高阳县农田土壤速效养分空间变异特征研究

土壤养分空间变异的研究对指导测土配方施肥具有重要意义。为了便于土壤养分的管理, 以河北省保定市高阳县为例, 应用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法, 研究了农田土壤速效氮、磷、钾含量的空间变异特征。结果表明: 土壤速效氮、磷、钾的含量范围分别为10.50~210.00 mg·kg^-1、1.02~197.75 mg·kg^-1和14.51~376.18 mg·kg^-1, 平均值分别为76.32 mg·kg^-1、22.28 mg·kg^-1和128.34 mg·kg^-1, 变异系数范围为36.11%~79.71%, 属于中等强度变异。速效氮、磷、钾的C0/(C0+C)值均介于25%~75%, 表现出中等强度的空间自相关, 空间变异是结构因素和随机因素共同作用的结果, 空间相关距离分别为43.96 km、1.05 km和51.94 km。通过插值误差的比较得出最优拟合模型, 速效氮、磷、钾最好的理论模型分别为球状模型、指数模型和球状模型, 趋势效应参数宜选取0阶。然后用普通克里格方法绘制了土壤速效氮、磷、钾的空间分布图, 速效氮含量绝大部分属低等水平, 无明显分布特征, 速效磷空间分布呈条带状, 速效钾空间分布呈条带状和岛状分布相结合的特点。     

区域性土壤流失预测方程的初步研究

应用我国南方花岗岩侵蚀红壤区的径流小区观测资料,采用数值分析方法推导出适合花岗岩侵蚀红壤区,计算各次降雨吋土壤流失量和年土壤流失量方程:A₁=4·y_s·K·LS;并利用野外调查量测资料,推导出适合长江三峡低中山区的土壤流失方程:A₂=(152.5D-1016)·R·LS·C^-2.3利用上述方程可以预测特定区域的土壤流失量。     

泥石流频发区土壤有机质空间变异特征

利用GPS定位技术在泥石流频发区——云南东川蒋家沟流域采集土样99个,研究土壤有机质空间变异特征.结果表明：1）流域土壤有机质的平均质量分数（2.21 g/kg）较低;2）土壤有机质在空间分布上有明显的各向异性,空间变异特征主要反映在东北-西南方位,空间展布呈条带状;3）土壤有机质的空间变异存在中等程度的空间相关性,是由结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用引起的,受土壤质地、坡度、高程、土地利用方式和人类生产活动等因素的影响;4）同一因素不同级别下,土壤有机质质量分数差异极显著.研究结果可以为泥石流流域碳储量的估算提供依据,为土壤侵蚀退化地的生态恢复与重建提供参考.     

晋西北黄土丘陵区土壤饱和导水率的空间分布特征及影响因素

土壤饱和导水率（K_s）是反映土壤入渗性能与土壤持水能力的重要参数，为探究流域尺度下土壤K_s的空间分布特征及影响因素，更好地掌握土壤水文过程与调节机理，选取晋西北黄土丘陵区朱家川流域横向梯度（上游、中游、下游）不同土地利用方式下的土壤（70个样点）为研究对象，采用定水头法测定土壤K_s，并获取样点地形因子和其他土壤理化性质，通过建立土壤K_s偏最小二乘回归模型（PLSR），分析影响土壤K_s空间分布格局的主要因素。结果表明：（1）除土壤容重和砂粒含量为弱变异外，区域土壤理化性质其余因子均为中等变异；土壤K_s在横向梯度下表现为上游 > 中游 > 下游；（2）不同土地利用方式下土壤K_s差异显著（P<0.05），由高到低顺序为林地 > 农地 > 草地；（3）林地（VIP=1.997）与草地（VIP=1.710）利用方式、土壤容重（VIP=1.548）、土壤有机质（VIP=1.323）、大团聚体（VIP=1.266）、粉粒含量（VIP=1.062）和黏粒含量（VIP=1.049）是土壤K_s变化的主要因素，林地利用方式影响程度最大。土地利用、土壤性质、地形因子均是影响黄土丘陵区土壤K_s空间分布的主要因素，是用来模拟预测土壤K_s空间分布的重要因子。     

徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析

土壤有机质含量是估算土壤碳储量、评价土壤肥力和质量的重要指标,精确估算土壤有机质含量具有重要意义.本研究在徐淮黄泛冲积平原西北部选取了一个24 km×24 km方形区域为研究区,按照套合采样方法,采集了168个耕作层土样,测定分析土壤有机质含量和机械组成,运用地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了徐淮黄泛平原区表层土壤有机质含量的空间变异特征,利用方差分析和回归分析定量分析了区域内土壤有机质空间变异的影响因素.统计结果表明,研究区土壤有机质含量为21.80-7.43 gkg-1,属中等水平,变异系数为34.08％,属中等变异强度;地统计分析表明,研究区具有强烈的空间自相关性,结构变异占主导作用,各向异性显著,在45°方向上变异程度最剧烈,土壤有机质呈条带状分布,自东北向西南呈递减趋势;方差分析和逐步回归分析表明,土壤机械组成是研究区土壤有机质空间变异的主控因素,能够独立解释空间变异的64.9％,其次是土地利用、成土母质、土壤类型,四个因子对土壤有机质空间变异的综合解释为74.6％.     

金称市镇土地整理后烟田土壤肥力质量评价及空间变异特征

评价土壤肥力状况其及空间变异性是土地整理区发展农业生产急需解决的问题之一。本文采用多元统计、GIS与地统计学相结合的方法研究了土壤肥力质量空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:土壤肥力指标权重在0.0038~0.2576之间,对土壤肥力影响较大的是有机质、全氮、碱解氮,相对较弱的为土壤pH、全钾和速效钾。土壤综合肥力指数(IFI)在0.076和0.693之间,均值为0.281,属于较差等级,变异系数属于中等变异。研究区25.47%土样的IFI为差等级,59.91%土样为较差等级,12.74%土样为中等,仅1.89%土样品为良好等级。IFI变异函数以指数模型拟合效果最佳;块金系数(C0/(C0+C))为0.940,空间相关性较弱,受自然因素影响小;变程为180 m,空间分布特征较为复杂。IFI为0.23~0.33的分布面积达80.52%的区域,土壤肥力质量偏低,空间异质性主要受有机质控制,而速效钾对其无影响。     

砒砂岩区小流域土壤有机质空间分布特征及其影响因素

为了探究砒砂岩区小流域土壤有机质空间分布特征,该文以砒砂岩区典型流域鲍家沟小流域为研究对象。采用网格法布设取样点,2018年7月取样,按照0～20、20～40、40～60 cm划分取样层次。采用重铬酸钾外加热法测定土壤有机质,采用激光粒度测定仪测定土壤粒度,采用样方拍照法计算植被覆盖度。运用地统计学和约束性排序相结合的方法,研究环境因子影响下砒砂岩区土壤有机质的空间变异特征。结果表明:砒砂岩区小流域土壤有机质质量分数在0.98～15.45 g/kg之间,不同地形土壤有机质含量呈沟底坡面山脊的规律;研究区土壤有机质的空间分布规律可以用半方差函数的指数模型进行良好的模拟,块金效应在55.1%～57.5%范围内,属中等程度变异。小流域土壤有机质呈中间高边缘低的规律;冗余分析的结果显示,第1轴的特征值为0.58,解释量为58%,第1轴对响应变量的累积解释量为96.1%,前两轴对响应变量的累计解释量达到了99.3%。各环境因子与第1排序轴的相关系数大小顺序为植被覆盖度土壤侵蚀程度土壤颗粒平均粒径坡位高程坡度,第1排序轴可以定义为植被-土壤侵蚀因子,坡度因子与第2排序轴的相关系数高于其他环境因子,第2排序轴可以定义为坡度因子。植被覆盖度是影响砒砂岩区小流域土壤有机质空间变异的主导因素,土壤侵蚀程度是决定土壤有机质垂向变异的关键因素。砒砂岩区的土层浅薄且贫瘠的地带,不宜开展大面积的整地和造林工作,而土层深厚且水肥条件良好的区域可以营造合理密度的灌木林、乔木林以及经济林。     

基于GIS与地统计学土壤养分空间变异特征研究——以辽宁省凌源市6乡镇为例

以辽宁省凌源市西南部6乡镇为研究对象,利用GPS定位采集了1 042个土壤表层样.采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明,土壤养分的变异系数为29.45%～67.25%,变异强度是有效磷>碱解氮>有机质>速效钾.有机质、碱解氮和速效钾的C0/(C0+C)比值均在49.7%～49.90%之间,都具有中等的相关性,而有效磷的C0/(C0+C)的比值为100%,空间的相关性较弱.分维数D大小顺序为:有效磷>碱解氮>速效钾>有机质.Kriging插值分析表明,研究区土壤养分的空间分布格局主要受土地利用类型影响较大.     

我国东部花岗岩发育的红壤和黄壤的粘粒矿物组成及其演变

通过粘粒矿物的定量分析,研究了我国东部花岗岩发育的红壤和黄壤的粘粒矿物组成。赤红壤、红壤和黄红壤的粘粒(<2μm)中高岭石含量分别为54%、42%和35%,这与该土壤的年均气温之间有明显的正相关(r=0.998,n=3),然而这三个土壤粘粒的风化淋溶系数与年均气温呈良好的负相关(r=1.000,n=3)。黄壤与红壤的粘粒矿物组成有明显的差异,黄壤中含有较多的三水铝石和2:1型粘土矿物,而高岭石较少;红壤中三水铝石很少,在安徽的黄红壤中虽有不少非晶质氧化铝,但未见有三水铝石存在。     

滨海废弃盐田复垦区土壤盐分和有机质的空间变异特征

为了揭示废弃盐田复垦区棉田土壤盐分和有机质的时空变化特征,该文利用棉花关键生长节点的土壤采样数据,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,对土壤盐分和有机质的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:研究区不同时期不同深度的土壤含盐量和有机质含量变幅较大,二者的变异强度均为中等;随着时间的变化土壤含盐量和有机质含量均呈现下降的趋势,各层土壤含盐量与有机质含量相关性程度不高。研究区土壤含盐量与有机质含量均具有中等强度的空间自相关性。Kriging插值结果表明土壤有机质呈条带状分布,苗期和花期土壤有机质含量由西向东逐渐增加,花铃期土壤有机质含量以东北部含量最低,收获期有机质含量高值区主要集中在西北部和东南部。土壤含盐量的三维空间分布在不同时期不同深度具有相似性,其空间分布特征总体较为接近;苗期和花期土壤含盐量高值区出现在东南部方向;花铃期和收获期土壤含盐量空间分布比较散乱,呈斑块状分布。研究结果为莱州湾南岸盐田复垦区的盐渍土科学改良、合理利用及农业可持续发展提供技术支持。     

利用地统计学研究土壤有机质空间分布：评估意大利中部地区土地退化的重要指标

Soil organic matter (SOM) content is one of the main factors to be considered in the evaluation of soil health and fertility. As timing, human and monetary resources often limit the amount of available data, geostatistical techniques provide a valid scientific approach to cope with spatial variability, to interpolate existing data and to predict values at unsampled locations for accurate SOM status survey. Using geostatistical and geographic information system (GIS) approaches, the spatial variability of some physical and chemical soil parameters was investigated under Mediterranean climatic condition in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, where soil erosion processes accelerated by human induced factors are the main causes of soil degradation associated with low SOM content. Experimental semivariograms were established to determine the spatial dependence of the soil variables under investigation. The results of 250 soil sampling point data were interpolated by means of ordinary kriging coupled with a GIS to produce contour maps distribution of soil texture, SOM content related to texture, and C/N ratio. The resulting spatial interpolation of the dataset highlighted a low content of SOM in relation with soil texture in most of the surveyed area (87%) and an optimal C/N ratio for only half of the investigated surface area. Spatial location of degraded area and the assessment of its magnitude can provide decision makers with an accurate support to design appropriate soil conservation strategies and then facilitate a regional planning of agri-environmental measures in the framework of the European Common Agricultural Policy.     

典型干旱荒漠绿洲区耕层土壤养分空间变异

[目的]对干旱荒漠绿洲区耕层土壤养分空间特征进行研究,为绿洲土地资源的合理开发利用,以及土壤施肥方案的科学制定提供理论依据。[方法]基于GIS与地统计学方法对新疆维吾尔自治区精河县耕层土壤养分空间变异特征及影响因素进行分析。[结果](1)研究区内有效磷的空间变异性较强(变异系数Cv为67.45%),速效钾的空间变异性最弱(Cv为40.76%)。(2)有机质、碱解氮和有效磷存在较强的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要由地形、土壤质地和土壤类型等结构性因素所引起;速效钾为中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间变异不仅受结构性因素的影响,还与随机因素(即施肥和种植结构)有关。(3)各土壤养分元素在绿洲内部具有较高含量的片状和斑块状分布,而在绿洲外缘,其含量相对较低,且呈大面积的片状分布。[结论]精河县耕层土壤养分总体呈现出有机肥含量缺乏,磷钾肥相对丰富的特点。     

Spatial scaling of soil salinity indices along a temporal coastal reclamation area transect in China using wavelet analysis

High spatial variability of soil salinity in coastal reclamation regions makes it difficult to obtain accurate scale-dependent information. The objectives of this study were to describe the spatial patterns of saline-sodic soil properties (using soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC_1:5) and sodium ion content (SIC) as indicators) and to gain knowledge of the scaling relationships between those variables. The soil pH, EC_1:5 and SIC data were measured at intervals of 285 m along a 13,965-m temporal transect in a coastal region of China. The spatial variability of soil pH was weak but it was strong for soil EC_1:5 and SIC at the measurement scale. There was a significant positive correlation between soil EC_1:5 and SIC, while correlations between soil pH and either EC_1:5 or SIC were weak and negative. For each saline-sodic soil parameter, the variability changed with the decomposition scales. The high-variance area at the larger scales (≥570 m) occupied less than 10% of the total area in the local wavelet spectrum, which meant that the spatial variations of the salinity indicators were insignificant at these scales. For local wavelet coherency, at a scale of 1500–2800 m and a sampling distance of 0–4500 m, the covariance was statistically significant between any two of the saline-sodic soil parameters.     

南方红壤区典型水土流失治理小流域的洪水径流泥沙特征

为探究南方红壤区经长期水土流失治理小流域的水沙特征,该研究收集长汀县朱溪河小流域2017—2020年降雨及洪水水沙数据,通过冗余分析、多元逐步回归方程、含沙量-流量滞回曲线等方法进行分析。结果显示：（1）流域年洪水径流深和泥沙量分别为282.30～892.50 mm和35.80～179.50 t/km²,洪水事件的产沙模数集中在0～20.0 t/km²,但总泥沙量由大于5.0 t/km²的少数事件决定;（2）降雨量、30 mim的最大雨强和降雨侵蚀力是影响洪水径流泥沙的主要降雨特征,对径流、泥沙变化的解释度分别为68.99%和49.28%,通过主要径流特征估算泥沙量、平均含沙量和最大含沙量,拟合优度达0.624～0.870;（3）洪水事件共出现6种含沙量-流量滞回关系,其中线型出现频率（55%）最高,该类事件中含沙量随流量的变化具有分阶段特征,临界含沙量约为0.1 g/L。经过长期的水土流失治理,红壤区小流域的洪水泥沙量普遍较低,且主要受径流量影响,洪水事件的滞回关系表明流域的泥沙供应通常处于持续少量的状态,研究结果有助于揭示红壤区土壤侵蚀的发展趋势。     

Spatial distribution of soil organic matter in a coal mining subsidence area

ABSTRACT

Underground mining has caused drastic disturbances to regional ecosystems and soil nutrients. Understanding the three-dimensional (3D) spatial distribution of soil nutrients in mining area farmland is crucial for agricultural production and environmental management. However, few studies have reported the 3D spatial distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) in coal mining subsidence area. In our study, a sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) algorithm was used to analyse the spatial distribution of SOM based on observations of 180 soil samples in the Zhaogu mine in China. The results showed that the SOM content had considerable variation in spatial distribution at different soil depths (0–20, 20–40, 40–60?cm) and decreased with the increase in soil depth. The spatial variability of surface organic matter was the largest, and the coefficient of variation was 29.38%, which was moderately mutated. The spatial distribution of SOM also varied among slope locations. The SOM content was higher upslope and downslope than on the middle slope. In addition, given a threshold, SGS can be used to calculate the probability that the organic matter content at any position is lower or higher than the given value. The research results provide a reference for land reclamation and precision agriculture.     

Relation between soil organic matter and yield levels of nonlegume crops in organic and conventional farming systems

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction between yield levels of nonleguminous crops and soil organic matter (SOM) under the specific conditions of organic and conventional farming, respectively, and to identify implications for SOM management in arable farming considering the farming system (organic vs. conventional). For that purpose, correlations between yield levels of nonlegume crops and actual SOM level (C_org, N_t, C_hwe, N_hwe) as well as SOM‐level development were examined including primary data from selected treatments of seven long‐term field experiments in Germany and Switzerland. Yield levels of nonlegume crops were positively correlated with SOM levels, but the correlation was significant only under conditions of organic farming, and not with conventional farming treatments. While absolute SOM levels had a positive impact on yield levels of nonlegumes, the yield levels of nonlegumes and SOM‐level development over time correlated negatively. Due to an increased demand of N from SOM mineralization, higher yield levels of nonlegumes obviously indicate an increased demand for OM supply to maintain SOM levels. Since this observation is highly significant for farming without mineral‐N fertilization but not for farming with such fertilization, we conclude that the demand of SOM‐level maintenance or enhancement and thus adequate SOM management is highly relevant for crop production in organic farming both from an agronomical and ecological point of view. Under conventional management, the agronomic relevance of SOM with regard to nutrient supply is much lower than under organic management. However, it has to be considered that we excluded other possible benefits of SOM in our survey that may be highly relevant for conventional farming as well.     

宁南山区草地植被恢复方式对土壤饱和导水率的影响

为评价宁南山区草地植被不同恢复方式对土壤入渗性能的影响,以不同植被群落的饱和导水率为研究对象,采用逐步回归研究退耕农地、禁牧荒地、封育草地导水率的变化及影响因子,并探讨了其作用机制。结果表明：3种植被恢复方式均有利于0-40 cm土壤饱和导水性能提高;各土层土壤饱和导水率均随植被恢复而不断提高,0-5 cm土层改善作用最为明显;农地退耕序列和荒地禁牧序列5-40 cm土层、封育草地序列0-40 cm土层土壤饱和导水率随土层深度下降而降低;影响土壤饱和导水率的因子为土壤有机质因子和土壤结构因子;3种植被恢复方式土壤有机质质量分数与Ks均呈显著的线性相关关系,在该区域有机质质量分数越高,Ks增加越快;土壤有机质积累是土壤饱和导水率提高的根本动力。因此,草地封育更利于提高使该地区土壤导水性能提高,促进生态恢复。     

Soil organic matter and sorption capacity under different soil management practices in a productive vineyard

The effect of soil organic matter (SOM) on sorptive parameters under different soil management practices in Rendzic Leptosol was studied. In 2006, an experiment of different management practices in a productive vineyard was established in the locality of Nitra-Dra?ovce (Slovakia). The following treatments were established: (1) control (grass without fertilization), (2) T (tillage), (3) T + FYM (tillage + farmyard manure), (4) G + NPK3 (grass + 3rd intensity of fertilization for vineyards), (5) G + NPK1 (grass + 1st intensity of fertilization for vineyards). Soil samples were collected every month during the year 2010. Obtained results showed increased hydrolytic acidity (by 23%), sum of basic cations (by 37%) and decreased total cation exchange capacity (CEC) (by 36%) with higher doses of fertilization in comparison to control. Application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase in the SOM cation sorption capacity. Positive correlations between pH and sum of basic cations (SBC) (r = 0.493, p ≤ 0.001), CEC (r = 0.498, p ≤ 0.001) and cation sorption capacity of SOM (r = 0.391, p ≤ 0.01) were observed. Higher values of labile carbon:potentially mineralizable nitrogen (C_L:N_pot) ratio corresponded with lesser CEC, SBC and base saturation values in the soil. With increased humus quality (higher values of humic acid:fulvic acid (C_HA:C_FA) ratio), cation sorption capacity of SOM significantly increased (r = 0.329, p ≤ 0.01). The results of this study proved that the application of farmyard manure had a positive effect on the increase of SOM sorption capacity, but higher doses of mineral fertilizers added to soil had a negative effect.     

Effect of soil pH on the sorption capacity of soil organic matter for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in unsaturated soils

Sorption by soil organic matter (SOM) is considered the most important process affecting the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs)in soil.The sorption capacity of SOM for HOCs is affected by many environmental factors.In this study,we investigated the effects of soil pH and water saturation level on HOC sorption capacity of SOM using batch sorption experiments.Values of soil organic carbon-water partition coefficient (K_OC) of six selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocar...     

湘赣边界山区林地土壤养分分异规律

[目的]对湘赣边界山区林地在不同海拔高度及植被类型影响下的土壤养分特征和空间分异规律进行研究,为林地土壤的合理利用及培肥提供依据。[方法]采集林地表层土壤,测得各养分指标含量,运用修正的内梅罗综合指数法和变异系数法,对该区土壤综合肥力和空间变异性进行评价。[结果](1)试验区土壤整体呈酸性,有机质和全氮养分含量较高,但普遍缺乏速效养分(磷、钾)。(2)随着从丘陵、低山到中山海拔等级的升高,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷含量及综合肥力系数不断增加;pH值、有机质、全氮的空间变异性不断减小。(3)不同林地生态系统覆被下土壤综合肥力表现为:灌木林>针阔混交林>毛竹林>阔叶林>针叶林;空间变异性规律为:灌木林>针叶林>毛竹林>阔叶林>针阔混交林。(4)人工林的土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾、pH值及土壤综合肥力都低于天然林。[结论]中山海拔等级林地、针阔混交林、天然林对维持良好的土壤养分状况具有更大潜力。