大豆品种产量稳定性研究 III．十年品种产量试验

采用6个高产品种（中晚熟和中熟品种各3个）,从1996年到2005年进行 了10a产量试验。试验结果表明,6个品种10a总平均产量为2974 kg/hm2。最高产品种 为平安8,平均产量为3189 kg/hm2;最低产品种为长农5,平均产量为2785 kg/hm2,最高比最 低增产14.5%。吉豆3和九农21的平均产量也超过3000 kg/hm2。3个中晚熟品种的平均产量 较中熟品种高5.7%。以6个品种的年平均产量为依据,划分了年成:2004年为丰年, 产量为 3790 kg/hm2;1997和2000年为灾年,产量为2260 kg/hm2;2005年为欠年,产量为2585 kg/hm2; 其余6年为平年,产量为3140 kg/hm2。中晚熟品种较中熟品种稳产性好,变动指数平均小 8.4%。平安8和吉豆3的稳产性最好,变动指数分别为42.9%和48.4%。从分析不同年份组合与 10a数据评价结果的比较得出：准确评价品种稳产性的最少年限为9a。对大豆生产田单 产低、作物品种适应性差异、品种的适应性与稳产性的关系等问题也进行了讨论。     

大豆品种产量稳定性研究Ⅲ.十年品种产量试验

采用6个高产品种(中晚熟和中熟品种各3个),从1996年到2005年进行了10 a产量试验。试验结果表明,6个品种10 a总平均产量为2 974kg/hm2。最高产品种为平安8,平均产量为3 189kg/hm2;最低产品种为长农5,平均产量为2 785kg/hm2,最高比最低增产14.5%。吉豆3和九农21的平均产量也超过3 000kg/hm2。3个中晚熟品种的平均产量较中熟品种高5.7%。以6个品种的年平均产量为依据,划分了年成:2004年为丰年,产量为3 790kg/hm2;1997和2000年为灾年,产量为2 260kg/hm2;2005年为欠年,产量为2 585kg/hm2;其余6年为平年,产量为3 140kg/hm2。中晚熟品种较中熟品种稳产性好,变动指数平均小8.4%。平安8和吉豆3的稳产性最好,变动指数分别为42.9%和48.4%。从分析不同年份组合与10 a数据评价结果的比较得出:准确评价品种稳产性的最少年限为9 a。对大豆生产田单产低、作物品种适应性差异、品种的适应性与稳产性的关系等问题也进行了讨论。     

不同适应生态区域粳稻新品种丰产性稳产性试验研究

依据参试品种在各试验点与各年份试验结果,经过数理统计及相关因素科学分析,依次进行比较,从而鉴定各品种在不同年份,不同适应区域试验的丰产性稳产性,并以同一试验点所有参试品种产量的平均值为生态环境指数称自变量,以各参试品种产量均值为依变量进行回归分析,以确定每个参试品种的稳定性,为粳稻新品种在其适应种植区域应用、推广提供科学数据,对今后粳稻遗传育种研究,选育新品种具有指导意义。     

陆地棉杂交F1产量性状的决策分析

采用MINQUE统计方法,利用AD模型对8个陆地棉品种及其16个晶组合产量性状的资料进行了相关分析和目标产量性状的决策分析。结果表明,不同性状间遗传组分相关系数的大小顺序并不能代替其他性状对皮棉总产决策系数的大小顺序。从而确定了提高陆地棉中熟与早熟品种间杂种后代皮棉总产的主要决策性状和限制性状。     

CERES-Rice模型区域应用中遗传参数升尺度的一种方法

 为了提升CERES Rice模型中遗传参数的空间尺度,以适应区域性研究需要,以江苏省为例,在具有不同水稻品种生态类型的4个稻区各选5~6个样点,以稻区为空间尺度,利用每个样点4年（2001-2004年）县级统计水稻单产资料及同期同地的气象和土壤资料,结合江苏省各地的水稻品种区域试验资料,采用试错法对CERES Rice中8个遗传参数,特别是4个与产量相关的遗传参数分别进行了调试与确定（方法1,简称稻区尺度调试法）,并与传统的其他3种升尺度方法,即代表性品种单点调试法（方法2）、县级尺度调试法（方法3）和超大尺度调试法（方法4）的模拟效果进行了比较。结果显示,方法1的模拟效果较为理想,各稻区模拟产量与统计产量的相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平,均方根差值均小于9％。而其他3种方法的模拟效果均明显不如方法1。研究提出的遗传参数升尺度方法不仅适用于气候变化影响评价研究,也可为作物生长模型在其他区域研究中的应用提供方法上的借鉴。     

棉花品种产量性状的遗传和稳定性分析

本文根据1989～1990年度安徽省不同生态棉区的5个棉花新品种试验的有关产量性状的遗传、稳定性参数的分析,旨在对当前这几个新品种的适应性和稳定性作出评价,从而为其合理利用和对这些品种进行改良及更高产量品种选育提供参考依据。对近几年育成的棉花新品种进行多年、多点试验结果的初步分析表明:在长江流域棉区进行棉花新品种选育,要想产量超过泗棉2号10％以上,其育种目标应确定为,在保持单株结铃性、单铃重与泗棉2号相当的基础上,着重提高衣分;在选择策略上,应加强对衣指选择,以利产量与纤维品质协调增长。     

淮北平原宜子粒机收夏玉米品种的播期与收获期分析

以不同熟期夏玉米品种为研究对象,建立淮北平原玉米主产区不同熟期夏玉米品种吐丝后有效积温与子粒含水率预测模型,基于当地气象数据,确定不同熟期夏玉米品种适宜子粒机收的合理播期与收获期。结果表明,播期越早,产量越高。庐玉9105产量显著高于迪卡517,迪卡517子粒脱水速率快于庐玉9105。迪卡517与庐玉9105子粒含水率降至28%所需有效积温分别为873.0℃·d和943.9℃·d,降至25%所需有效积温分别为914.1℃·d和992.3℃·d。为保证子粒机收与丰产,6月5日种植与庐玉9105熟期相当的品种,收获期为10月5日,100%的年份可以保证子粒机收;播期推迟至6月15日,种植与迪卡517熟期相当的品种,10月5日收获,72.7%～90.9%的年份可以保证子粒机收。因此,在淮北平原玉米主产区将品种与播期合理运筹搭配,可兼顾玉米子粒机械直收与丰产稳产。     

大豆品种产量稳定性研究：Ⅱ.多年份品种产量试验

１９８９－１９９３年以不同熟期不同结荚习性的九个大豆品种为材料，在吉林省公主岭研究了大豆品种籽粒产量稳定性与品种生育期，结荚习性的关系。试验结果表明在供试条件下，即生育期间５－９份降水量为３７０－７４０ｍｍ，有效积温在３０００℃左右时，以中熟，亚有限结荚习性品种为最稳产。在不同气候条件的年份组合的平均表现不，中熟品种的稳产性比早熟品种，中晚熟品种好，但中熟品种中３种结荚习性间的稳产性差异不明显。在     

小麦高蛋白品种资源研究

１９８６￣１９９０年间对国内外近２万份小麦品种资源进行了蛋白质含量测定，初步筛选出一批高蛋白品种。１９９０￣１９９４年又对部分高蛋白品种进行了不同生态地点多年份的繁种，重复鉴定筛选，旨在确定其高蛋白的遗传特性并对这些高蛋白遗传资源在不同地点和年份间的表现进行了分析。经过多点多年份重复鉴定筛选后而确定的高蛋白遗传资源，可供小麦品质育种工作者选择利用。     

不同熟性花生品种早春双膜覆盖栽培鲜果产量及种植效益

连续 3年试验表明 ,不同熟性花生品种在早春双膜覆盖栽培条件下 ,鲜果产量和种植效益均存在显著差异 ,同期收获 ,中熟大粒品种鲜果产量最高 ,较早熟中粒品种增产 2 0 %以上 ,达极显著水平。以饱果率达 2 0 %为收获上市标准 ,早中熟中粒品种可比中熟大粒品种提前 1 2～ 1 7d上市 ,增产值 3 5 0 0元 /hm2 左右。本地区 6月下旬收获上市的鲜食菜用花生应选早中熟中粒品种如V3、V4、V5等 ,7月上中旬上市的要选中熟大粒高产品种如V6、V2等     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.