葡萄上杀虫、杀菌剂登记和使用现状分析及建议

基于我国农药信息网数据和新修订的《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》（GB 2763 — 2021）中葡萄相关指标,结合葡萄生产实际,对我国葡萄上农药登记的现状及生产中农药的应用情况进行梳理,指出了存在的问题,分析了产生问题的原因,提出了相应建议,以期为我国葡萄的安全生产提供参考。     

Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society

Surgical sterilization of dogs and cats is a well-accepted measure for population control in some countries, but is considered unethical as an elective surgery in other countries. This is a review of what is known regarding positive and negative effects of gonadectomy surgery on individual animals and on societal management of unowned dog and cat populations.     

Effect of lasalocid sodium and molasses on performance of fattening lambs and on rumen liquor and blood parameters

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of sugar beet molasses (0, 8 and 16%) with or without lasalocid sodium (33 ppm) on rumen liquor and blood parameters of sheep, and on fattening reared Karagouniko breed lambs. In Expt. 1 six adult Karagouniko fistulated wethers were fed six different pelleted diets. The results showed that lasalocid decreased (P less than 0.01) total VFAs concentration in the rumen (7.1%) by reducing (P less than 0.001) acetic, n-butyric and iso-valeric acids while increased (P less than 0.001) propionic acid concentrations. The same trends were observed in molar proportions of the individual VFAs. The total VFAs production was also depressed by 13.75% when molasses were used at the level of 16%. No interaction among the main treatments was observed with the exception of L X M with 16% molasses where the propionic acid concentration decreased, and those of butyric and iso-valeric acids increased. Lasalocid did not alter the mean values of rumen liquor pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration while molasses increased the later parameter. No significant differences on dietary protein degradability were observed among treatments. Lasalocid reduced the beta-HBA concentration by 13% in the blood while molasses increased it (P less than 0.001). Free fatty acids' concentration was decreased by the molasses inclusion to the diets, while lasalocid didn't alter blood glucose concentration. Finally, the number of protozoa in the rumen liquor was reduced by 49 and 70% at 0 and 5 hours post feeding respectively with the addition of lasalocid to the diets, regardless of the use of molasses. In Expt. 2 utilized 86 weaned male Karagouniko fattening lambs, with initial mean LW 13 kg, for 60 days. They were assigned to six groups and fed ad libitum with diets of the same composition as in Exp 1. Lasalocid increased the growth rate by 8.6%, reduced feed consumption by 4.8% (P less than 0.005) and improved feed conversion by 11.8%. Molasses also improved growth rate by 16-34% and increased feed consumption by 15-22%. The interaction of L X M to feed consumption was significant (P less than 0.001). None of the treatments had an effect on carcass characteristics. Finally lasalocid showed its positive action when it was used in combination with molasses in ruminants' diets.     

血根碱药理及毒理作用的研究进展

血根碱(sanguinarine)作为一种苯菲啶异喹啉类生物碱,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、改善肝功能及诱导细胞凋亡等作用,同时对肝脏、心脏等具有一定的毒性。作者就血根碱对细菌、真菌和癌细胞的药理作用及毒性作一综述,为该药在临床中的有效合理应用奠定基础。     

Effect of egg composition on hatchability and on growth and slaughter characteristics of meat-type chicks

1.?Using the so-called TOBEC (Total Body Electrical Conductivity) method, which allows the determination of egg composition in vivo, correlations between egg composition, hatchability and hatched chicks’ development were studied.

2.?A total of 1500 hen eggs (Ross-308) were measured by TOBEC, and eggs with extremely high (10%, n = 150), extremely low (10%, n = 150) and average (10%, n = 150) electrical conductivity values were chosen for further investigation.

3.?During the incubation period, it was observed that eggs with high electrical conductivity had a significantly higher mortality than eggs with low electrical conductivity.

4.?It was observed that both the increase in electrical conductivity at the same egg weight, and the increase in egg weight at the same electrical conductivity resulted in an increase in the hatching weight.

5.?It was found that the dry matter, protein and fat content of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was higher at hatching than that of the chicks hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

6.?At 42 d of age the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity was 3·2 and 8·2% higher than the liveweight of cocks and pullets hatched from eggs with high electrical conductivity.

7.?Because of the higher liveweight at slaughter, there was a significant superiority of the chicks hatched from eggs with low electrical conductivity in the case of the examined carcase traits at slaughter.

8.?Similar tendencies were found also in the ratios of carcase variables to liveweight, but the between group differences were not statistically significant in this case.

9.?Based on the results it was concluded that TOBEC seems to be a useful method for separating eggs with different composition.

10.?This could be a good starting point for further in vivo investigations in order to clarify the effect of egg composition on hatchability and further development.     

Effect of diet on composition of cecal contents and on excretion and composition of soft and hard feces of rabbits

A total of 260 New Zealand White growing rabbits were used to study the effect of diet on chemical composition of cecal contents and on production and composition of soft and hard feces. Eight diets varying in their acid detergent fiber (9.8% to 32.7%) and starch (13% to 30%) levels were evaluated. The diet affected (P less than .01) all the variables studied, except dry matter (DM) and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids on cecal contents. An increase of dietary crude fiber increased crude fiber level in cecal contents (from 11.58% to 26.53%). However, a relatively lower proportion of fibrous material was found in the cecal contents when rabbits were fed the more fibrous diets. This suggests that dietary fiber has a direct influence on the efficiency of particle separation in the digestive tract. Crude protein and volatile fatty acid concentrations of cecal contents decreased (from 30.14% to 19.65% and from 47.8 to 36.7 mmol/liter, respectively) when dietary crude fiber increased. This could be related to availability of energy to cecal microorganisms. Ammonia concentration of cecal contents was not affected by dietary crude fiber. Daily production of soft feces varied from 14.98 to 29.59 g DM/d, and the contribution of soft feces to total DM and to crude protein intake ranged from 10.6% to 15.0% and from 12.8% to 20.5%, respectively; these values were the smallest and the largest for the least and the most fibrous diets, respectively. From this study we conclude that dietary fiber has a major effect on the digestive processes in the rabbit and that dietary starch level has no influence on any of the variables studied.     

黄芪多糖粉剂和注射剂对雏鸡免疫功能和生长的影响比较

以黄芪多糖粉剂、黄芪多糖注射液作为免疫增强剂，以盐酸左旋咪唑为药物对照，通过给雏鸡添饲黄芪多糖粉剂和肌内注射黄芪多糖注射液后观察其对雏鸡免疫功能和生产性能的影响。结果表明，黄芪多糖粉剂、黄芪多糖注射液和盐酸左旋咪唑对雏鸡均有较好的免疫增强作用，黄芪多糖粉剂和黄芪多糖注射液在促进新城疫抗体效价方面作用相似，与盐酸左旋咪唑作用效果差别较小；在提高增重和E玫瑰花环形成率方面黄芪多糖粉剂和黄芪多糖注射液效果相当，但均优于盐酸左旋咪唑。     

The effect of dipping on parasitic and free-living populations of Amblyomma hebraeum on a farm and on an adjacent nature reserve

Domestic stock on a farm 30 km north of Grahamstown were treated with an acaricide at regular intervals over a period of several years. This resulted in a marked reduction in all stages of development of Amblyomma hebraeum on kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) and helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) which were on the farm compared with the burdens of similar animals in an adjacent nature reserve. The populations of free-living larvae of A. hebraeum on this farm and on another farm 10 km south of Grahamstown, on which the domestic stock were also regularly treated with acaricides, were markedly reduced when a comparison was made with the free-living populations in the adjoining nature reserves.     

壳聚糖对罗非鱼营养生理学作用的研究

壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰基后的降解产物,具有抗微生物活性、激活淋巴细胞、提高免疫力、调节脂     

硅藻土共固定化淀粉酶和糖化酶的研究

以糖化酶和α-淀粉酶为双酶体系、硅藻土为载体,用吸附法同时固定了这两种酶,得到的最适的共固定化条件为硅藻土(g):糖化酶(U):淀粉酶(U)=1:100:160,pH值4.5～5.0,温度5～15℃左右,缓冲液为柠檬酸缓冲液。共固定化酶的性质为:最适pH值为5.0;最适温度为55℃;米氏常数Km=16.830mg/ml;最大反应速率Vmax=1.500mg(/ml·min),其稳定性良好。     

VC及其与β-葡聚糖混合物对中国明对虾生长和免疫功能的影响

在基础饲料(未加VC)中分别添加0.030%VC(试验组1)、0.045%VC(试验组2)、0.030%VC+0.05%β-葡聚糖(试验组3)、0.030%VC+0.10%β-葡聚糖(试验组4),以基础饲料为对照组,饲喂中国明对虾幼虾[初始体重(0.065±0.010)g],经过室内网箱(50cm×60cm×120cm)40d的饲养试验,测定中国明对虾幼虾成活率、相对增长(重)率、免疫保护率及肌肉中ACP、CAT、SOD、LSZ活性。结果表明,试验组1的相对增长率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验组4的相对增长(重)率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);试验组的成活率与对照组相比无显著差异;试验组2和组4的ACP活性分别显著、极显著高于对照组;试验组1和组2的CAT活性显著高于对照组;试验组4的LSZ和SOD活性显著高于对照组;试验组的免疫保护效果好于对照组。     

冷、热应激对水禽的影响及营养调控研究进展

应激可通过神经-体液相关激素的基因和蛋白质、肠道微生物群、脂质氧化等,影响水禽的生理状态和生产性能,导致经济损失.水禽常见的应激包括热应激和冷应激.生产上可以通过控制环境温度、在饲粮中添加营养物质缓解水禽冷、热应激.文章以鸭、鹅为水禽代表,对冬、夏季节水禽生产中面临的冷、热应激主要的影响机制及营养调控措施进行综述,旨在...     

受精素在精卵结合与融合中作用的研究进展

哺乳动物的受精过程是一个十分复杂的动态过程,在这一过程中,精子表面的膜蛋白发挥着重要作用。受精素α和β是精子表面的膜蛋白,也是精子表面的特异性抗原。研究发现小鼠和人的受精素基因分别位于5号和8号染色体,只在睾丸中特异性表达。受精素β在精子成熟前分布于整个头部,要在附睾成熟后受精素只分布于头后部区域。受精素β基因敲除的小鼠精子与卵细胞的结合能力明显下降,特异性抗体的抑制作用及合成肽竞争性抑制作用可以抑制精卵结合。受精素β通过去整合素与卵细胞表面的整合素结合,在精卵细胞的结合中发挥着重要的作用。精卵质膜的融合主要是由Izumo蛋白完成。     

槟榔碱提取分离工艺的研究及其含量测定

用稀盐酸从槟榔生药中提取槟榔碱（Arecoline）,将提取物依次用乙醚、高浓度酒精溶解过滤,然后和适量的氢溴酸反应制成氢溴酸盐,用薄层层析鉴定氢溴酸槟榔碱,用高效液相测定其含量,熔点熔程法鉴定纯度。结果稀盐酸提取法提取槟榔碱在成本和提取率方面均明显优于高浓度酒精提取法。     

党参茎叶黄芪粉对鸡免疫增强作用的研究

为了研究党参茎叶黄芪粉对鸡的免疫增强作用,本试验对党参茎叶黄芪粉在体外和体内对提高鸡细胞免疫和体液免疫作用进行了研究。体外试验,首先测定了党参茎叶黄芪粉对鸡外周血淋巴细胞的安全浓度,然后在安全浓度下测定党参茎叶黄芪粉对外周血T淋巴细胞增殖的影响。体内试验,将党参茎叶黄芪粉分7个剂量饮水给药于雏鸡,另设药物对照组和空白对照组,观察其对新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡的免疫增强作用及对鸡的体重的影响。结果显示,党参茎叶黄芪粉对鸡淋巴细胞的最大安全浓度为7.813μg·mL~(-1),在7.813～0.016μg·mL~(-1)范围内单独能显著刺激淋巴细胞增殖,在7.813～1.953μg·mL~(-1)范围内能协同植物血凝素(PHA)显著刺激T淋巴细胞增殖。体内试验表明,0.1%的党参茎叶黄芪粉能显著提高血清抗体效价从而增强体液免疫,并能提高日均增重,对鸡的生长和健康无不良影响。研究表明,党参茎叶黄芪粉在体外对鸡外周血T淋巴细胞有较强的细胞增殖作用;党参茎叶黄芪粉以0.1%比例饮水配合新城疫疫苗免疫雏鸡的效果最好,可以作为临床试验的最佳剂量。     

笼养和地面平养对肉鸡生产性能的影响

分别于夏季采用7日龄AA肉鸡公雏264只,春季采用7日龄AA肉鸡和北京油鸡公雏各144只,分成2组,每组6个重复,进行地面平养和笼养生产性能比较试验,结果表明:夏季笼养AA肉鸡2～4周龄日增重低于地面平养(P<0.05),5周龄时高于地面平养(P<0.01);春季笼养AA肉鸡2周龄日增重、日采食量和体重高于地面平养(P<0.05);但笼养对AA肉鸡全期平均日采食量、平均日增重、试验末体重、饲料转化率、死亡率没有影响(P>0.05)。笼养北京油鸡表现为3～6周龄平均日采食量、体重高于地面平养(P<0.05),笼养对北京油鸡平均日增重、饲料转化率和死亡率没有影响(P>0.05)。     

蜂花粉干燥温度和时间对其活性和水份影响的初步研究

本实验以新鲜蜂花粉为材料，通过不同的干燥温度和时间的处理，测定其活性。以初步探求干燥温度、时间对蜂花粉活性的影响。实验结果表明：蜂花粉活性与干燥温度、时问有密切的关系，在适宜的范围内，呈现出负相关的现象。     

益生菌对畜禽健康的影响及作用机制研究进展

益生菌是一种通过改善肠道菌群平衡而对动物机体进行调节的活性微生物。近年来,益生菌作为微生物饲料添加剂广泛运用于动物生产中。就益生菌对畜禽生产性能、畜产品品质等方面的影响及可能的作用机制进行了综述,旨在为其今后在畜牧生产上的科学应用提供参考。