不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响

以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。     

云南省东川银合欢林区重塑土三轴抗剪强度实验研究

为研究固氮植物的固土机制,在中国科学院东川蒋家沟泥石流观测研究站银合欢林区选取5棵树龄相当的银合欢树,于植株附近1m处分别挖取深2m,宽1m的土壤剖面取土并采取银合欢树根,对含有银合欢树根的重塑土进行三轴实验。分析了抗剪强度、黏聚力及内摩擦角与含根量及根径的关系。实验结果表明,抗剪强度与含根量及根径均呈正相关,黏聚力与含根量及根径均呈正相关,内摩擦角受含根量及根径的影响较小,在一定程度上呈负相关。准黏聚力准则与该实验结果一致,同时也存在不同之处,即随着含根量的增多及根径的增大,土体的黏聚力提高,但在一定程度上土体内摩擦角有所降低。定量评价银合欢根系在提高土体抗剪强度方面所起的作用,对利用生物工程措施在该区域进行生态修复有着重要的应用价值。     

城镇化进程中农户土地退出意愿影响因素分析

随着城镇化进程的不断加快,鼓励农户退出土地承包经营权以提高土地资源的利用效率成为解决土地资源短缺的关键途径。为了分析农户土地承包经营权退出意愿的影响因素,利用陕西省关中地区579户农户调研数据,运用结构方程模型,对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素及影响方向进行了研究。研究结果表明:农户家庭特征中的人均收入、离最近县城的距离、家庭总收入、户主文化程度,农户生产特征中的农业收入、耕地经营面积、劳动力数量,农户意识特征中的农户产权意识、农户行为意识、农户福利意识、农户技能意识,对农户的退地意愿产生显著影响。研究结果表明农户土地承包经营权退出意愿是受到多因素综合影响的,并且各影响因素之间也存在一定的共变关系。对农户土地退出意愿的影响因素进行分析可以为制定合理的土地退出政策和机制提供意见参考。     

陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究

通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。     

我国农牧交错带资源环境现状与可持续发展对策

阐述了我国东部农区与西部牧区之间生态过渡带———农牧交错带独特资源与环境特征 ,指出该区应打破系统的封闭性 ,引进负熵促进系统从无序向有序、从低级向高级演化 ,调整农业产业结构 ,使农牧业系统良性耦合 ,实现资源优化配置 ,积极扩大对内对外开放 ,获取外源能量流、物质流、价值流和信息流 ,开拓新的经济增长点和就业渠道     

2002年荔枝大丰收的气象成因分析

通过对2001／2002年度玉林市荔枝生育期的农业气象条件进行诊断分析，得出2002年获得大丰收的主要原因是关键发育期气侯条件好：秋梢抽生期雨水正常；冬季在寒冷和干旱的双重作用下花芽发育比较完全；春季气侯温暖雨量适中雨日偏少有利于荔枝的孕蕾和开花授粉；幼果期和膨大期气象条件也很正常。气侯条件比历史上最高产的1999年更优。     

养殖粪水长期贮存过程理化特性变化规律

目前中国中小规模畜禽养殖场主要采用自然贮存后还田的形式处理养殖粪水,受场地制约,养殖粪水贮存时间通常仅有1～2个月,之后便直接还田利用,贮存后的粪水理化特性变化尚不清楚,是否适宜直接还田尚需研究。该研究以猪粪水和牛粪水为研究对象,重点分析粪水在长期贮存中粪大肠菌群、电导率(Electrical Conductance,EC)以及化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)的变化,分析粪水最佳贮存期及还田利用方式,以期为粪水资源化及安全还田提供参考。结果表明,粪水经自然贮存6个月,铵态氮损失达68%以上,不仅引起环境污染,且降低了养分;贮存后粪水基本可达到无害化要求,但pH值、EC值以及COD浓度仍然偏高,还田前应制定合理的粪水资源化利用方案;固液分离可以有效降低粪水中的COD浓度和EC值,促进粪水无害化进程。该研究为中国畜禽养殖粪水资源化用探索了新的技术路径。     

浑水渗流对粗粒土渗透特性的影响

粗粒土常常作为农业水土工程、水利工程和土壤特性改良工程的重要材料和载体,在浑水渗流作用下,其特性的变化对工程应用有重要影响。该研究推导了浑水渗流作用下,圆管中粗粒土渗流计算式,并采用自制装置系统分析了浑水渗流作用下粗粒土的渗透特性,探讨了粗粒土的水力梯度、渗透系数、渗流量以及孔隙填充率的变化规律,并将推导的理论式与试验结果进行对比验证。结果表明：在水力、几何条件均满足的前提下,浑水在粗粒土中的渗流可分为3个阶段,分别是细颗粒运移畅通阶段（阶段1）,孔隙堵塞和运移并存阶段（阶段2）和粗粒土顶部淤积分层阶段（阶段3）,粗粒土在各阶段表现出不同的渗透和物理特性;粗粒土渗透特性主要受到浑水浓度和水头的影响,随着浓度和水头的增大,浑水中细颗粒在粗粒土中的运移、堵塞和淤积会加剧,粗粒土整体的水力梯度会增大,而渗透系数会逐渐减小;粗粒土的不均匀系数是影响浑水渗流过程的重要因素,不均匀系数越大粗粒土内部孔隙率就越小,细颗粒运移的通道越不畅通,更容易发生堵塞和淤积;随着水头的增大,在较大渗透力的作用下细颗粒的运移会更容易,但也加快了内部堵塞和顶部淤积的速度,细颗粒持续向下运移的距离也会减小;随着浑水浓度的增大,粗粒土顶部的孔隙会快速沉积、封堵,细颗粒运移速度和距离都会被削弱;试验完成后,粗粒土柱沿着渗流路径方向自上而下孔隙率逐渐较小,在0～5 cm范围内下降梯度最大,5～20 cm范围下降趋缓。研究结果揭示了浑水渗流作用下粗粒土抗渗透特性的变化规律,为浑水渗流和工程应用提供理论支持。     

稀释介质种类对豆乳蛋白胶体粒子zeta电位测定效果的影响

蛋白粒子zeta电位是衡量豆乳体系稳定性的一个重要指标,而在电位分析前常采用稀释介质对豆乳进行预处理。为了确保zeta电位测定的准确性和科学性,必须选择合适的稀释介质。因此,该研究采用去离子水、豆乳超滤液两种稀释介质分别对豆乳进行稀释,并比较了这2种稀释介质对zeta电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率的影响。结果表明,若以去离子水为稀释介质,zeta电位的绝对值会随着稀释倍数的升高而显著增加（*P<0.05）,这主要是由于豆乳蛋白胶体粒子发生解聚导致粒径减小,而pH值的升高和电导率的降低则说明豆乳的离子强度显著降低。相比之下,选用豆乳超滤液稀释豆乳时,体系的 zeta 电位、粒径分布、pH值以及电导率都未随稀释倍数的增加而改变（*P>0.05）,说明此法能够较好地维持豆乳蛋白粒子的荷电稳定性。由此可知,豆乳超滤液可做为豆乳zeta电位测定的理想稀释介质。     

Towards bioremediation of toxic unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons: identification of bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins

Background, aim and scope  Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants. Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay, UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin (MBCHT)). Materials and methods  Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months. Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT. Results  The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days. Discussion  The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds. Recommendations and perspectives  Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs.     

Development and use of a database of hydraulic properties of European soils

Many environmental studies on the protection of European soil and water resources make use of soil water simulation models. A major obstacle to the wider application of these models is the lack of easily accessible and representative soil hydraulic properties. In order to overcome this apparent lack of data, a project was initiated to bring together the available hydraulic data which resided within different institutions in Europe into one central database. This information was then used to derive a set of pedotransfer functions applicable to studies at a European scale. These pedotransfer functions predict the hydraulic properties from parameters collected during soil surveys and can be a good alternative for costly and time-consuming direct measurement of these properties. A total of 20 institutions from 12 European countries collaborated in establishing the database of draulic operties of uropean oils (HYPRES). This database has a flexible relational structure capable of holding a wide diversity of both soil pedological and hydraulic data. As these data were contributed by 20 different institutions it was necessary to standardise both the particle-size and the hydraulic data. A novel similarity interpolation procedure was successfully used to achieve standardization of particle-sizes according to the FAO clay, silt and sand particle-size ranges. Standardization of hydraulic data was achieved by fitting the Mualem-van Genuchten model parameters to the individual θ(h) and K(h) hydraulic properties stored in HYPRES. The HYPRES database contains information on a total of 5521 soil horizons (including replicates). Of these, 4030 horizons had sufficient data to be used in the derivation of pedotransfer functions. Information on both water retention and hydraulic conductivity was available for 1136 horizons whereas 2894 horizons had only information on water retention. Each soil horizon was allocated to one of 11 possible soil textural/pedological classes derived from the six FAO texture classes (five mineral and one organic) and the two pedological classes (topsoil and subsoil) recognised within the 1:1 000 000 scale Soil Geographical Data Base of Europe. Next, both class and continuous pedotransfer functions were developed. By using the class pedotransfer functions in combination with the 1:1 000 000 scale Soil Map of Europe, the spatial distribution of soil water availability within Europe was derived.     

流域“健康”诊断指标——一种生态环境评价的新方法

介绍了澳大利亚学者建立的流域环境质量评价指标体系及其评价过程。该方法利用１０项环境背景指标来分析流域的总体质量或功能水平,１０项环境趋势指标以及９项土地生产力和经济效益指标来分析流域环境质量变化的趋势。通过这些指标体系所揭示主要的环境问题,为环境管理提供依据。     

食用仙人掌萎蔫气象条件分析

塑料大棚内种植的食用仙人掌在土壤墒情较好时也有萎蔫现象发生，通过试验观测和对仙人掌生理习性的分析，发现阴雨过后天气突然放晴温度急剧上升易使仙人掌发生萎蔫现象，并提出了田间管理的应对措施。     

热处理强度对猪肉肌球蛋白结构及风味成分吸附特性的影响

为了探究热处理强度对肌球蛋白结构及风味吸附特性的影响,该文选取猪肉中肌球蛋白,采用拉曼光谱等技术,分析了不同温度(45、55、65、75、85℃)对肌球蛋白巯基总量、二级结构和表面疏水性的影响;然后选取8种典型肉品风味成分,建立肌球蛋白-风味化合物作用体系,以同一顶空内不同风味化合物浓度自由比例为指标,采用固相微萃取气质联用技术探究不同热处理强度对肌球蛋白风味吸附作用的影响。结果表明:整个热处理强度增加的过程中肌球蛋白巯基基团含量显著降低(P0.01);温度升至55℃蛋白分子展开,α-螺旋和β-折叠转换成β-转角及无规则卷曲结构;温度升至75℃蛋白分子变性,β-转角及无规则卷曲转换成α-螺旋和β-折叠结构;在温度升高至65℃的过程中蛋白表面疏水性持续增加,温度继续升高略有降低;蛋白对4种醛(3-甲基丁醛、戊醛、庚醛、辛醛)的吸附性在展开过程中增强,聚合过程中减弱;蛋白对2-戊酮的吸附性先降低后升高,45℃处理组最低,85℃处理组最高,对3种酮(2-庚酮、2-辛酮、2-壬酮)的吸附性呈先增加后降低再增加的趋势,蛋白变性时(75℃)显著低于其余温度条件(P0.01),85℃处理时显著高于其余温度条件(P0.01);研究结果为今后关于肉品风味形成机理的研究提供参考。     

Comparison of various methods for the determination of specific surfaces of sub soils

Retention of ethylene glycol monoethylether (EGME) and ethylene glycol (EG), and sorption of nitrogen and water vapour, were studied on a wide range of soils from New Zealand and Fiji. EGME retention was mainly affected by the amount of EGME liquid present in the desiccator, the interaction with the desiccant (CaCl₂), the amount of residual water in the samples, and the time taken to establish end-points. The extent to which each of these factors influences the weight of EGME retained was different for each sample. Surface areas from nitrogen sorption (BET) were not related to those derived from EGME retention in the same way for all soils; EGME retentions did not vary systematically with clay mineralogy. A constant conversion factor cannot be used to convert retentions of polar liquids (EGME, water and EG) to specific surface values, and retention data by itself cannot be used to measure the absolute surface areas of soils.     

Influence of Roasting Temperature of Barley on the Powder Characteristics and Preparation of Tea

Roasting improves the palatability of barley grains. After processing, the resulting powder is widely used to elaborate beverages such as coffee and tea. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of roasting on the characteristics of barley grains and the derived powder. The kinetics of release of soluble solids during the powder hydration at 80°C, performed to produce beverages such as tea, was also determined. In addition, the influence of roasting and rehydration temperatures on the physical composition of the beverages and on the release of soluble solids was investigated. After roasting, barley was ground and sieved. The powder retained in the 0.425 mm sieve was used in the analyses. Owing to roasting, the average protein content of barley increased from 10.56 to 12.88 g/100 g, and the sugar content decreased from 730 to 12.99 mg/mL, which is ascribed to the high process temperature. The phenolic compounds increased from 105.33 to 253.07 mg of ferulic acid per milliliter between the nonprocessed sample and the one roasted at 240°C, respectively. The antioxidant activity decreased with the roasting temperature rise (160–240°C) from 11.60 to 5.30 μg of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl per milliliter. In the production of beverages such as tea, higher roasting temperatures led to a greater release of soluble solids in water.     

基于GIS的贺兰山两侧沙漠边缘带近20a来土地景观格局变化

毛乌素沙地与腾格里沙漠位于贺兰山东西两侧,是中国北方重要的沙漠之一。20世纪80年代至21世纪初,受北方气候变化与沙漠边缘地带人类活动强度加大的影响。两大沙漠边缘地带所属的陕西、甘肃、以及宁夏各县土地利用/土地覆盖发生了显著的变化。同时,由于受到自然地带差异以及其它因素的影响,两大沙漠边缘带土地利用/土地覆盖变化表现出不同的特征。试用景观生态学中景观格局分析方法对这种差异进行描述,通过对两大沙漠边缘带土地利用/土地覆盖格局变化对比研究,力图揭示我国北方干旱区与半干旱区沙漠边缘生态脆弱带生态环境对气候与人类活动变化表现出的不同响应方式。     

北京风沙化土地生态修复现状、问题与对策——以延庆县为例

风沙危害是目前北京地区面临的最为严重的生态环境问题之一,搞好本区的生态修复工作具有重要的意义。以延庆县为例,系统分析了本区风沙化土地生态建设的制约因素以及生态修复现状中存在的问题,提出了今后生态修复的模式和4条对策:一是加强农田耕作制度的指导与管理;二是坚持生态修复与经济发展相结合;三是依靠科技,强化管理,提高防沙治沙的技术含量;四是加强法制建设,实行依法治沙。     

基于典型叶片模板自动匹配的虫损叶面积测量

为了定量化评估农作物的虫害程度,提出了一种基于典型叶片模板自动匹配的叶片虫损面积测量新方法。先将叶片图像二值化并提取其外轮廓;再对提取的轮廓进行多边形近似,以多边形的顶点为端点将叶片外轮廓划分成若干子轮廓;然后采用形状上下文对完整叶片与虫损叶片之间的子轮廓进行自动配准,找出其间的相互映射关系;最后根据映射关系对虫损叶片进行重建,计算出虫损面积。对10类不同叶片的测量分析表明：该方法平均每叶片耗时0.962 s,最大相对误差为8.22%,平均相对误差为4.78%。其中,形状复杂度高的叶片平均相对误差为7.48%,复杂度中等的叶片为5.99%,复杂度低的叶片为1.84%。结果表明,该方法能准确而快速地测量虫损叶面积。     

泥沙粒径与含沙量对迷宫流道滴头堵塞的影响

为探明泥沙粒径与含沙量对内镶片式斜齿形迷宫流道滴头的堵塞过程和原因,采用筛分法,分选出6个小于0.1 mm的粒径段,配制成不同含沙量的浑水,在恒压条件下,采用周期性间歇灌水试验观测流量变化,通过电镜扫描法观测堵塞泥沙结构。试验结果表明:粒径为0.075≤D0.1 mm和0.03≤D0.038 mm的泥沙易引起滴头堵塞;粒径为0.038≤D0.05和D0.02 mm的泥沙较难引起堵塞,且含沙量变化对堵塞的影响较小;粒径0.02≤D0.03 mm和0.05≤D0.075 mm的堵塞情况介于上述两者之间。当含沙量为1.2~1.3 g/L时,是最易引起堵塞的临界含沙量。当0.038≤D0.1 mm时,泥沙在流道内不易形成团聚体,造成滴头堵塞的原因是泥沙沉降、堆积;当D0.038 mm时,泥沙易在流道中凝结成大的团聚体,是造成滴头堵塞的主要原因。