平菇培养料发酵过程理化因素及微生物变化研究

通过对平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)玉米芯培养料进行发酵处理,监测玉米芯发酵料的堆温和pH值变化,对不同发酵阶段进行微生物区系分析并测定了发酵过程中脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的变化。结果表明,在玉米芯培养料的发酵过程中,堆温先升高后降低,而pH值先降低后升高。微生物主要以细菌和放线菌为主,真菌数量很少。随着发酵的进行,细菌和放线菌数量,脱氢酶以及碱性磷酸酶的活性呈逐渐上升趋势。     

玉米芯发酵料栽培平菇质量标准

玉米芯发酵料栽培平菇为河南省主要种植模式,以玉米芯为原料,研究发酵过程中温度、pH值、含水量、C/N、颜色的变化,制作发酵比色图卡,供广大种植户在原料发酵过程参考对比。     

玉米芯颗粒度对秋栽平菇发酵料理化特性的影响

以4种不同颗粒度的玉米芯为试材，建堆发酵，采用对应国家标准、地方标准测定方法，研究了堆体理化特性的差异，以期筛选出适宜平菇发酵料栽培的玉米芯颗粒度范围。结果表明：颗粒度0.2～0.5 cm和0.5～1.5 cm的发酵料，发酵最高温度保持在70～80℃,发酵结束时，碳氮比分别为37.9和39.2,pH分别为7.32和7.37,持水系数分别为3.39和3.32,含水量分别为62.7%和61.1%。玉米芯颗粒度1.5～2.5 cm和2.5～3.5 cm的发酵料，发酵最高温度保持在50～60℃,发酵结束时，碳氮比分别为44.5和46.2,pH分别为8.52和8.49,持水系数分别为3.22和3.18,含水量分别为56.4%和53.8%。颗粒度0.2～0.5 cm和0.5～1.5 cm的发酵料，对平菇菌丝快速生长、提高平菇产量更为有利，适宜作为平菇发酵料的主要原料。     

平菇培养料发酵技术的改进

栽培平菇可以用发酵料和熟料等,但不管采用那种料,原料处理是栽培取得成功的基础.原料发酵可使料软化降低大分子化合物.转变成为简单的低分子化合物,有利于平菇菌丝的吸收利用.发酵后的培养料不利于杂菌繁殖.开放式接种不污染.它具有省工、省时、效果好.但如果堆制技术掌握不当,易使料变质腐烂,从而导致栽培失败.现将笔者在生产中所得经验总结如下:     

棉子壳料四种处理方法栽培平菇比较试验

棉子壳培养料4种处理方法栽培平菇试验结果表明，培养料发酵熟料处理是开放式接种栽培平菇的最佳工艺。用该工艺生产平菇，杂菌污染率为零、菌丝长速最快、单袋平均产量最高、出菇最均衡，值得大力推广应用。     

平菇培养料最佳含水量的确定

栽培平菇,培养料含水量是一重要指标.含水量过高,通气性差,菌丝生长缓慢,易造成杂菌感染,甚至发酵腐烂;含水量过低,菌丝生长稀疏.菇蕾形成迟缓,甚至菌种块不萌发.如何确定理想的含水量,根据笔者的经验,应从三方面来分析考虑.一看料基:培养料的组成、粗细、干湿程度及处理方式等,均对料基内水分的贮存或蒸发产生影响.玉米芯、稻草等孔隙大,通气性好,水分不易存留,含水量可增高至65%～68%,也就是料水比在1:1.5～1.6;若用棉子壳等颗粒较细的培养料,则必须控制较低的水     

平菇新法发酵料栽培技术

平菇是一种大众化的食用菌,栽培原材料来源广泛,北方常见的棉子壳、玉米芯均可作为其培养料。对棉子壳、玉米芯采用发酵料栽培,简单易操作,成本低,效益好,可采收5～6潮菇,生物学转化率高达150%～200%,干培养料纯收益3元/kg。该法特别     

发酵玉米芯料栽平菇技术

棉子壳是栽培食用菌的紧俏原料,因此,不少食用菌工作者都在研究开发新的代用料.我地区玉米芯是易得的原料,但因含糖量高,且收获期正处在高温多雨季节,杂菌基数高,用它来栽培平菇,常遭杂菌污染而失败.为此,笔者采用添加高剂量生石灰发酵处理玉米芯栽培平菇,获得了好收成,现将方法介绍如下.(一)培养料配制配方为玉米芯95%、生石灰1.4～1.7%、石膏2%、过磷酸钙1.5%,另加尿素0.3%、多菌灵0.05%、敌百虫0.05%,料水比1:1.25～1.3.先将一半玉米芯辗成手指头大小,另一半     

早秋不同规格菌袋发酵料栽培平菇试验

选用中原地区常用的4种不同规格的菌袋（塑料袋）,在早秋季节,进行玉米芯发酵料栽培平菇试验,结果表明：菌袋规格不同,菌丝满袋时间也有差别;菌袋折径由小至大,由前期产量及总产量计算出的生物学效率均呈由高到低趋势,折径22 cm的菌袋,菌丝满袋时间最短,生物学效率最高;菌袋越大,发酵培养料或平菇菌丝越易感染杂菌;不同规格的菌袋,生产出的平菇子实体形态无明显变化。     

用EM菌发酵玉米芯栽培平菇试验

通过用EM菌处理玉米芯培养料进行发酵料栽培平菇试验研究.结果表明:E菌能加快玉米芯培养料的发酵,促进培养料中的有机物质分解和转化,改善了培养料中的营养条件,更有利于菌丝体的吸收利用,促进菌丝体的生长,提高了平菇生物学转化率,以0.5%EM菌液的处理的效果最好.     

The significance of thermophilic fungi in mushroom compost preparation

When mixtures of wheat straw and organic nitrogen supplements were composted at 40° C in a simple small-scale, 1-phase composting system, initial inoculation with several species of thermophilic fungi resulted in a large improvement in the suitability of the composts for the cultivated mushroom. Ammonia levels fell rapidly and the ability of the composts to support competitor fungi was reduced. The species Torula thermophila, Cooney and Emerson, was particularly effective in bringing about these changes, and showed considerable potential as a rapid-composting organism. Composting was also accelerated by using a supplement such as sewage sludge, which had a low potential for producing ammonia. The inoculation of thermophilic fungi into conventional mushroom compost at the start of Phase II had little beneficial effect, probably because an adequate microflora of suitable composting organisms, including thermophilic fungi, was already present. If this microflora was first severely reduced, then a large effect from inoculating thermophilic fungi could be demonstrated. The results also indicated that the toxicity of ammonia to micro-organisms other than the mushroom could be an important feature of mushroom composting.     

The use of high energy carbon sources in rapidly prepared mushroom composts

Rapidly prepared substrates, suitable for the production of the cultivated mushroom, were ready for use in 5 days. Yields increased markedly when cheap commercial by-products, rich in soluble carbohydrate, were added to the basic substrate mixture at the start of composting.Products based on molasses, rich in sucrose, or milk by-products, rich in lactose, were tested. To avoid excessive production of ammonia, total nitrogen was kept to less than 1.5% of the dry matter at mixing, but there were large differences in the nitrogen content of the supplements, so that soluble carbohy drate levels of the mixtures were not similar.     

Root development of Thuja plicata in peat-substitute rooting media

In this study we investigated the potential usefulness of different substrates produced from gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) for propagating cuttings of Thuja plicata ‘Atrovirens’. The gorse was composted by different methods, to produce four types of compost. These composts were then used as such (100% compost) or in mixes with coarse sand and pine bark compost (25% compost, 25% coarse sand and 50% pine bark compost, v/v/v) to prepare eight different substrates. The substrates were compared in cutting propagation trials carried out in a greenhouse, with a standard rooting medium consisting of 25% Sphagnum peat moss, 25% coarse sand and 50% pine bark compost (v/v/v). Cuttings were taken from a garden hedge in March 2003, and comprised shoots of the previous year's growth. The bases of the cuttings were treated with a 0.4% solution of IBA rooting hormone, then inserted into cells filled with the corresponding substrate and placed on a propagation bench. Rooting percentage and visual rooting score were determined in July. The quality of roots was evaluated, as total root length and number of root tips, in July, September and November 2003, by use of a Delta-T Scan system. The rooting success of the cuttings ranged from 75% to 90%, except when the substrate comprised the pure composted gorse, obtained after the shorter period in an enclosed composting system with addition of fertilizer and reuse of leachates. Most of the cuttings in this substrate died and only 4% of the cuttings rooted successfully. Physicochemical characteristics of this rooting medium included very high electrical conductivity, low C/N ratio and high water retention. Addition of coarse sand and pine bark compost to the composted gorse significantly increased the rooting success. The root quality variables differed depending on the substrate considered and date of harvest. The results showed that substrates made from gorse compost are of potential use as a peat substitute for propagating cuttings of T. plicata ‘Atrovirens’. The physicochemical properties of the composted gorse should be determined before its use to establish whether it can be used pure as a substrate for rooting or whether it should be mixed with other substances.     

Relation between the initial nitrogen content of mushroom compost and the duration of composting

With a 3-day duration of Stage I of composting, an initial nitrogen (N) content of about 1.4% of the dry matter resulted in a shorter time in Stage II and a 14-day earlier start to cropping than a 2.4% N content. In 6 weeks cropping from each compost, the yields of mushrooms were similar.Following 13 and 23 days in Stage I, initial N content had little or no effect on the duration of Stage II or on the start of cropping, but the yield of mushrooms was greater from composts with the higher N content. These results support the proposition that with increasing duration of composting a higher initial N content of the compost is acceptable, and probably desirable, for preparing a successful compost.A direct relation between duration of composting and losses of water and dry matter from the compost was confirmed.The occurrence of Coprinus spp. (ink caps) fruit bodies during mushroom cropping was not a good indication of subsequent yield of mushrooms.     

基于隧道式发酵金针菇菌渣的双孢蘑菇培养料制备分析

采用隧道发酵技术,以金针菇(Flammulina filiformis)菌渣为原材料,进行双孢蘑菇培养料的制备。通过一次及二次隧道发酵的工艺控制,检测堆制过程中温度、含水量、pH及电导率等理化成分的变化,并结合出菇结果评价金针菇菌渣培养料的使用情况。结果表明,金针菇菌渣在隧道一次发酵过程中最高温可达74℃以上,整个发酵周期16 d。通过隧道发酵制备的二次培养料不黏腻、结构松散、味道清香,含水量为66.40%,pH为8.16,电导率为875.00μs·cm-1,含氮量2.00%,碳氮比为20.36,符合双孢蘑菇栽培要求。双孢蘑菇四潮出菇产量为19.25 kg·m-2。表明隧道式发酵技术可以应用于工厂化金针菇菌渣制备的双孢蘑菇培养料中。     

初始物料水溶性有机碳含量对番茄秧堆肥进程的影响

高温好氧堆肥技术是有机废物循环利用的重要途径之一。我国堆肥生产中多采用原料全碳与全氮含量的比值(C/N)指导堆肥原料的配比,但由于物料有机质组分存在差异,促进堆肥发酵进程应选用可被微生物利用的有效碳源。本试验以番茄秧为主要堆肥原料,以麦秸、淀粉和尿素为调理剂,将初始混合物料的C/N调整至25、含水量控制在60%,调节水溶性有机碳含量分别为4%、8%和12%,研究初始混合物料中水溶性有机碳含量差异对堆肥发酵进程的影响。结果表明:随着水溶性有机碳含量增加,初始CO_2的释放速率越高,CO_2累积释放量越高,堆肥物料损失越高,堆肥腐熟周期越短,腐熟度越好,堆肥反应越易启动。初始混合物料中水溶性有机碳含量大于8%时,有利于有机废物的快速堆肥化处理,且初始物料水溶性有机碳的含量差异不会影响堆肥的腐熟和产品的性质。因此,可将增加初始物料中的水溶性有机碳含量作为加速堆肥进程的方法,同时也可用作指导堆肥物料配比的关键性指标。     

Growth of Viburnum tinus in peat-based and peat-substitute growing media

To assess the growth of ornamental shrubs in peat alternative substrates, one ornamental species, Viburnum tinus L., was cultivated in a number of different substrates in two climates: a French oceanic (Oce) and a Spanish Mediterranean (Med). In Oce, three mixtures (1/1, v/v) of Finnish peat/yard compost, yard compost/raw coir and Finnish peat/raw coir were used while the expanded perlite/composted manure (1/1), forest compost/composted bark (1/1) and forest compost/cattle manure compost (2/3) were tested in Med. A mixture (1/1) of Finnish peat/pine bark compost was used in both climates as a control. Plants were cultivated at a density of six plants/m² in 4 l containers with drip irrigation. Plant height, dry mass, and leaf area were measured at intervals during cultivation. In Oce, substrates with yard compost or raw coir produced plants of similar size to those in the control substrate. In Med, forest compost/cattle manure compost mixture produced plants with the same height as those in the control mixture and the two other mixtures produced shorter plants. In both climates, substrates ranked the same whether height, dry mass or leaf area were considered. Using those parameters, significant effects of different substrates were revealed. Those effects are related to the substrate characteristics, mainly physical ones. As peat is used in a large range of situations, the experiment showed that substrate performance varies with its use, so alternative substrates can show better performance than those using peat.     

优质双孢蘑菇堆肥的现代堆制模式

本文从现代双孢蘑菇堆肥的配方，一次发酵的堆制程度，二次发酵技术和相关的一些重要理化指标等方面简要地介绍了优质蘑菇堆的现代堆制模式和方法，从而阐明现代堆制模式比传统方式的优越性。     

熟石灰添加量对平菇熟料栽培的影响

以糙皮侧耳、肺形侧耳、淡红侧耳等侧耳属的3种平菇为试材,采用在培养料中添加0%、2%、4%和6%的熟石灰对其进行熟料栽培的方法,研究熟石灰添加量对平菇菌丝生长、子实体产量及钙含量的影响,以期为平菇的生产及相关研究提供参考依据。结果表明:在栽培料中添加2%~4%的熟石灰能显著促进平菇菌丝的生长。当熟石灰添加量为2%时,秀珍菇的产量和生物效率最高,分别为198.20 g·袋^-1和104.32%;当熟石灰添加量为4%时,平菇和红平菇的产量和生物效率最高,其产量分别为180.60、241.87 g·袋^-1,生物学效率分别为95.05%、127.30%。不同熟石灰添加量栽培获得的子实体钙含量在0.13~0.30 g·kg^-1,但不呈现出规律性,熟石灰添加量对平菇子实体的钙含量影响不明显。综合各项指标表明,在平菇栽培料中添加2%~4%的熟石灰较为合适,具体添加量因品种而异,熟石灰添加量不影响平菇子实体的钙含量。     

茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯间作对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响

为避免因茄子连年种植导致的土传病害增加而对茄子生产造成影响,形成健康、生态的解决办法,以茄子不间作为对照,研究分析了茄子与平菇、甘蓝、甘薯3种作物分别间作后对其长势、产量及根际环境的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,茄子与3种作物间作对茄子株高日均生长量、茎粗、单株坐果数、单果质量、667 m²平均产量以及根际土壤干质量、含水量、EC值、碳氮比、有机碳含量、无机碳含量、有机质含量、速效磷含量均未造成显著影响;茄子与甘蓝间作较与平菇、甘薯间作可显著降低土壤干质量和速效钾含量,且较对照分别降低了8.58%和11.11%,这有利于土壤孔隙度的增加,同时较对照极显著提高了茄子根际细菌总量,显著提高了根际真菌总量及根际细菌与真菌总量比值,分别较对照提高114.44%、42.18%和49.56%,这有助于茄子连作障碍的消减及土传病害的防治;茄子与平菇间作极显著降低了根际土壤的pH值,较对照降低5.36%,极显著降低了土壤全碳含量和全氮含量,分别降低16.99%和17.10%,但显著提高了土壤速效氮含量,增幅达36.10%,极显著提高了根际细菌总量和真菌总量,分别提高71.84%和1...