The design, limitations, and use of a portable tensiometer

A digital reading, portable, pressure-transducer tensiometer, accurate to ± 100 Pa is described and compared with a dial gauge version. Both tensiometers deform the soil on insertion and the time to obtain a reliable measurement was found to depend on how long it took for disturbed soil around the sensing tip to re-equilibrate with undisturbed soil. At matric potentials greater than ?5 kPa the digital tensiometer equilibrated within a few minutes but a t potentials less than ?30 kPa both tensiometers required more than 2 h. Two examples are given in which digital tensiometers are used to investigate spatial variation in water-table height.     

轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡与垂直涡空化特性

该文利用高速摄影和压力脉动测量结果,以某一模型轴流泵为研究对象,研究了轴流泵叶顶涡空化机理,探讨了不同流量、不同空化数下的叶顶空化形态及垂直空化涡发展的瞬态特性,分析了叶顶空化形态与压力脉动结果之间的关系。试验结果表明,小流量(0.6~0.8)Qopt(Qopt=365 m3/h)工况下,更易空化初生且叶顶空化形态更不稳定,随着空化数的降低,叶顶空化更加剧烈;垂直空化涡自叶顶三角形云状空化尾缘脱落,垂直于叶片压力面向相邻叶片移动,造成流道堵塞,影响泵的水力性能。随着流量的降低,垂直空化涡初生点向叶顶尾缘移动;减小空化数,其尺度与强度增大。压力脉动与空化结构图像对比表明,叶片吸力面为传感器所在圆周压力最低处。叶顶空化区为低压区范围,在大流量1.2Qopt工况下,叶顶泄漏涡涡带为狭长的低压区。随着流量与空化数的降低,叶顶泄漏涡与叶顶相连形成三角形空化云,形成较大范围的低压区。垂直空化涡的脱落使得云状空化面积减小,低压区范围减小。垂直空化涡向相邻叶片压力面移动中,与脱落的叶顶泄漏涡尾缘混合作用,使压力回升过程中产生波动。空化结构对轴流泵叶轮叶顶区压力具有重要影响。     

一种适于土壤水势定位观测的新仪器

SM-1型便携式土壤水势监测仪可以在田间定位观测土壤水势、地下水位,从而可进一步获取土壤水分特征曲线、导水率等土壤水力性质参数。该仪器利用张力计原理,采用一个传感器结合多个探头的方法,对传统技术进行了改进,其测定精度可达到±1KPa。     

黄白土的持水特性及施用有机物料的效应研究

用张力计法测量了黄白土的持水特性及施用有机物料对其保水和供水性能的影响。结果表明 :(1 )在张力计测定范围内 ,黄白土土壤水吸力与含水量之间表现出显著的线性相关。(2 )施用有机物料 ,可以提高土壤的保水性能。其中施用牛粪的效果要优于麦秸。施用有机物料 ,还可以提高土壤速效水的上限 ,降低速效水的下限 ,提高速效水的含量 ,增强土壤水的有效性     

Combined tensiometer–solution sampling probe

Variables needed to characterize solute transport in soils are soil water pressure (SWP) and solute concentration, which are typically obtained from tensiometers and suction solution samplers, respectively. In this paper we describe a combined tension–solution sampling probe that measures SWP, and allows extraction of soil solution during or between SWP measurements. A separate porous ceramic cup and ring to be used for the tensiometer and suction solution sampler were built into a single unit. Laboratory soil column experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the combined tension–solution probe, and the data obtained were compared with those from using separate tensiometer and suction solution samplers. Differences in tensiometric measurements were attributed to differences in size between the tensiometers. An apparent increase in pore water solution concentration as soil water potential is decreased could be explained by anion exclusion.     

A porous-matrix sensor to measure the matric potential of soil water in the field

The matric potential of soil water is probably the most useful assessment of soil water status. However, the water‐filled tensiometer (the benchmark instrument for measuring matric potential) typically only operates in the range 0 to ?85 kPa. In this paper, we report the development of a porous‐matrix sensor to measure matric potential in the approximate range ?50 to ?300 kPa. The sensor uses a dielectric probe to measure the water content of a ceramic material with known water retention characteristics. The calculation of matric potential takes into account hysteresis through the application of an appropriate model to measured wetting and drying loops. It is important that this model uses closed, rather than open, scanning loops. The calibrated sensors were tested in the field and the output compared with data from water‐filled tensiometers and dielectric measurements of soil water content. These comparisons indicated that conventional tensiometers gave stable but false readings of matric potential when soil dried to matric potentials more negative than ?80 kPa. The porous‐matrix sensors appeared to give reliable readings of matric potential in soil down to ?300 kPa and also responded appropriately to repeated wetting and drying. This porous‐matrix sensor has considerable potential to help understand plant responses to drying soil.     

Evaluation of a combined penetrometer for simultaneous measurement of penetration resistance and soil water content

A combined penetrometer is an appropriate tool to measure the soil cone resistance and the water‐content profile. As a relatively new technique, a combined capacitance‐penetrometer for the simultaneous measurement of cone index and soil water content was developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Bonn University in 2002. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness and applicability of the innovated penetrometer with a focus on three aspects: (1) A capacitance sensor with two electrode configurations was calibrated for silt loam, sandy loam, and sand. The calibration results show that both electrode configurations have sufficient water‐content sensitivity, but soil‐specific calibrations seem necessary. (2) Under laboratory conditions, the dynamic resolution and response of the capacitance‐penetrometer were validated, and its radius of influence was determined. (3) The field measurement results demonstrate that this measurement technique can be used to improve the interpretation quality of soil cone index data.     

A prototype osmotic tensiometer with polymeric gel grains

An accurate field method that directly measures the entire range of relevant soil water potentials for periods of months to years is not yet available. The osmotic tensiometer (OT) has the potential to fulfil these demands but is still in an early stage of development. We have designed a novel OT that should overcome several drawbacks of former designs by the use of cross‐linked polymeric gel grains instead of an aqueous solution of linear chain polymers inside the porous ceramic cup. For this reason, the cup can have large pores without polymer leakage. This ensures that water exchanges rapidly with the soil, resulting in a negligible pressure lag with changing temperatures, which is the most important source of a systematic measurement error of an OT. A second reason for better performance might be the inherent elasticity of the grains which should inhibit formation of a polymer cake at the filter. To study several of the key variables of the new sensor, transient and stationary experiments were performed in an aqueous solution the temperature, salt type and salt concentration of which were varied. Under similar conditions the swelling of the polymer grains was studied in more detail. The OT that we developed responds rapidly to changes in water potential, but is very susceptible to the influence of salts. To study and minimize salt influence, swelling tests of unconfined grains are proposed in combination with tests of the OT itself.     

一种简易的土壤呼吸速率原位测定方法

[目的]结合传统静态气室密闭法的优缺点,探索一种简易静态气室土壤呼吸速率测定方法。[方法]针对传统静态气室密闭法测量过程中需补充密闭气室同体积被抽取出的气体样本、仪器设备成本比较高等缺点,设计出本测量方法所需要测量装置。装置主要由静态密闭气室底座、静态密闭气室(桶)以及泵吸式CO_2浓度检测仪组成。试验按照给定的实施步骤在野外进行,并以碱液吸收法测量值为标准验证了该方法测量结果的有效性。[结果]该方法不仅克服了传统静态气室密闭法测量过程中的缺点,且测量结果准确,成本低廉,操作更为简捷。[结论]可以运用于各种野外环境条件下的土壤呼吸速率原位测定。     

螺旋离心泵内回流涡空化特性

为了研究回流涡空化特性,对一台螺旋离心泵内部的空化流动进行了可视化研究,在一定的工况下该泵内部发生了回流涡空化,捕捉到了不同流量下螺旋离心泵内部回流涡空化形态,发现回流漩涡空化中存在2个旋转的空化云,并且随着流量的减小,回流涡空化云体积逐渐减小;对该泵进行了数值模拟,发现随着流量的减小,泵进口外部形成的回流区域变小,从而导致回流涡空化云体积逐渐减小。该文对螺旋离心泵内回流涡空化体积演变机理的深入研究提供了参考。     

林草间作地土壤低吸力段持水性能的初步研究

以庄浪县5种林草间作模式为对象,在田间采用张力计法测定各模式地的低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,分析各模式地的土壤持水性能,比较不同模式地的比水容量,结果表明,各模式地土壤含水率随吸力变化较快;五种模式不同土层土壤持水力存在明显差异,表层土壤持水力较大,60cm土层土壤持水能力最差。仁用杏+红豆草模式地土壤持水能力和供水能力最强,是最为耐旱模式,油松+紫花苜蓿模式供水能力最差。     

基于频域法的便携式无线土壤水分测量装置设计与试验

针对农田土壤水分测量的实际需要,研制了一种便携式无线土壤水分测量装置。该装置结构一体化设计采用"T"型结构,将土壤水分传感器和信息采集与发送单元融合,可在0~300 mm的不同深度下测量土壤水分,并采用蓝牙传输技术,将测量数据实时发送给Android手机,手机可通过App软件对数据进行分析处理,实现了农田数据的大容量存储和智能化处理。在实验室环境下,使用砂土和壤土2种土样对测量装置进行了标定试验,土壤容积含水率与传感器输出电压服从二次曲线关系,决定系数均达到0.99以上;将测量装置与波兰Easy Test TDR土壤测试仪进行对比试验,二者测量结果呈线性相关关系,决定系数为0.987。试验结果表明该装置可准确测量土壤水分含量。     

三深度土壤水分传感器的研制及试验

针对当前植物根区不同深度下土壤含水量测量存在的传感器安装困难、对原位土壤扰动大以及传感器间一致性差等问题,该文基于阻抗法设计了一种三深度土壤水分传感器。该传感器不仅可以同时测量3个不同深度的土壤含水量,并且在安装时对原位土壤扰动极小。试验标定结果显示,该传感器具有较高的精度,所测的土壤含水量与烘干法所得的实际含水量非常吻合,决定系数R2和均方根误差(RMSE,root mean square error)分别达到0.996和0.013 cm3/cm3;传感器可适用于多种不同质地的土壤,在3种不同质地土壤中的输出灵敏度均大于1V/(cm3/cm3)。传感器的输出与土壤体积含水量呈现良好的线性关系,对黏土、砂土及壤土的决定系数R2分别达到0.983、0.965和0.975;土壤水分入渗试验结果进一步表明,该传感器性能良好,3个不同深度的传感器电极具有较高的一致性,在壤土和砂土样本中3个深度传感器电极的输出,相对误差分别小于2%和5%。     

环境放射性核素~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)的田间原位测定研究

原位现场γ谱仪具有快速准确监测土壤中环境放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex的潜力,可以解决传统环境放射性核素示踪土壤侵蚀在选择参考点和测定时间过长问题。本研究应用现场γ谱仪(ISOCS,In-situObject Counting System),对内蒙古锡林浩特草原土壤中137Cs和210Pbex的含量进行了田间原位(不采样)测定,并与室内γ谱仪测定结果进行了比对。结果显示:现场γ谱仪的探头离地面1m,采用90度准直器,测量时间保证3600s以上时,测定的土壤中137Cs面积浓度与室内测定结果一致,二者的平均偏差为8%,表明现场γ谱仪测定具有较高精度,是快速评价土壤侵蚀速率的有效技术;210Pbex的原位测定结果显著高于室内测定结果,可能由于测定时间较短所致。初步研究结果表明:原位测定具有时间短、精度高的优点,可以克服传统采样造成的空间变异误差。     

土壤低吸力段持水性能及其与早期土壤干旱的关系研究

本文研究了东北5种耕作土壤<1巴的低吸力段持水性能,包括影响低吸力段持水量的因素、所吸持水分对植物的有效程度、比水容量及脱水速度等.根据东北地区春旱尽管程度不同,但发生较为普遍的这一特点,分析、比较各种土壤基质本身存在的差异,并就它们对早期土壤干旱的抗逆能力作出评价.结果表明,熟化程度较高的草甸棕壤最优,而砂壤质冲积性草甸土最差.     

On-the-go measurement of soil water content and mechanical resistance by a combined horizontal penetrometer

A combined horizontal penetrometer was designed for the on-the-go and simultaneous measurement of soil water content and mechanical resistance. The maximum sampling rate for both sensors was 10 Hz and the maximum operating depth was 20 cm. For the water-content sensor, its measurement principle depends on the electric field of the fringe-capacitance. In order to evaluate the applicability of this combined penetrometer, four experiments in the field were carried out. These experiments included: (1) soil water content profiles test; (2) soil compaction measurement test; (3) effect of the operating velocity on the water content and resistant force measurement; (4) effect of operating depth on the force measurement. The experimental results show that the combined horizontal penetrometer is a practical tool since it can provide more useful information of soil physical properties.     

太阳能供电的土壤剖面水分动态原位自动监测系统的研制

目前,商业化的土壤水分传感器在野外观测土壤剖面含水率时仍然存在测量深度不可调节、多传感器探头之间的互换误差、野外长期监测供电困难、成本较高等问题。为此,该研究设计并研制了一种太阳能供电的可实现野外长期工作的介电管式土壤剖面水分原位自动监测系统。该系统组成包括:传感器模块、主控模块、太阳能供电模块和参数设置软件。测量时,先将PVC管垂直安装至待测土壤中,安装过程不扰动土壤结构,主控与存储模块控制土壤含水率传感器在PVC管中上下移动测量土壤含水率,并同步记录土壤深度。此外,该系统可以根据实际需求通过PC机参数设置软件进行灵活设定测量参数(传感器测量深度、测量深度间隔和测量周期)。针对该系统的性能与测量精度开展了相关测试与观测试验,功耗测试结果表明该系统待机功率为0.35 W,工作功率为1.4 W,太阳能电池板最大输出功率为5W,太阳能电池板和锂电池配合供电的情况下能实现长时间续航;土壤含水率传感器在砂土和粉壤土中的标定试验表明:该系统测量结果与实际土壤体积含水率高度吻合,标定曲线决定系数R~2均大于0.99;经过校正后,该系统探头深度定位的标准偏差在0.2 cm以内。在两种质地土壤的滴灌试验结果表明:该系统分别在6和15 mL/min两种滴水速率下均能准确获取土壤剖面含水率的动态变化过程,为观测作物生长状态和根区水分变化、制定合理的灌溉策略以及研究并检验土壤入渗水动态模型提供了可靠的技术支持和保障。     

THEORY OF TIME RESPONSE OF TENSIOMETERS

The time taken for a tensiometer to reach equilibrium with the soil-water pressure is a function not only of the tensiometer characteristics but also of the soil-water transport properties. When. in an appropriate system of units. the numerical value of the conductance of the tensiometer cup is small compared with that of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil, and the sensitivity of the pressure ‘gauge’ is large compared with the differential water capacity of the soil. then the precision of the measurements is such that the observed response may be indistinguishable from that of a tensiometer in bulk water. referred to as ‘tensiometer limited’. The theory developed in this paper for a hemispherical tensiometer cup shows that tensiometer-limited conditions can be achieved in practice. Moreover. such conditions would often correspond to a rapid response system. It is suggested that it might be advantageous in the design of a field recording system to choose a tensiometer-limited system even if it is not the fastest realisable one in order that its response is completely predictable from the known tensiometer characteristics. independent of the unknown soil properties. which may be changing.     

Die Validierung von Bodenwasserhaushaltsmodellen mit Hilfe von TRIME-TDR,Tensiometermessungen sowie thermogravimetrischen Bodenfeuchtebestimmungen

The validation of soil water balance models based on measurements of soil water contents by gravimetry and by TRIME-TDR and of soil water suctions determined by tensiometer In this study different measuring techniques for determining soil water contents and soil water suctions were analysed for their suitability for the validation of soil water balance models. For this purpose a period of three years with continuous data of soil water contents measured by TRIME-TDR and soil water suction measured by tensiometer were available. Additionally soil samples at different times were taken for gravimetric moisture analyses. These measurements were compared with the corresponding simulation results of a soil water balance model. This soil water balance model consists of the determination of evapotranspiration according to Penman-Monteith and the calculation of soil water fluxes based on the Darcy-equation. The results indicate the higher suitability of TDR-measurements for evaluating the goodness of fit between the simulated and the calculated results in comparison with the other measuring techniques used in this study, especially in the context of general soil water dynamics. The tensiometer data show the limited measuring range as a well known disadvantage of this technique.     

基于驻波率原理的土壤水分传感器的测量敏感度分析

土壤水分测量方法中,有效测量范围(即测量敏感区域)是一个重要问题。该文运用探针的静电场分布,分析由基于驻波率(SWR)原理的快速土壤水分传感器的测量敏感度,分析了SWR型土壤水分传感器的有效测量土体,输出电压与土壤体积含水率之间的最大线形区域,得出了SWR型土壤水分传感器的最佳结构