纤维板的用途

地板,天花板,屋面板,护壁板,壁板,楼梯踏板,屋檐板,空心门板,盖屋板(木瓦),隔板,预制构件板,天窗.百叶窗板,水沟板,风雨窗板,隔间板,地下室壁板,移动隔间板,走道隔板,暗室壁板,展览室陈列板,     

一枝一叶总关情

走进中方县,映入眼帘的是一方美丽的家园,这里长空蔚蓝,山青水秀,绿树成行,芳草如茵,田野碧绿,风光旖旎,无处不是生机盎然,绿意蓬勃。以人为本,生态立县中方位于湖南省西部,怀化市中部,沅水中游,雪峰山脉西北麓,辖22个乡镇,213个行政村,总人口28.2万人。全县土地总面积14.8万公顷,其中林地面积10.3万公顷,占全县     

祖国您好

东风化雨,彩虹满天,迎着朝阳,披着霞光,鲜艳的五星红旗在雄壮的国歌声中冉冉升起。五湖四海放声歌唱,三山五岳翩然起舞,五彩缤纷的气球飞起来,铿锵有力的锣鼓敲起来,震天撼     

那株最美的花

它的命运是清苦的,没有高贵的花盆,缺少滋养生命的水分和养料。不曾有人欣赏,然而,又默默的绽放,给人以芳香。所以,在花的世界里,它是最美的那一株。前年的冬天,伴随着飘零的雪花,妻子破门而入,怀揣一株枯萎的花。这株花,也许它饥渴无比,也许它寒冷     

竹叶茶

那年春天,去乡下一家餐馆就餐。餐馆设在一处果园里,竹篱棚户,果树满园。窗外桃花正开得红艳,一些不知名的鸟儿,在树上跳跃着,啄来啄去,满园春色,沸沸扬扬地喧腾开来。隔窗而望,心快神怡。坐定,服务员送上一壶茶。白瓷的茶壶,白瓷的茶碗,洁净的很,春光,仿佛从上面莹莹地溢着。茶水倒入茶碗中,澄绿中渗着一份淡淡的黄,绝然没有浑浊感,色彩极是     

杨树秋冬造林技术

<正>1选择适宜的物候期秋季树木大量落叶至土壤封冻是最适宜的栽植时间,即10月～12月份,并且在此时期内越早越好。秋季当树苗大量落叶后,苗木地上部水分蒸腾量减少,根系处在缓慢生长阶段,此时栽植,根系还有一个小的生长高峰,伤根极易愈合,并能生长出部分新根,春天发芽时较之春季栽植的苗木就少去了一个根系愈合的过程,生理活动的顺序是根系早,地上部晚,先由根供应水和养分,再生根发芽,养分供应早,生长早,成活率高,长势旺,而春季栽植的苗木是先发芽,再由根系供应养分,一旦根系愈合较晚,就有可能造成树体养分消耗殆尽,容易出现回芽现象,影响成活率,生长势也较差。     

色盲症女生

1乔桢推开门,一阵小北风先他一步吹进教室,有个女生忍不住咳嗽起来,最初轻咳,然后听起来就有些撕心裂肺。她坐在靠暖气的地方,身体裹得像一只小棕熊。乔桢站在讲台上,开始点名,喊到江恩美时,她举起手,没有抬头,整个人恹恹地缩在外套里,精神不振,这该死的感冒啊。乔桢首先记住了她,他每讲几句话,她就在下面咳,伴奏一样。后来,大家觉得实在有趣,就开始笑。乔桢的第一堂课,就这样匆匆结束了。她最后一个走出教室,     

植树特写

首语每人三五棵,绿树栽满坡,三年五载连成片,世代幸福歌。党中央率先垂范,贵在年年,举动有限,传播无限。全国人民抬望眼,万水千山碧连天。星火燎原,绿满江山。省部长不尚空谈,比着干。一年绿一点,五年绿一片,十年绿满园。环境问题无小事,不绿家园枉为官;堆金囤银强生态,郁郁葱葱到永远。直一下腰,抹二把汗,望几眼碧绿,甜透心间。登高望,细心盘算,明年定绿那片山。     

绿化新秀--毛叶山桐子

毛叶山桐子（Var vestita Diels）,属大风子科,山桐子属,是山桐子（Idesia polycarpa Maxim.）的变种.落叶乔木,高8～15 m,树皮光滑,灰白色,皮孔大而明显.叶卵形至卵状心形,厚纸质,长8～16 cm,宽6～14 cm,先端锐尖至短渐尖,基部心形或近心形.叶缘有疏锯齿,表面光滑有光泽,背面密生灰色短柔毛,基部掌状5～7出脉,叶柄红色,长6～15 cm,圆柱形,幼具短柔毛,顶端有两个较大腺体.圆锥花序长15～30 cm,下垂,花黄绿色,芳香.浆果球形,红色、直径6～8mm,有多数种子,种子卵形,褐色,长1mm,径0.3 mm.花期5～6月,果熟期9～11月.     

银川园林——塞上江南一奇葩

相传,在很久很久以前,一只美丽的凤凰从南方飞来,发现了一片绿洲:贺兰山雄距西北,重峦叠嶂,势若奔马;黄河襟带东南,不舍昼夜,款款北流;山河之间,稻针织绿,麦浪翻金,渠网平畴,水映晴光;满眼望去,是一片绵绵芊芊的鲜嫩绿色。于是,美丽的凤凰留下了,留在这风光秀美的塞上江南,变成     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.