差异,并选择氮磷吸收能力差异较大的水生植物品种,进一步探讨了根系生理特性及底泥微生物量变化。结果表明:种植水生植物后沟渠水中氮磷浓度明显减少,供试8种水生植物中以海寿花、狐尾藻、珍珠梅、茭白、再力花的生物量大,养分吸收量多,沟渠水中养分减少也相对明显;种植水生植物后相对于不种植物的沟渠水中养分残留减少比例分别为,总氮22.4%~44.0%、铵态氮24.5%~36.8%、硝态氮13.6%~51.6%、总磷15.6%~34.6%、水溶性磷26.3%~41.3%;氮磷吸收能力强的水生植物与其具有更强的根系活力、更多伤流量以及更高的伤流液养分浓度有关,但并不是某一种植物的以上指标均有优势,茭白的根系活力强、伤流量多,狐尾藻、海寿花、珍珠梅的伤流液中氮磷浓度较高;沟渠水中氮磷减少比例较大的水生植物底泥中微生物总数、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数、微生物量碳氮磷较高,反之则较低。     

水稻磷素吸收与转运分子机制研究进展

磷素是植物体内重要的大量元素之一,其含量约占植物干重的 0.2%。由于磷元素作为许多重要生物大分子的关键组分,且参与植物体内许多的生理生化反应,因此植物的生长和发育都离不开磷元素。植物在长期的进化过程中,形成了一套高效地吸收和利用磷素的分子调控机制。本文将重点阐述水稻中无机磷从土壤吸收进根系再转运到地上部并进行分配的分子机制,并对今后的水稻磷素吸收和转运的研究重点进行展望。水稻根系主要通过定位在细胞膜上的磷酸盐转运体 (Phosphate Transporter1,PHT1) 吸收土壤中无机磷。当无机磷被吸收进入根系细胞内部后,通过质外体和共质体两种养分的运输途径,将其运输到根中维管束,并通过PHO1 将无机磷由根系加载到地上部。然后水稻根据其地上部不同组织器官对无机磷的需求进行分配,而多余的无机磷将储存在液泡内,维持细胞内无机磷的平衡。目前对磷酸盐转运体吸收磷素的分子机制研究较为清楚,但对于磷素在植物体内的储存、分配和再利用过程的机制还研究较少。液泡作为水稻无机磷储存的主要部位,对于维持细胞内无机磷的平衡尤其重要;节是水稻营养元素 (包括磷素) 在地上部进行分配的重要部位。但目前对于定位于液泡膜上和节上的磷酸盐转运体的机制研究较少。因此,未来挖掘与解析水稻体内负责磷素储存、分配和再利用的磷酸盐转运体及其作用机制,能为培育磷高效利用的水稻提供新的依据。     

P and N deficiency change the relative abundance and function of rhizosphere microorganisms during cluster root development of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

We studied microbe-plant interactions of white lupin, a cluster root-forming plant, under low P and N conditions to examine increased nutrient acquisition by plants either by a shift to a more specialized microbial community or changes in microbial enzyme production. White lupin plants were grown in rhizoboxes filled with either P- or N-deficient soil; fertilized soil was used as control. After cultivation of plants in a glasshouse for 41 d, plant growth (shoot and roots) and P and N accumulation in shoots were measured. Microbial functions were analyzed by P- and N-cycling enzymes. The microbial community structure was estimated by fingerprinting (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and sequencing techniques. P deficiency induced the released citrate and acid phosphomonoesterases from cluster roots and stimulated the production of microbe-derived alkaline phosphomonoesterase in the rhizosphere. P deficiency decreased microbial diversity in the cluster root rhizosphere. Increased relative abundance of Burkholderiales in the rhizosphere of P deficient plants might be responsible for the degradation of different organic P fractions such as phytates. N deficiency induced an increase of the number of nodules and P concentration in shoot as well as roots of white lupin. We clarified that high release of citrate from cluster roots might be the preferred mechanisms to meet the P demand of nodulated plants under N deficiency. In addition, the high abundance of Rhizobiales and Rhodospirillales in the rhizosphere of cluster roots showed that the importance of N-fixing microorganisms under N deficiency. The contribution of rhizosphere microorganisms due to similar activities of N-cycling enzymes under the two different N treatments is less important for N nutrition of plants. Further understanding of the regulation of cluster roots under N-deficiency will provide new information on the interactions between P and N nutrition.     

Overexpression of the LASAP2 gene for secretory acid phosphatase in white lupin improves the phosphorus uptake and growth of tobacco plants

Secretion of acid phosphatase (APase) from the roots to take up phosphorus (P) is a well-known strategy of plants under P-deficient conditions. White lupin, which shows vigorous growth in low-P soils, is noted for its ability to secrete APase under P-deficient conditions. The APase secreted by white lupin roots is stable in soil solution and shows low substrate specificity, suggesting that genetic modification of plants using the APase gene LASAP2 might improve their ability to use organic P. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of LASAP2 transgenic plants to increase organic P utilization. Dry matter production and P accumulation were higher in LASAP2 transgenic tobacco plants grown in gel media containing soluble phytate as the sole P source than in wild-type tobacco plants. Phosphorus uptake by the transgenic plants also increased in soil culture conditions. LASAP2 was apparently more effective in the liberation of organic P, including phytate, in the soil than the native tobacco APase. Thus, the enzymatic stability of LASAP2 in the soil appears to be an important factor for P acquisition.     

用于药用蛋白生产的外源表达系统

利用外源蛋白表达系统生产具有重要价值的药用蛋白是现代生物技术产业的核心内容和研究热点,也是各国政府和制药企业竞相巨额资助的研究领域之一。本文综合分析了目前用于重组药用蛋白生产的原核表达系统、酵母表达系统、昆虫表达系统、哺乳动物表达系统和植物表达系统在表达产量、翻译后加工能力、生产周期、生产成本、适用范围等方面的优劣以及研究现状和最新研究进展,揭示出植物表达系统将在未来重组蛋白大规模生产中占据重要地位。但是现有的各种表达系统都无法单独实现各种重组蛋白高活性、低成本、安全系数高的大规模生产。在相当长时间里,各种表达系统在重组蛋白生产上将长期共存。而通过遗传改造、基因组学、蛋白质组学等研究方法不断改进各种外源蛋白表达系统的性能,不断建立更加优越的外源蛋白表达系统则是大家共同努力的目标。     

Herbicides, weeds and endangered species: management of bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) with glyphosate and impacts on the endangered shrub, Pimelea spicata

Environmental weed invasion threatens the biodiversity of native species. Unfortunately, managing these weeds may also affect biodiversity adversely. A recent example occurred when glyphosate, a herbicide used to control the highly invasive weed, bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), accidentally drifted over a small population of an endangered shrub, Pimelea spicata. Following concerns that the affected population would not recover and, thereby, cause the local extinction of P. spicata, we conducted a series of glasshouse and field experiments to explore the impacts of glyphosate on this endangered species. Seedlings and young plants of P. spicata, in which the tap root was undeveloped, were killed by a single application of glyphosate. Older plants with a well developed tap root also died back initially, but about 50% of individuals re-sprouted. This re-growth was associated with a significant decrease in tap root diameter, implying that further disturbance, including repeated treatment with glyphosate, would kill plants by impairing their potential for recovery. Unlike some sclerophyllous native shrubs, the tolerance of P. spicata to glyphosate was limited, even when its growth was slowed artificially by limiting water availability. Winter applications of glyphosate to manage infestations of bitou bush will impact adversely on populations of P. spicata and may also affect the other rare and endangered species whose survival is threatened by this species, even though some natives are unaffected by the herbicide. Protecting native biodiversity from bitou bush will involve sustainable weed management that minimises impacts on non-target native species.     

Total Chromium Captured by Maize (Zea Mays) Plants is Increased by Phosphate and Iron Supplementation in the Soil

In this work, a commercial hybrid maize was used, and the effect of selected mineral nutrients [sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and nitrogen (N)] on the chromium (Cr) captured by plants was analysed. Seeds were germinated in vitro, and plants were transferred to pots with soil supplemented with a growth inhibitory Cr concentration and different mineral nutrient combinations. Plants were grown for 13 weeks and irrigated with water. In the harvested plants, total Cr was determined considering the Cr concentration in tissues and the biomass as dry weight. The soil supplemented with phosphorus (P) or Fe improved the total Cr captured by plants by a quarter. Bioconcentration values in plant tissues were similar to those of other plants grown in soil with Cr. This information will be useful either for Cr phytoremediation or to protect commercial maize crops cultivated in Cr contaminated soils.     

Specific activity of phosphorus in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants in relation to the availability of phosphorus to plants

Phosphate was allowed to react with a soil to which iron hydroxide had been added. The P was then labelled by a subsequent addition of ³²P. Soil P was extracted by 10 mm CaCl₂, 0.5 m NaHCO₃, and acid NH₄F solutions and the specific activity of P in the extracts was measured. Subterranean clover plants were grown both with and without a mycorrhizal fungus. Phosphorus contents and the specific activities of P in the plant shoots were determined.For mycorrhizal plants, adding iron hydroxide had no effect on the amount of P taken up, but for non-mycorrhizal plants it decreased the uptake. However there was no effect of iron hydroxide or of mycorrhizal infection on the specific activity of P in the plants. Adding iron hydroxide had no effect on the amount of P extracted by acid NH₄F, but decreased the P extracted by 10mm CaCl₂ and by 0.5 m NaHCO₃. The specific activity of P in the extracts was not affected by the addition of iron hydroxide and was the same for the three extractants. Further, the specific activity of P in all extractants was similar to that of P in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. Thus differences in the availability of soil P to mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants and to the extractants were not reflected by differences in labelling. It therefore follows that lack of difference in specific activity between mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants does not eliminate the possibility that mycorrhizal plants can obtain P that was unavailable to non-mycorrhizal plants.     

Effect of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth of plants in excess zinc and accumulation of phosphorus in plants in excess copper or nickel

Iron (Fe) plaque on roots of rice was found to lessen the toxic effects of zinc (Zn). With excess Zn, plants with Fe plaque had significantly greater dry mass of roots and foliage than plants without plaque. In the excess of Zn, plants with Fe plaque had higher concentrations of Fe but lower Zn than plants without plaque, although the differences were not significant. In the excess of copper (Cu) or nickel (Ni), plants with Fe plaque had significantly lower concentration of phosphorus (P) in leaves than plants without plaque. It is suggested that the low concentration of P in leaves of plants with plaque will increase the concentration of “active iron”; inside leaves, and therefore, increase their tolerance against heavy metal toxicity.     

化感作用在杂草控制中的应用

杂草危害农作物的生长和发育,而大量施用除草剂会造成环境污染和增加杂草抗药性。利用植物相互间化感作用控制杂草非常有效,抑草植物通过释放化感物质并与杂草竞争生存环境,进而对杂草发芽和生长产生抑制作用。轮作、耕作等措施影响植物残茬化感物质的释放,造成抑草效果不同。化感育种是解决杂草危害的最有效途径,可使植物具有对杂草抑制作用的化感性状。