低密度聚乙烯膜胶合板制备工艺研究

以杨木单板为基材,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)薄膜为胶黏剂制备木塑复合胶合板,探讨了单位面积上LDPE的质量、改性剂种类及热压工艺对木塑复合胶合板胶合强度的影响。结果表明:经过表面改性的杨木单板制备的胶合板胶合强度优于未改性单板制备的胶合板胶合强度;以KH-550为杨木单板表面改性剂(用量2%),采用121 g/m~2 LDPE薄膜,在温度160℃、时间8 min、压力2.0～2.2 MPa热压工艺条件下,制备的木塑复合胶合板胶合强度符合GB/T 9846—2015中Ⅱ类胶合板要求;表面改性单板表面接触角的检测结果表明,经硅烷偶联剂KH-550处理的木材表面接触角最小,其渗透性较好。     

改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造杨木胶合板热压工艺

利用单因素试验方法,研究了热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和施胶量对使用改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造的杨木胶合板胶合强度的影响规律.结果表明:在100～ 220℃热压温度范围内,随着热压温度的增加,胶合强度显著增大;在35～60 s/mm热压时间范围内,胶合强度随热压时间的增加呈上升趋势,当时间从60 s/mm升至85 s/mm,胶合强度几乎保持一致;热压压力在1.25 MPa时,胶合强度达到最大值;施胶量在130 ～430g/m2热压时间范围内,胶合强度随施胶量的增加呈上升趋势.由此得出最优工艺参数为:热压温度180℃,热压压力1.25 MPa,热压时间60 s/mm,施胶量为310g/m2.     

常压等离子体处理对单板表面特性及豆胶胶合的影响

采用常压空气介质阻挡放电等离子体对杨木单板表面进行改性处理,利用自制纳米纤维素改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制备胶合板,研究等离子体处理工艺对杨木单板表面润湿性能和杨木胶合板胶合性能的影响,以期提高胶合板性能、降低施胶量,并从等离子体处理对微观形貌和化学组分两方面的影响分析其机理。试验结果表明:常压等离子体处理后,胶液在单板表面的初始接触角和平衡角相比未处理单板最大分别下降12.4%和46.3%,润湿性能得到明显改善;在达到Ⅱ类胶合板胶合性能的前提下可降低一定的施胶量;改性单板表面粗糙度提高,含氧官能团含量增加,均有利于胶液在单板表面的润湿。综合胶合板性能与经济效益,选择较优处理工艺条件为处理功率4.5 kW、处理速率14 m/min和单面施胶量140 g/m~2。     

基于响应面优化竹单板泡沫铝复合材料工艺研究

以竹单板、泡沫铝为原材料,采用中温固化型酚醛树脂胶黏剂制备竹单板泡沫铝夹芯复合材料。应用单因素试验结合响应曲面法,探究施胶量、热压温度和热压时间三因素对复合材料静曲强度和胶合强度的影响规律,对制备工艺进行优化。结果表明:三因素按影响复合材料力学性能程度大小依次排序为施胶量热压温度热压时间。通过构建复合材料的力学性能与施胶量、热压温度和热压时间之间的回归方程模型,得出优化的制备工艺条件为:施胶量340 g/m~2、热压温度132℃、热压时间1.5 mm/min,在此条件下制得的复合材料静曲强度为122.6 MPa,胶合强度为3.20 MPa,测量误差在3%以内。     

异氰酸酯制备无醛胶合板的研究——几种常见树种材料胶合性能

在单板表面喷雾施涂异氰酸酯胶黏剂,热压制备无醛胶合板,比较不同树种的单板材料无醛胶合板的胶合性能,比较施胶后陈放时间对胶合性能的影响。结果表明,单板的材种对无醛胶合板性能有影响,杨木、桦木、尾叶桉这三种阔叶材的无醛胶合板的胶合强度达到了GB/T17657-1999中规定的Ⅰ类胶合板的胶合强度水平,而落叶松和杉木的胶合强度低于这个水平;施胶量为20g/m~2时,放置时间对胶合性能基本没有明显影响。根据试验结果并结合生产实际的成本分析表明,达到Ⅰ类胶合板水平的无醛胶合板的成本较PF板降低了80元/m~3,较UF板的成本增加了约100元/m~3。     

豆胶的热反应特性及胶合特性分析北大核心

大豆蛋白胶因其可再生、可降解和环保性而受到广泛关注。豆胶的热反应特性和胶合特性研究结果显示:以20℃/min速率升温时,豆胶胶液在157℃时完全固化,在173℃开始降解;胶合板的胶合强度与涂胶量呈线性正相关。按热压温度160℃、热压时间80s/mm、压力1.6MPa、双面涂胶量450g/m2的工艺制备豆胶胶合板,其湿态胶合强度为0.78 MPa,满足GB/T 9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分:普通胶合板通用技术条件》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

豆胶的热反应特性及胶合特性分析

大豆蛋白胶因其可再生、可降解和环保性而受到广泛关注。豆胶的热反应特性和胶合特性研究结果显示:以20℃/min速率升温时,豆胶胶液在157℃时完全固化,在173℃开始降解;胶合板的胶合强度与涂胶量呈线性正相关。按热压温度160℃、热压时间80s/mm、压力1.6MPa、双面涂胶量450g/m2的工艺制备豆胶胶合板,其湿态胶合强度为0.78 MPa,满足GB/T 9846.3-2004《胶合板第3部分:普通胶合板通用技术条件》中Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。     

大豆蛋白胶用于强化地板耐磨纸的压贴

为了解决浸渍纸释放甲醛的问题,笔者探索了大豆蛋白胶用于强化地板耐磨纸的压贴工艺。按照工艺流程:单板整理→施胶→干燥→板面涂水→组坯→热压→检测,对耐磨纸进行组坯热压,并使用电子万能试验机检测热压冷却后耐磨纸的表面胶合强度。通过实验得出:在热压温度170℃,热压压力2.0MPa,热压时间2min,施胶量60g/m~2的条件下大豆蛋白胶可以用于强化地板耐磨纸的压贴,且表面胶合强度大于1.0MPa,达到GB/T 18102—2007《浸渍纸层压木质地板》标准的要求。     

4A分子筛改性阻燃胶合板的研制

用4A分子筛改性脲醛树脂、BL阻燃剂处理杨木单板,通过正交试验设计,制备阻燃胶合板并检测其胶合强度及阻燃性能。结果表明,分子筛可提高阻燃胶合板的胶合强度,分子筛加入胶黏剂中对阻燃胶合板的阻燃性能影响不大。分子筛改性阻燃胶合板制造的优化工艺为阻燃剂浓度10%、分子筛量4%、涂胶量380g/m2、热压温度120℃。     

水性异氰酸酯胶合板与细木工板的研究

以水性异氰酸酯胶粘剂试制胶合板和细木工板。研究结果表明,单板的材种和施胶量等对异氰酸酯胶合的板材性能有较大影响;采用异氰酸酯,胶合板用胶量较少,在施胶量为200g/m~2时,马尾松、杨木、荷木、枫木单板制成的胶合板胶合强度均能达到GB/T5849-1999的要求,枫木作中板的细木工板在施胶量为250g/m~2时胶合强度和横向静曲强度均达到国家标准;根据试验结果并结合生产实际的成本分析表明,胶合板成本增加了81～189元/m~3,细木工板的成本增加了120元/m~3和104元/m~3。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.