苹果果实发育期果皮色泽与色素变化及其相关性分析

以不同色泽野生种质"东北黄海棠Malus.prunifolia(Willd.)Borkh.""冬红果M.prunifolia(Willd.)Borkh.""早白海棠M.asiatica Nakai"果实为试材,对果实发育不同时期果皮色泽、果皮中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮和总酚等色素的相对含量进行测定,分析果皮色素、色差的变化及其相关性。结果表明,3个种质苹果发育过程中果皮类胡萝卜素、叶绿素、总酚和类黄酮整体呈下降趋势,类胡萝卜素、叶绿素在东北黄海棠近成熟期含量略有上升,总酚和类黄酮在东北黄海棠花后50d到成熟期含量逐渐上升;冬红果近成熟期果实果皮花青苷含量增加,其他2个种质花青苷含量变化呈略微下降趋势;类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、花青苷、类黄酮、总酚以及L*值都有显著或极显著相关性;叶绿素与类黄酮、总酚有显著或极显著相关性;L*值与花青苷、总酚、类黄酮、类胡萝卜素、叶绿素显著或极显著相关;不同种质苹果皮色差值、各色素之间的相关性不完全一致。     

不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实品质的影响

研究了不同套袋材料对红杧6号杧果果实外观、果皮色素、果皮色泽及果实内在品质的影响。结果表明,采用白色单层袋套果后,青熟和完熟时,白色单层纸袋处理的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素质量分数较低,花青苷和类黄酮质量分数均较高,果皮亮度、色彩浓度和色度角均较高或最高,使果皮在青熟时呈紫红色,完熟时呈桃红色。白色单层袋套果后,果实的内在品质如维生素C、可溶性固形物、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖质量分数最高,内在品质最佳。外黄内黑复合纸袋果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮质量分数均较低,果皮亮度、色彩浓度均最高,色度角最低,使果皮在青熟时呈浅黄色,完熟时呈橙黄色,但果实内在品质比白色单层袋差。因此,建议红杧6号杧果用白色单层纸袋进行套袋。     

遮光对沪油018油桃果皮花色苷含量及果实着色的影响

以沪油018为试材,在果实硬核期进行套袋遮光处理,以不套袋果为对照,探讨遮光对果皮花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等色素含量及果实颜色的影响。结果表明,套袋遮光处理后20d,果皮中花色苷含量迅速下降并接近于0,此后一直保持较低的水平,直到果实成熟时略有回升其含量仅为对照的2%;同时,套袋处理也降低了果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量,果实成熟时果皮叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和类黄酮含量分别降低到对照的63.59%、46%和66%。套袋通过改变果实的底色与着色来改变果实的颜色,使果实成熟时的颜色为橘黄色而不同于对照果呈现的浓红色。     

Irwin杧果果皮着色与相关酶活性的关系

以Irwin杧果为试材,研究外黄内黑复合纸双层果袋对生长发育过程中果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷、类黄酮含量与相关代谢酶活性变化影响及相关性。结果表明,随着果实发育成熟,花青苷含量在果实发育中呈低—高—低的变化趋势。套外黄内黑双层袋显著降低了果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花青苷和类黄酮含量;PAL活性在果实发育60d就达到最高,随后降低,完熟时降至最低;CHI活性随着果实的发育成熟有所降低,DFR活性前期变化平缓,在完熟时升至最高;UFGT随果实发育成熟降至最低;外黄内黑复合纸袋显著抑制了PAL、CHI、DFR和UFGT活性。果皮花青苷、类黄酮与CHI呈极显著正相关,类黄酮与UFGT呈显著正相关。说明Irwin杧果皮着色可能是各种色素与CHI和UFGT等作用的结果。     

竹节参果实呈色生理机制研究

以5个不同呈色时期竹节参果实为试材,采用酶标仪检测法,研究了竹节参果实生长发育过程中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、花色苷、类黄酮和总酚含量对果实呈色的影响,以期为揭示竹节参果实呈色生理机制提供参考依据。结果表明：果实、果皮叶绿素含量变化规律随果实转色呈逐渐降低趋势,果实绿果期含量最高1.060 mg·g^-1;类胡萝卜素含量变化规律与叶绿素含量变化规律呈相反趋势,果皮成熟期含量最高0.234 mg·g^-1;花色苷含量的变化规律与类胡萝卜素含量变化相似呈逐渐上升趋势,果皮成熟期含量最高3.393 mg·g^-1。而果实总酚、类黄酮含量合成变化规律呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势,均是成熟时期果皮含量最高,总酚为2.790 mg·g^-1,类黄酮为7.256 mg·g^-1。因此,竹节参果实从绿果期进入转色期时,果实中的叶绿素逐渐被破坏,类胡萝卜素开始在果皮显现出来,花色苷也开始合成,总酚与类黄酮物质对竹节参果实呈色为正向调控作用。     

套袋对苹果果皮花青苷合成及着色的影响

套袋是提高苹果果实着色的主要技术措施之一,也是研究苹果果皮花青苷合成和基因表达的重要手段。苹果果皮花青苷的合成经由苯丙烷类代谢途径,编码苹果花青苷合成酶类的基因已得到克隆。套袋后果皮花青苷合成酶类的基因表达受到抑制,因而抑制了花青苷合成;摘袋后果皮花青苷迅速合成,与套袋后果皮光受体浓度增加和叶绿素含量降低从而提高对光的敏感度、迅速启动花青苷合成酶类的基因协同表达有关。果皮色素特别是花青苷和叶绿素的含量、比例和分布决定果实的着色状况,套袋促进果皮花青苷合成的同时大大降低了叶绿素含量,从而使果实着色鲜艳。     

柑桔果实呈色机理研究进展

柑桔果实色泽是重要的生化性状和经济性状.影响柑桔色泽的主要成分有叶绿素、类胡萝卜素以及花色苷等,成熟柑桔果实果皮呈色过程包括叶绿素的降解和类胡萝卜素的显现和积累,果肉的色泽主要取决于类胡萝卜素的成分和含量,而血橙的主要呈色色素是花青苷.本文对柑桔色素的成分及形成机理、调控机制等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

红富士苹果套袋后果皮中花青苷积累与酚类物质代谢的关系

以红富士苹果为试材,分别在山东栖霞和泰安研究了套袋后果皮中酚类物质代谢与花青苷积累的关系。结果表明,套袋后果皮花青苷积累与酚类物质代谢密切相关。果皮中多酚氧化酶（PPO）含量较对照（不套袋果）降低,过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）较对照升高,类黄酮、水溶性酚和花青苷含量较对照增加,果实着色迅速而良好。但在摘袋后气候不利和果袋为劣质单层纸袋条件下,果皮中酚类物质和花青苷含量均低于对照。     

彩色甜椒果实转色期色素的消长规律

研究了4个果色不同的甜椒品种其果实叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和花青苷等色素在转色期的变化动态.结果表明,在果实转色期,不同果色的叶绿素含量均逐步减少,商品成熟果果色白色、绿色的品种类胡萝卜素含量逐步增加,且叶绿素的减少和类胡萝卜素的增加同时发生,而商品成熟果果色淡黄色的品种,类胡萝卜素含量逐步减少;不同果色品种的花青苷和类黄酮的变化规律相同,在果实转色期二者均逐步增长.     

李果实发育过程中果皮色素、糖和总酚含量及多酚氧化酶活性的变化

大石早生、龙园秋李、黑宝石、安哥诺4个李品种在果实发育过程中,果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、总酚以及类黄酮含量呈下降趋势,可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖、花青苷含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性逐渐增加。除安哥诺的蔗糖、葡萄糖外,果皮花青苷与不同种类糖含量之间呈显著正相关或极显著正相关,大石早生蔗糖含量与花青苷含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.9688,龙园秋李、黑宝石则呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9481、0.9447;黑宝石、安哥诺果糖与花青苷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9358、0.8925,大石早生、龙园秋李则呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9438、0.9763;大石早生、龙园秋李、黑宝石果皮葡萄糖与花青苷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.8940、0.9022、0.9424。龙园秋李、黑宝石这2个品种果皮总酚含量与PPO活性呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.9896、-0.9664。     

红色砂梨2个品种着色过程中的外观变化及其解剖学结构观察

以红色砂梨(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)品种美人酥和云红梨1号为试材,以套袋处理(果袋类型、去袋方式和去袋时间组合成10个不同的套袋处理)为手段研究了果实着色过程中外观和解剖结构的变化。结果表明,红色砂梨的着色需要有高强度的光照。生长过程中套有不透光袋的果实临近成熟时,只有完全曝光才能大量合成花青苷,而且在很短的时间内(大约2周)果实着色面积、着色程度即可优于对照(不套袋处理)。红色砂梨着色是从果实向阳的一侧先开始,且以果点为中心呈放射状向四周扩展,至采收时果实阳面红色能够均匀分布,但整个果面色泽很难一致。解剖结构分析表明果面呈红色是因为果皮中紧邻表皮层的3～4层细胞存在红色细胞(含有花青苷),在果实着色过程中这些红色细胞数目不断增多,同时细胞内色素浓度不断增大。云红梨1号合成花青苷的能力明显优于美人酥,果实着色更鲜艳。解剖学观察发现云红梨1号的表皮细胞层也含有红色细胞。     

红地球和无核白鸡心葡萄设施栽培条件下糖积累与果实着色的关系

以红色类型红地球和白色类型无核白鸡心为试材,研究了南方设施栽培条件下欧亚种葡萄果实着色与糖积累的关系。结果表明,在果实成熟过程中,2种颜色类型葡萄果皮与果肉中均以己糖(葡萄糖、果糖)积累为主,2者比例呈下降趋势,浆果成熟后2者含量大致相同,糖是葡萄果实着色的重要影响因子;红地球果皮中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量变化与果皮、果肉中糖积累呈显著或极显著的负相关关系,花色素苷的形成与果皮、果肉中葡萄糖的积累正相关性达到极显著水平;而白色类型无核白鸡心果皮中不积累花色素苷,类胡萝卜素的变化与果皮、果肉中糖积累相关性相对较高,其中与果皮中葡萄糖的积累相关性达到显著水平。     

‘红香酥’梨果皮色素变化规律及套袋对其形成的影响

为探讨提高‘红香酥’着色的套袋技术措施,以‘红香酥’梨为试材,研究了果实发育过程中果皮花青苷含量的变化及果园温度、套袋时期对果皮花青苷积累的影响。结果表明,‘红香酥’梨果皮花青苷合成与积累高峰出现在果实发育后期,期间含量有所下降,接近果实成熟时花青苷含量急剧增加,成熟时达到最高峰;叶绿素含量从盛花后100 d开始逐渐降低,至果实成熟时达到最低值;类胡萝卜素含量在盛花后90 d以后一直保持较低的水平;昼夜温差不影响花青苷的积累,但较低的昼夜气温有利于花青苷的积累;花后30 d套袋,果实成熟前60 d去袋可显著提高果皮花青苷含量,但对叶绿素含量影响不显著。单独利用套袋技术不能显著改善‘红香酥’梨果实着色。     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

不同类型果袋对秦光2号油桃品质的影响

为了完善油桃果实套袋技术,以油桃(P.persicavar.nucipersica)秦光2号品种为试材,研究了不同果袋对果实外观品质和内在品质的影响。结果表明,套单层双色纸袋使成熟期果实果皮中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素分别比对照降低34.14%和53.14%,但花青苷却增加4.20%,且果实硬度略有增加,果面干净,色泽鲜艳,外观品质提高;可溶性糖、有机酸含量略有下降。套双层双色纸袋与套单层双色纸袋对油桃果实的外观品质和内在品质的影响差异不明显。套塑膜袋易产生日灼。在陕西关中地区,对中晚熟油桃套袋,选择单层双色纸袋效果较好。     

‘凯特’杧果栽培中果实套袋对其采后品质及贮藏性的影响

 以‘凯特’杧果为材料,研究了栽培中果实套袋至采果时、采前除袋和除袋后喷钙3种处理对采后果皮着色、果实品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明：3种处理的果实采后果皮的花青苷和类黄酮含量显著降低,总酚含量在青熟时显著低于对照,但完熟后显著高于对照;3种处理不仅加速果皮由绿色向黄色转变,显著提高果皮和果肉的钙含量,而且显著降低果实采后软化速率并抑制果实病情发展,其中除袋后喷钙处理效果最佳;3种处理果实在青熟时果肉淀粉含量显著高于对照,而蔗糖和维生素C含量显著低于对照,但完熟后果实蔗糖、还原性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C含量与对照没有显著差异。3种处理均有利于改善果实的外观品质,并提高果实的耐贮性。     

山楂果实发育期矿质元素和色素含量的动态变化及相关关系

以大黄面楂、上口、左伏3号、星石榴、甜水5个山楂品种为试材,研究山楂果皮色泽形成与自身矿质元素含量的关系,结果表明,在果实发育过程中,叶绿素含量先上升后下降,类胡萝卜素含量持续下降,花青素含量除大黄面楂外,在果实着色期迅速上升。上口、左伏3号、大黄面楂N含量与果皮花青素含量相关性不显著,甜水和星石榴呈乘幂函数曲线极显著负相关;左伏3号和大黄面楂Ca含量与果皮花青素含量相关性不显著,甜水、星石榴、上口3个品种呈乘幂函数曲线显著或极显著负相关;左伏3号、大黄面楂Fe含量与果皮花青素含量相关性不显著,甜水、星石榴、上口呈乘幂函数曲线显著或极显著负相关;各个品种K元素含量和果皮花青素含量相关性均不显著。     

Influence of Bagging on Color,Anthocyanin and Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes in Peel of Red Colored Mango <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cv</Emphasis>. ‘Lily’

Sunlight influences many morphological, biochemical and molecular changes in fruits and the most important is color change associated with the development of pigments. The exposure to sunlight influences the anthocyanin content of the fruit peel. With the aim to understand the influence of bagging of fruits on the mango peel color, anthocyanin and expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, an experiment was conducted by covering fruits of red colored cv. ‘Lily’ with muslin cloth. The observations were recorded for fruits of control (non-bagged) and fruits developing in shade. In bagged fruits, the color of peel changed towards lightness and yellowness. The reduction in anthocyanin was observed up to 17 times in bagged and shaded fruits. We also observed the down-regulation of all anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in fruits under bagged and shaded conditions. This study reports the influence of bagging and shade on anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and subsequent change in the color of fruit peel.