巴巴安对杏树花期抗寒性及坐果率的影响

为了研究既能减轻杏树花期低温伤害而又无毒无害的化学防寒手段,就巴巴安在杏树花期的抗寒作用进行了室内试验,并就巴巴安对杏树坐果率的影响情况进行了田间试验。室内试验以凯特杏半开花朵为试材,以室温下无巴巴安处理为对照,设巴巴安的浓度分别为0、10、50、100、150、200 mg.L-1,试材处理后置于0℃恒温箱中培养4 h;田间试验以7年生张公园、骆驼黄、凯特品种为试材,以喷清水为对照,设巴巴安的浓度分别为2、10、50、100 mg.L-1,于初花期喷施。室内试验结果表明:0℃低温对杏花有严重的伤害,但一定浓度巴巴安的处理可使其雌蕊形态的伤害程度明显减轻,且有降低其呼吸强度,稳定膜结构,提高雌蕊SOD、POD活性,降低MDA含量的作用。田间试验结果表明:喷施一定浓度的巴巴安可以极显著地提高供试品种的坐果率,但不同品种的适宜浓度有别。综合试验结果表明:巴巴安可以用作减轻杏树花期低温伤害、提高杏花产量的化学手段。     

不同杏树品种的抗寒性比较

以3个不同杏品种为对象,研究了它们不同器官的抗寒性能。通过对各杏树品种不同低温及低温持续时间下的抗寒性能比较,表明沙金红杏树品种在抗寒性能上明显优于山黄杏和金荷包两个杏树品种。研究结果还表明,3个杏树品种花蕾的抗寒性大于花瓣。此外,不同低温处理下,过氧化物酶(POD)活性与抗寒性关系的研究结果则表明,沙金红杏树品种的POD酶活性一直保持高于其他两杏树品种的水平。     

仁用杏花果期有效抵御晚霜的方法研究

目前仁用杏生产中存在的最大问题是开花早,花期和幼果期易遭受晚霜、寒流的危害,引起冻花冻果现象的发生,导致减产甚至绝收。为了解决仁用杏生产上易受霜冻危害的问题,以仁用杏主栽品种‘优一’为试验材料,研究了喷施抗冻剂1,2-丙二醇、1,2-丙二醇+葡萄糖的混合液、金硅谷和灵护防冻液和水杨酸、施肥、柴堆熏烟处理对仁用杏抗抵御晚霜能力的影响情况,从中筛选出了能有效增强仁用杏抵御晚霜能力的处理方法。结果表明:在其盛果期的采果之后,每株施有机肥10~15 kg或者复合肥1.0~1.5 kg,不仅能促进仁用杏树势的生长,提高其来年的花果质量,而且能有效减轻晚霜的危害,使其在幼果期的冻果率减少50%左右;在霜冻来临之前,喷施2~3次20%~30%的1,2-丙二醇溶液与10%的葡萄糖溶液的混合液,可使其在花期或幼果期能抵抗5~8 h以上、-5℃以下的低温,能使其在幼果期的抗冻率提高80%以上,且对仁用杏花朵(花瓣、雌蕊、子房、雄蕊)和幼果均不会造成伤害,也不影响仁用杏的坐果率。试验结果表明,这两种方法操作简单,低成本,农民容易掌握,易于生产中大范围内推广。     

冬季低温下水杨酸对榕树幼株生长的影响

在低温胁迫下,浓度为0.3 mmol/L的水杨酸显著提高了植株的根系活力;经浓度为0.3 mmol/L和0.6 mmol/L水杨酸处理后,降低了榕树幼株叶片的细胞膜相对透性及膜脂过氧化作用的最终产物丙二醛含量,且随着水杨酸浓度的增加都呈现出逐渐降低的趋势;水杨酸处理提高了榕树幼株的根系活力及超氧化物歧化酶、愈创木酚过氧化物酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,且随着水杨酸浓度的增加都呈现出先升高后降低的趋势。     

甘肃景泰杏芽瘿发生规律研究初报

在甘肃景泰危害杏树的杏芽瘿是梅下毛瘿螨,1年发生10代以上,世代重叠。在18℃左右,若螨期5～6d,成螨期3～4d,卵期5～6d,完成一个世代需13～16d。通过室外群体发育进程的观察和室内单体饲养,结果基本一致。在调查的6个杏树品种中,＂安宁18＂受害最重,其次为曹杏、张公园和兰州大接杏,受害最轻的为金太阳杏、凯特杏。一般多年生老杏园、管理粗放的杏园受害较重,幼龄杏园、管理精细的杏园受害较轻。     

杏树防冻害试验

杏树花期时,早春气温变化大,寒流、晚霜等灾害天气袭击较频,常引起杏树花朵、幼果冻害,导致杏树减产甚至绝产,所以,早春冻害是制约杏树丰产、稳产的主要因素。我县果农一直沿用灌水等传统方法防冻,延迟花期,不利于早上市,而薰烟法防冻效果不稳定。为探索杏树防冻的新方法,我们用果树专用型天达2116对2002年春引种的凯特杏树进行了防冻害试验,结果表明,天达2116在杏树防冻害方面完全优于薰烟,达到了试验目的。1试验园基本情况试验小区设在冉固镇聂庄行政村北13.3hm2杏园内,土壤为潮土、中壤,PH值7.5,地势平坦,土层深厚,90cm以下有10cm的胶泥…     

八仙花组培苗促成栽培

研究应用多效唑调控八仙花2年生组培苗的生长发育,以及利用兰州地区的自然环境条件,在户外自然低温条件下打破花芽休眠,以期将八仙花的花期提前到春节前后。结果表明:7月中旬以质量浓度100~150 m g/L的多效唑溶液对八仙花组织培养苗进行叶面喷施,对其营养生长抑制作用强,有利于其花芽分化。同年11月1日至10日将经过40 d户外自然低温(0~8℃)处理的试验苗移入节能日光温室开始催花,催花起初温度为10℃,以后逐渐升温至25℃左右,春节前正好开花,开花率达到100%,株型美观、花色艳丽,促成栽培效果好且成本低。     

杏花粉萌芽率与生命力测定及大棚杏花期授粉试验

杏树是一种投资少、易管理的果树 ,但存在着产量不稳的问题。这除与管理有关外 ,授粉授精不良是造成低坐果率的重要原因之一。大棚杏的花期 ,一般早于自然界 30～ 6 0天 ,天气比较寒冷 ,棚内杏花基本与外界隔绝 ,露地栽培条件下 ,能自然授粉丰产的机会又被剥夺。为此 ,研究杏树花粉的萌芽率与生命力及大棚杏花期授粉 ,从而提高座果率 ,是取得大棚杏高产稳产的重要措施之一。1　材料与方法1.1　不同品种的花粉萌芽率测定采集果实发育期短 ,已成功进行大棚栽培且已进入盛果期 (5年生 )的红荷苞、二花曹、车头杏、金星、红玉杏、白水杏、玛瑙杏…     

鲜食杏保护地栽培技术

鲜食杏是深受人们喜爱的传统果品,其成熟期正值春夏之交,可很好弥补水果淡季市场的供应。鲜食杏易受晚霜危害,通过保护地栽培可避免杏树晚霜危害,解决杏树花期受冻问题。鲜食杏保护地栽培技术主要包括:园地选择、设施的建造、品种选择、授粉树的配置、扣棚后的管理和病虫害的防治等。     

鲜食杏保护地栽培技术

鲜食杏是深受人们喜爱的传统果品，其成熟期正值眷夏之交，可很好弥补水果淡季市场的供应。鲜食杏易受晚霜危害，通过保护地栽培可避免杏树晚霜危害，解决杏树花期受冻问题。鲜食杏保护地栽培技术主要包括：园地选择、设施的建造、品种选择、授粉树的配置、扣棚后的管理和病虫害的防治等。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.