Selenoneine,total selenium,and total mercury content in the muscle of fishes

Levels of the selenium-containing imidazole compound selenoneine and overall organic selenium were measured in the muscle of fishes by speciation analysis. The method involves monitoring ⁸²Se levels by liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy using a gel filtration column. Selenoneine levels were found to be highest in swordfish muscle (concentration 2.8 nmol/g tissue). The selenoneine contents of bigeye tuna, Pacific bluefin tuna, albacore, yellowfin tuna, and alfonsino muscle were 1.3–2.6 nmol/g tissue. In muscle of these fishes, most organic selenium (9–42%) was present as selenoneine. In other fish species, such as Pacific sardine, greeneye, skipjack, Pacific mackerel, horse mackerel, red sea bream, and Japanese barracuda, selenoneine levels were 0.1–1.4 nmol/g tissue, accounting for 3–34% of organic selenium. In contrast, muscle of Japanese conger, Japanese anchovy, chum salmon, Pacific saury, white croaker, and marbled sole contained levels of selenoneine below the level of detection (<0.05 nmol/g tissue). Mercury and selenium contents were 0.01–5.12 nmol/g tissue and 1.4–19.1 nmol/g tissue. The Se-to-Hg molar ratio varied from species to species, ranging from 1 for swordfish to 217 for marbled sole.     

Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by selenoneine

Fisheries Science - Selenoneine is a selenium-containing compound that exhibits strong radical-scavenging activity. Here we present a novel function of selenium in which selenoneine exhibits...     

30种渔用饲料原料的营养成分分析

测定了30种饲料原料的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、无氮浸出物和粗纤维;计算了可消化能和能量蛋白比;分析了粗蛋白中的氨基酸组成,用必需氨基酸指数评价了它们的营养价值。     

捕捞压力和气候因素对黄渤海带鱼渔获量变化的影响

渔获量的变化不仅受捕捞作用的影响,还与气候变动有关。本研究采用1956 2006年黄渤海带鱼渔获量数据,分析带鱼渔获量变动对捕捞压力和气候因素的响应。带鱼渔获量可分解成变化趋势和年间变动。变化趋势主要由捕捞压力的增加而引起,Fox模型的拟合结果表明,带鱼渔获量与捕捞努力量的回归关系显著(P<0.01)。移除渔获量的年际变化趋势后,渔获量变动与黄海冬季季风、东海夏季季风、黄河流域和黄渤海沿岸降水呈显著的正偏相关(P<0.02),与黄海海表温度、黄海夏季季风、渤海夏季及冬季季风呈显著的负偏相关(P<0.05)。这种相关关系表明,气候因素影响到黄渤海带鱼渔获量的年间变动。陆地降水和径流给黄渤海海域输入了丰富的营养盐;而季风则控制着营养盐的流动及分布,从而影响海域的初级生产力;水温的变化会直接影响鱼类的生长、摄食、产卵及洄游等,影响鱼类种群的变化。黄渤海带鱼渔获量可以用捕捞努力量和气候因素加以拟合(P<0.01),说明气候因素对黄渤海带鱼渔获量有显著的影响。另外,作者认为在全球增暖的背景下,未来黄渤海带鱼渔获量可能会减少,且渔获量的年间波动幅度可能增大。     

养殖河蟹弧菌病病原茵分离鉴定及其胞外产物的致病性

从杭州一养蟹场的病蟹体内分离到3株细菌,经形态学检查、生化性质测定,鉴定为副溶血弧菌。人工感染健康蟹,48h内均发生死亡,死亡率100％,证实副溶血弧菌为河蟹的致病菌。药敏试验结果表明,此病原菌对链霉素、利福平、卡那霉素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、氟哌酸、四环素、氯霉素、氟嗪酸、复达欣、菌必治、萘啶酸等药物高度敏感。分离菌株培养物经理化方法处理获得的胞外产物蛋白具有明胶酶、几丁质酶、淀粉酶、酪蛋白酶、脂酶、磷脂酶等多种酶活性及溶血活性,并对河蟹具有明显的致病作用。     

围填海对珠江口南沙湿地资源与生物资源的影响

利用1989、1994、2004和2014年陆地卫星遥感资料,采用遥感影像解译手段、GIS数字化和叠加分析等方法,分析珠江口南沙湿地围填海开发进程,并通过对2002—2003年和2013—2014年两个时期10个航次的现场调查资料的对比分析,研究围填海对南沙周围水域生物的影响。结果表明:(1)4个时相南沙湿地海岸线长度分别为213.6 km、230.0 km、232.5 km和248.6 km。1989—1994年、1994—2004年和2004—2014年海岸线长度年增加幅度分别为3.28 km/a、0.25 km/a和1.61 km/a,海岸线向海推进最大距离分别为4900 m、1700 m和7700 m。(2)1989—2014年南沙湿地因围填海增加面积约46.3km~2,增加幅度最大的阶段为1989—1994年,增加面积占总增加面积的40.60%;其次是2004—2014年,增加面积占总增加面积的34.99%;1994—2004年围填海占用的滩涂面积最小(24.41%),南沙万顷沙和龙穴岛的围填海活动最为剧烈。(3)近10年来,南沙湿地浮游动物、大型底栖动物、潮间带生物、鱼类和头足类等生物资源种类分别减少了60.34%、73.21%、26.67%、79.78%和50.00%,栖息密度分别减少58.49%、12.38%、79.96%、78.78%和66.79%,生物量分别减少了82.16%、73.23%、15.83%、70.49%和62.43%。甲壳类的种类数和栖息密度分别减少了13.33%和69.85%,但生物量增加了114.20%。(4)浮游动物多性性指数增加了10.24%,大型底栖动物、潮间带生物、鱼类、甲壳类和头足类等多样性指数分别减少了71.10%、91.82%、18.18%、66.90%和73.68%,优势种更替显著。可见,南沙湿地围填海不仅改变了海岸线的类型和长度,占用了湿地资源,同时也对周边水域的海洋生物产生了不利影响。     

Effects of Different Diets on the Growth,Survival, and Nutritional Composition of Juvenile Cuttlefish,Sepia pharaonis

The aim of this experiment was to determine the optimal initial food for hatchling cuttlefish and to investigate the influence of dietary composition on the growth, survival, and nutritional composition of cultured juvenile cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis. Six experimental food groups were designated: Artemia nauplii, Calanus sinicus, frozen Hyperacanthomysis brevirostris, Ampithoe valida, H. brevirostris, and subadult Artemia. The results showed that survival, growth body biochemical composition of juvenile cuttlefish were significantly affected by experimental diets (P < 0.05). The optimum initial food was H. brevirostris, yielding a growth rate as high as 6.39%/d and survival rate reaching 81%. Growth rate was significantly positively correlated with dietary protein, Lys, Met, Phe, Iie, Leu, Trp, Arg, Gly, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 16:0 (P < 0.05). Survival was significantly positively correlated with dietary protein, Lys, Met, Phe, Val, Thr, Iie, Leu, Trp, Arg, Gly, EPA, DHA, and 16:0 (P < 0.05). The dietary protein, lipid, Met, Val, Thr, Leu, 18:0, and EPA were prone to accumulation within the body of juvenile cuttlefish (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that juvenile cuttlefish exhibited the best growth rates and survival when fed a diet that supplied high‐protein, low‐fat, and larger quantities of Lys, Met, Phe, Val, Thr, Iie, Leu, Trp, Arg, Gly, EPA, DHA, and 16:0.     

Mycobacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay fish

Mycobacteriosis in fish can result in ulcers, emaciation, and in some cases death. Mycobacteria have been previously isolated from a variety of Chesapeake Bay fish species, and the current study was designed to identify potential host specificity and location fidelity of mycobacterial isolates. Mycobacteria were isolated from wild fish of the Chesapeake Bay collected from the Upper Bay, the Choptank River, Herring Bay, the Chicamacomico River, the Pocomoke River and the Potomac River in 2003–2006. Mycobacterial isolates were recovered from striped bass, Morone saxatilis , Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus , white perch, Morone americana , summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus , spot, Leiostomus xanthurus , largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides , channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , common carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio , spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus , killifish, Fundulus sp., blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis , American gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum and American silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura . Twenty-nine well-defined mycobacterial groups resulted from gas chromatography dendrogram clustering of isolates. The majority of groups included more than one host species and more than one site of collection. However, four groups contained only striped bass isolates, three of which were similar to M. shottsii . Therefore, multiple Chesapeake Bay fish species are colonized with multiple mycobacterial isolates, of which few appear to be host or location specific.     

几种海水鱼类人工育苗的研究

进行了红鳍笛鲷、紫红笛鲷、斜带髭鲷、美国红鱼、尖吻鲈、卵形鲳堃等10种海水鱼人工育苗的研究，试验共计32次，培育出了一定数量的鱼苗，其中尖吻鲈鱼苗391万尾，布氏鲳堃鱼苗88万尾，卵形鲳鱼堃苗23万尾，红鳍笛鲷鱼苗0．5万尾，花尾胡椒鲷鱼苗10．7万尾，斜带髭鲷鱼苗20．1万尾，大黄鱼鱼苗56万尾，美国红鱼鱼苗234万尾，其平均成活率分别为83％、49％、58％、0．1％、14％、6％、42％、48％。对各种鱼类的人工育苗进行了对比、分析，对海水鱼类人工育苗的方法及目前育苗过程中存在的一些问题进行了讨论，试验表明：海水鱼类的人工育苗与藻类、海水比重等因素存在着密切的关系。     

海水养殖动物源弧菌喹诺酮类药物耐药表型与基因型分析

采用琼脂稀释法测定121株海水养殖源弧菌对喹诺酮类药物(恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星)的敏感性,利用PCR方法检测其质粒介导的喹诺酮类耐药基因(qnrVC、qnrS、qnrA和qnrB)、外排泵耐药基因(oqxA、oqxB、acrR、marR和soxR)和整合子(Int1、SXT和ISCR1),同时研究4种外排泵抑制剂(甲基吡咯烷酮,NMP;利血平,RSP;羰基氰氯苯腙,CCCP;苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-β萘酰胺,PAβN)对弧菌恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星最小抑菌浓度的影响。在121株弧菌中,恩诺沙星耐药菌株31株(25.6%),诺氟沙星耐药株21株(17.4%),环丙沙星耐药株22株(18.2%);4种质粒介导喹诺酮类耐药基因仅检测到qnrA(2株)和qnrVC(30株),5种喹诺酮类外排泵基因仅在溶藻弧菌352菌株中检测到oqxB;121株弧菌中检测到39株菌携带Int1、42株菌携带SXT、44株菌携带ISCR1;在NMP、RSP、CCCP和PAβN作用下,分别有22株、25株、31株和7株弧菌对恩诺沙星的敏感性下降,分别有6株、5株、9株和4株弧菌对诺氟沙星的敏感性下降,分别有17株、13株、5株和14株弧菌对环丙沙星的敏感性下降。研究结果表明,弧菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药表型与基因型存在较大的不一致性,外排泵抑制剂对弧菌喹诺酮类药物的耐药性具有显著影响,预示弧菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药存在着新的机制。     

花鳗、欧鳗和日本鳗肌肉无机元素的分析

采用电感耦合等等子体发射光谱仪对花鳗、欧鳗和日本鳗肌肉无机元素组成进行了测定。结果表明:花鳗肌肉中Ca含量最高,P含量次之。欧鳗和日本鳗肌肉中P含量最高,Ca含量次之。三种鳗鲡肌肉中Na、Mg、K含量相近且高低顺序相同,花鳗肌肉中常量元素和Zn、Fe、Mn的含量均高于欧鳗和日本鳗。三种鳗鲡肌肉中均含人体不可缺少的微量元素Zn。据此可认为花鳗营养价值最高。     

珠江口鱼类组成分析

根据1998年珠江口水域尖尾罟网和掺缯网周年月度渔业资源调查资料,采用因子分析、回归分析和聚类分析方法分析了珠江口鱼类的种类组成、生物学特征及季节变化规律。结果表明,珠江口水域的鱼类主要是沿岸或河口性的小型鱼类,棘头梅童鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼、银鲳、孔Jia虎鱼、红狼牙Jia虎鱼、触角沟Jia虎鱼、矛尾Jia虎鱼、拟预选尾Jia虎鱼、眶棘双边鱼、双线舌鳎、半滑舌鳎、凤鲚、勒氏短须石首鱼、丽叶Shen、前鳞骨鲻、龙头鱼、带鱼、短带鱼、小带鱼、鳓鱼、黄鲫、日本Ti、康氏小公鱼、黄吻棱Ti、棕腹刺Tun、黄鳍东方Tun、火枪乌贼、杜氏枪乌贼等,是珠江口鱼类组成的主体。鱼类组成的季节变化明显,但底栖种类和中上层种类存在着时间上的差异。     

养殖鳗鲡致病性气单胞菌对抗生素药物的敏感性

以30种抗生素药物（包括12大类）研究32株鳗鲡致病性气单胞菌（包括嗜水、维氏、豚鼠和简达气单胞菌4种）对药物的敏感性.结果表明,多数致病性气单胞菌对庆大霉素、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、卡那霉素、洛美沙星、呋喃妥因、哌拉西林、左氧氟沙星、壮观霉素、链霉素、阿奇霉素、氟哌酸、头孢曲松、强力霉素和头孢呋辛等16种药物敏感;而多数菌株对新生霉素、头孢克罗、头孢拉定、头孢唑林、头孢噻吩、利福平、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、乙酰螺旋霉素、羧苄青霉素和青霉素等11种药物耐药.32株菌对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、喹诺酮类、四环素类和硝基呋喃等6类药物敏感,而对安沙霉素类、磺胺类和香豆素等3类药物耐药;除哌拉西林外,所有菌株对另外3种青霉素类药物耐药;致病菌株普遍对其中的1种大环内酯类（阿奇霉素）和4种头孢类（头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶）药物敏感,而对其它大环内酯类和头孢类产生了耐药性.研究发现仅维氏气单胞菌对头孢克罗、头孢拉定、头孢噻吩和头孢唑林敏感,而其余3种菌均耐药.     

5种常用药物对拉氏鱼种的急性毒性试验

在水温15~18℃、pH 7.0±0.2、总硬度(以CaCO3计)380.00mg/L试验条件下,选用三氯异氰尿酸(0.75、1.14、1.73、2.63、4.00mg/L)、硫酸铜(0.80、1.50、2.82、5.31、10.00mg/L)、高锰酸钾(3.00、3.59、4.27、5.07、6.00mg/L)、溴氯海因(1.92、2.78、4.02、5.81、8.40mg/L)、聚维酮碘(13.00、17.53、23.66、31.92、43.00mg/L)5种常用药物对平均体质量6.99g、平均体长8.03cm的拉氏鱼种进行急性毒性试验。试验结果表明,5种药物24h半致死质量浓度分别为2.24、2.38、5.05、6.00、30.74mg/L;48h半致死质量浓度分别为1.43、2.18、4.31、4.08、23.33 mg/L;安全质量浓度分别为0.17、0.60、0.94、0.57、4.03mg/L。拉氏对5种药物的敏感性依次为:三氯异氰尿酸溴氯海因硫酸铜高锰酸钾聚维酮碘;聚维酮碘、溴氯海因、硫酸铜可安全使用。该研究为拉氏合理用药提供参考。     

吉富罗非鱼成鱼脏器系数的研究

为研究罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)组织脏器重量与体重的关系,获得脏器系数。本研究随机选取40尾体重为600~900 g雄性吉富罗非鱼(GIFT)成鱼,进行体重、心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、皮肤、胆囊、鳞片、肌肉及其他组织(鱼头、鱼鳍和鱼骨等)重量的测定,对体重与各组织脏器重量进行相关性分析,建立最优回归模型,并采用体重约为500 g雄性吉富罗非鱼对各组织脏器重量进行模型外推验证。结果显示,雄性吉富罗非鱼成鱼心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、肠、鳃、皮肤、胆囊、鳞片、肌肉和其他组织(鱼头、鱼鳍和鱼骨等)的脏器系数(%)分别为0.12±0.02、1.22±0.20、0.11±0.03、0.13±0.05、1.58±0.30、2.85±0.17、3.31±0.38、1.05±0.24、2.89±0.41、51.60±2.09和29.66±2.00,所有测定11个组织脏器重量与体重均呈显著正相关(P<0.001),符合一元线性回归模型(y=bx),所建立模型对体重为500 g雄性吉富罗非鱼心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、皮肤和肌肉重量预测误差均在8%以内。研究结果填补了罗非鱼脏器系数的空白,并为鱼类生理学、毒理学及构建鱼类生理药代动力学(physiologically based pharmacokinetics, PBPK)模型提供了基础数据。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance,immunity and glycometabolic enzyme activity of Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski

We examined the effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance, digestive ability, immunity and glycometabolic enzyme activity of Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski. The fish were fed with glucose, sucrose, dextrin and corn starch for 8 weeks. Final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were positively related to the complexity of carbohydrates in diet as were the levels of total antioxidant capacity, complement 3, protease, glutathione peroxidase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, catalase, superoxide dismutase, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase, hexokinase and pyruvate kinase. Malondialdehyde content, hepatic glycogen, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and crude lipid content were negatively related to the complexity of carbohydrates in diet. Therefore, Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski fed with corn starch or dextrin showed positive effects in terms of growth, digestion and absorption, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, antioxidant capacity and immunity than those fed with glucose or sucrose.     

TNP-470, the analogue of fumagillin-DCH, controls PKX in naturally infected sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), underyearlings

The use of fumagillin-DCH, a natural product of Aspergillus fumigatus, has proven successful for the control of microsporidian infections, including Nucleospora salmonis Hedrick, Groff & Baxa (Hedrick, Groff & Baxa 1991) and Loma salmonae (Putz, Hoffmann & Dunbar) (Kent & Dawe 1994). Fumagillin has also been used to treat various myxosporean diseases of fishes, including proliferative kidney disease (PKD), which is caused by the PKX organism (Molnár, Baska & Székely 1987; Hedrick, Groff, Foley & McDowell 1988; Székely, Molnár & Baska 1988; Wishkovsky, Groff, Laurén, Toth & Hedrick 1990; Yokoyama, Ogawa & Wakabayashi 1990; El-Matbouli & Hoffmann 1991; Sitjá-Bobadilla & Alvarez-Pellitero 1992; Higgins & Kent 1996). An analogue of fumagillin, TNP-470, has been shown to be effective in in vitro studies against the mammalian microsporidian pathogens Encephalitozoon intestinalis (Cali, Kotler & Orenstein), Vittaforma corneae (Shadduck, Meccoli, Davis & Font) (Didier 1997), E. cuniculi Levaditi, Nicolau & Schoen and E. hellem Didier, Didier, Freidberg, Stenson, Orenstein, Yee, Tio, Davis, Vossbrinck, Millichamp & Shadduck (Coyle, Kent, Tanowitz, Wittner & Weiss 1998). Higgins, Kent, Moran, Weiss & Dawe (1998) tested TNP-470 against two microsporidian diseases of salmonids, N. salmonis and L. salmonae, and showed a significant reduction in parasitism after oral treatment with 0.1 or 1.0 mg kg^-1 fish day^-1 for 5 weeks. Therefore, the present authors investigated the efficacy of TNP-470 against the PKX myxosporean in naturally exposed sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum). This host was chosen as it has been found to be particularly susceptible to the infection.     

患铁虾综合征罗氏沼虾眼柄转录组研究

为探索罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)铁虾综合征(IPS)的分子机制,采用高通量测序平台(Illumina Hiseq-2500)分别对患IPS罗氏沼虾(IPS虾)和正常罗氏沼虾开展转录组测序,进行生物信息学分析。结果显示,高通量测序共获得56.42 G高质量数据,拼接后得到221 901条单基因序列(unigene),长度范围为201~30 985 bp,平均长度为1572 bp,N50长度为2867 bp,N90长度为646 bp。将单基因序列分别在Nr、Nt、Swissprot、KEGG、KOG、GO、PFAM数据库进行序列比对及功能注释,103 570条得到注释,其中,GO数据库注释到的单基因序列最多。差异表达分析显示,2003个基因在IPS虾眼柄中差异表达,包括1209个上调基因和794个下调基因,516个基因被注释到242条KEGG通路中,翻译、信号转导和免疫系统富集的差异基因数目最多。催乳素、雌激素、胰岛素、促性腺激素释放激素、胰高血糖素、催产素、谷氨酸能突触、血清素能突触等与生殖调控相关激素的代谢过程在IPS虾与正常虾眼柄之间存在差异。此外,一些已被证明在免疫反应中起重要作用的基因在IPS虾眼柄中显著上调,如血管内皮生长因子受体1、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂6、C型凝集素、芳基硫酸酯酶B、酚氧化酶原激活酶2a、组织蛋白酶B、组织蛋白酶L、甲壳类抗菌肽4等。同时,注释到溶酶体、吞噬体、抗原处理与呈递、细胞凋亡、内吞作用等多条与免疫相关的途径,支持近期研究得出的罗氏沼虾IPS与病原感染相关的结论。本研究为解析罗氏沼虾IPS的成因和分子机制提供了数据支撑。     

Aquaculture practices in Northeast India: Current status and future directions

The northeast region of India, comprised of the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, is blessed with rich biodiversity and fisheries resources. With more than 90% of population being fish eaters, there is heavy demand for fish but a wide gap exists between supply and demand. The region produces over 0.214 million tons of fish annually, with almost 50% coming from aquaculture. Aquaculture development in the region is taking place at a rapid rate. However, efforts are necessary to increase the present level of production through both horizontal and vertical expansion. The region has rivers, coldwater streams, floodplain wet lands, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, paddy fields, and mini-barrages to support large-scale aquaculture activities, which can not only produce fish to meet regional requirements, but also export the surplus. This paper describes and discusses the current status of aquaculture, production level, constraints, and future directions towards achieving “fish for all” in the region.     

星洲红鱼对温度适应性的研究

本文以20℃为试验起始温度,分别对星洲红鱼进行温度渐变(每天升温或降温1℃/d,速度控制在每12 h升或降0.5℃)和突然升高(2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃、10℃、12℃、14℃、16℃、18℃、20℃)以及突然下降2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃、10℃、12℃、14℃)实验,逐渐升温和降温实验表明:星洲红鱼对温度的适应范围8～40℃,生存温度14～36℃,临界死亡低温为(7.82±0.21)℃,致死低温为(5.67±0.16)℃,临界死亡高温为(38.36±0.21)℃,致死高温为(39.83±0.15)℃。突然升温和降温实验表明星洲红鱼对高温的适应性强,可适应突然上升16℃的升幅(20℃→36℃),对突然下降仅能适应8℃的降幅(20℃→12℃)。