我国农药管理工作进展和目标

目前,全国正在开展深入学习实践科学发展观的活动,科学发展观的第一要务是发展,核心是以人为本,基本要求是全面协调可持续发展,根本方法是统筹兼顾。农药是特殊产品,农药产业是特殊产业,更要模范落实科学发展     

制订茶叶专营店标准，迫在眉睫

标准,现代汉语词典的解释是：衡量事物的准则。这是概括性的阐述。说明了标准处于各个事物的核心地位．是准则。标准是规范某个行业的保证,是顺利开展工作的前提。制订标准,是各行各业的工作要求。     

2007年道真植保机防队的组建、模式、运行及存在的问题

机防队在道真县已运行了多年,但从多年的运行中,2007年是最为理想的一年,一是组建的代表性强,二是组建的规格高,三是开展的社会效益好,四是机防队自身收入多,五是对机防队管理到岗到位.     

再论"绿洲"

目前,学术界对绿洲是什么,给出了许多答案,因而使绿洲的研究陷入分散和止步不前的境地。绿洲的概念和定义是绿洲研究的基本问题,应该首先回答:绿洲是什么物体;绿洲是怎样形成的;绿洲是依靠什么生存和发展演化的三个科学问题。系统论和发生学的观点认为,绿洲是人工生物群落;绿洲是干旱气候条件下特有的,由人为建造的植物群落,或称特有的地理景观;绿洲是依靠人的能力和需求而生存和发展的。     

茶叶末

柴米油盐酱醋茶,开门七件事．达官贵人需要,平民百姓也需要。区别是达官吃的、用的好些,平民的丑些。就拿茶叶来说,有钱人享用的是龙井、碧螺春,再者是乌龙茶、铁观音,都是有名有姓的,     

江西百合根螨发生为害与防治

百合是一种很有价值的特种经济作物,百合花也是名花之一。鳞茎味美可作蔬菜,也可作药用,是一种滋补品,富含淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪及多种人体所需的维生素,是出口创汇的物资。     

陇东黄土高原冬季积温对冬小麦生育期的影响

采用陇东15个气象站1965～2005年冬季积温和1981～2005年环县、西峰、平凉代表站小麦发育期的资料,分析了冬小麦发育期的变化规律,探讨了冬季积温对冬小麦发育期的影响.结果表明,陇东冬季积温2000年以来持续为正距平,1965～2005年积温增加率为4.5℃·d/a,陇东冬小麦发育期1994年以后基本持续变早.3个代表站的冬季积温与冬小麦各发育期呈负相关,西峰的相关性明显,最显著的是返青期,其次是抽穗期,再是起身期.冬小麦平均发育期冬季积温典型偏高年份比典型偏低年份均早,环县最明显的是全生育期提前了17 d,其次是开花期提前了15 d, 再是起身期提前了12 d,西峰最明显的是全生育期提前了21 d,其次是起身期提前了19 d,再是返青期提前了17 d,平凉最明显的是开花、乳熟期均提前了7 d,其次是起身期提前了6 d,再是孕穗、抽穗期提前了5 d.     

黔南州农作物病虫害专业化机防队的调查与思考

农作物病虫害专业化统防统治,是按照现代农业发展的要求,遵循"预防为主、综合防治"的植保方针,由具有一定植保专业技能人员组成的服务组织,是利用先进的设备和手段,开展社会化、规模化、集约化农作物病虫害防治服务的行为。植保机防队是农作物病虫害专业化统防统治的重要载体,是保障农产品质量安全和农业生态环境安全的有效途径,是提     

种子知识讲座

28、谁是种子生产者? 种子生产者是指具有生产资格,有生产种子的权利、通过组织生产、对最终产品质量负责的单位或个人,不一定是具体从事种子生产的单位或个人.比如某种子公司到某地组织种子生产,具体承担生产的可能是若干户农民或者某个单位,但种子生产者指的是该种子公司.     

2011年德国农药市场特点

德国位于欧洲中部,东邻波兰、捷克,南接奥地利、瑞士,西接荷兰、比利时、卢森堡、法国,北接丹麦,濒临北海和波罗的海,是欧洲邻国最多的国家。德国国土面积35.7万平方公里,其中53.5%用于农业,29.5%是森林,12.3%用于居住和交通,1.8%是水域,2.9%是荒地。德国是农药行业的发源地,1892年研发了首个化学农药,拥有德国巴斯夫公司和德国拜耳作     

伊犁野果林植物多样性及其保护

在中国仅分布于新疆伊犁，塔城等地的天山野果林是苹果，核桃，杏，李等多种果树的起源地之一，新疆野苹果，野核桃，野巴旦均已被列为中国濒危二级保护植物。根据多年的调查和采集，初步统计分布在伊犁野果林中仅种子植物就有４３０余种，其中野生果树植物有７科１７属４８种，此外还分布有许多苔藓类，地衣类以及大型真菌等丰富的微生物资源，野果林又是多种鸟类和动物活动，繁衍的优良栖息地。     

天山云杉倒木的持水特性

倒木在森林生态系统尤其是山地森林生态系统的水文功能和水土保育功能等方面具有重要的作用。为了解天山云杉（Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica）倒木的持水特性和其对天山林区水文功能的影响,沿天山山脉由西至东选取跨越9个经度的5个地区（昭苏、新源、呼图壁、天池和奇台）分别进行取样,运用浸泡模拟法测定天山云杉倒木的吸水过程和持水能力。结果表明：① 天山云杉倒木的吸水过程在5个地区随着浸泡时间的推移,其持水量、持水率和持水能力均随着腐解等级的升高而增加。在浸泡吸水过程中天山云杉倒木的持水量(Q)随着浸泡时间(t)的增加而增加,两者的关系可用Q=aln t+b来拟合。② 浸泡过程中天山云杉倒木吸水速率(V)随着浸泡时间(t)的增加而呈下降的趋势,两者的关系可用V=c t^-d来拟合。③ 天山云杉倒木持水能力(Q′)与腐解等级(x)的关系可用方程Q′=ex²+fx+g来拟合。天山林区5个地区的天山云杉倒木的持水特性存在明显的差异,该成果为进一步开展天山林区水文功能性研究奠定了基础。     

Relationship of species diversity between overstory trees and understory herbs along the environmental gradients in the Tianshan Wild Fruit Forests,Northwest China

In forest ecosystems, interactions between overstory trees and understory herbs play an important role in driving plant species diversity. However, reported links between overstory tree and understory herb species diversity have been inconsistent, due to variations in forest types and environmental conditions. Here, we measured species richness (SR) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener (H') and Simpson's (D) indices) of overstory trees and understory herbs in the protected Tianshan Wild Fruit Forest (TWFF), Northwest China, to explore their relationships along the latitudinal, longitudinal, elevational, and climatic (current climate and paleoclimate) gradients in 2018. We found that SR, and H' and D diversity indices of overstory trees and understory herbs exhibited a unimodal pattern with increasing latitude and elevation (P<0.05) and negative associations with longitude (P<0.01). Along the climatic gradients, there were U-shaped patterns in SR, and H' and D diversity indices between trees and herbs (P<0.05). SR, and H' and D diversity indices for overstory tree species were positively associated with those for understory herbs (P<0.01). These findings indicate that overstory trees and understory herbs should be protected concurrently in the TWFF to increase effectiveness of species diversity conservation programs.     

天山野果林塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌的鉴定

为了解新疆天山野果林中塞威士苹果Malus sieversii与其林下伴生植物短距凤仙花Impatiens brachycentra两种植物叶斑病病原菌的多样性及同源性,采用组织分离法获得病原菌,基于rDNA-ITS序列构建系统发育树,并进行ITS序列BLAST同源性比对,对病原菌进行鉴定分类,并依据科赫氏法则测定致病性。结果显示,从新疆新源县天山野果林中的塞威士苹果及短距凤仙花病叶上共分离得到18株菌落形态各异的病原菌,分属于2属4种,绝大多数属于半知菌亚门。其中,链格孢属Alternaria sp.为塞威士苹果和短距凤仙花叶斑病病原真菌中的优势菌群。致病性测定结果显示,其中11株病原真菌对塞威士苹果具有致病性,7株病原真菌对短距凤仙花具有致病性;塞威士苹果所有的病原真菌对短距凤仙花均有致病性,而且短距凤仙花所有的病原真菌对塞威士苹果也有致病性。推测2种植物叶斑病可能由相同来源的病原真菌引发,短距凤仙花染病加剧了塞威士苹果叶斑病暴发,可能是野果林退化的重要原因。     

天然林中不同径级新疆野苹果的光合能力

研究新疆天山野果林建群种新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）光合生理特性,对于该种群保育及其生态功能评价具有重要意义。通过野外测定新疆新源天然野果林中不同径级64株新疆野苹果南向枝条上部叶和下部叶饱和光强下的净光合速率（A）、气孔导度（g_s）和比叶面积（SLA）。结果表明：随着径级增加,上部叶和下部叶的A_area、A_mass显著增加。g_s随径级的增加先增加再降低,在径级Ⅲ（树干0.5 m高处直径25~35 cm）时达最大。上部叶比下部叶有着高的A_area、A_mass和g_s。回归分析表明：随着树干直径增加,A_area和g_s呈二次多项式增加,A_mass呈线性增加。SLA随径级增加变化不显著,上部叶SLA显著低于下部叶。上部叶的A_area高于下部叶,但由于SLA显著减小,在A_mass上两者差异减小。随g_s增加,上部叶Aarea呈幂函数增加,下部叶A_area呈二次多项式增加。      

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

新疆伊犁与哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群年龄结构

人类活动和自然环境的胁迫加速了中亚地区新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]种群栖息环境的丧失，新疆野苹果种群面积和生存力趋于下降。本文以第三纪孑遗植物新疆野苹果(M. sieversii)为研究对象，野外系统调查新疆野苹果种群的生存现状，比较新疆伊犁和哈萨克斯坦分布的新疆野苹果种群年龄结构及果实产量，对两地当前新疆野苹果种群变化进行了分析。研究结果显示：当前伊犁地区和20世纪70年代哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群的龄级结构主要以中龄(15~50 cm)树为主，而幼龄(0~15 cm)与老龄(50~75 cm)树较少。1969年和1970年哈萨克斯坦的新疆野苹果种群生存力最弱，种群为衰退型(Deevey-Ⅲ)，但其产量较高；2016年和2017年伊犁的新疆野苹果种群生存力相对较弱，种群趋于衰退(Deevey-Ⅲ)，产量较低；2013年哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果种群生存力相对最强，种群最稳定(Deevey-Ⅱ)；幼龄个体的缺乏是新疆野苹果种群趋于衰退的关键因子。目前在哈萨克斯坦新疆野苹果保护区内需进行适当放牧干扰，以扩大种子的传播，提高种子的萌发；新疆地区以建立保护区为主，杜绝新疆野苹果的采收和降低野果林内的割草强度，以保护幼苗的生存数量，提高新疆野苹果的种子库，加快新疆野苹果种群更新。     

Spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees in a narrow valley in the western Tianshan Mountains,China

Malus sieversii (wild apple tree), only distributed in the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia, is a tertiary relic species and an ancestral species of cultivated apples. However, existing natural populations of wild apple trees have been declining. To date, spatiotemporal variations in the growth status of declining wild apple trees and influencing factors in the narrow valley areas in the Tianshan Mountains remain unclear. In this study, field investigation and sampling were carried out in three years (2016-2018) at four elevations (1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 m) in the Qiaolakesai Valley (a typical longitudinal narrow valley in the Yili River Valley) of the western Tianshan Mountains in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Projective coverage, dead branch percentage, and 18 twig traits (these 20 parameters were collectively referred to as plant traits) were determined to comprehensively reflect the growth status of declining wild apple trees. The values of dead branch percentage ranged from 36% to 59%, with a mean of 40%. Year generally showed higher impact on plant traits than elevation. In 2017 and 2018, projective coverage, leaf size, leaf nitrogen concentration, and nitrogen to phosphorous ratio were markedly higher than those in 2016. However, dead branch percentage and leaf and stem phosphorous concentrations showed the opposite trend. Most of the topological parameters of plant trait networks differed in the three years, but the strength of trait-trait association increased year by year. The mean difference between day and night temperatures (MDT), annual accumulative precipitation, soil electrical conductivity, and soil pH had the greatest impact on the plant trait matrix. The growth status of declining wild apple trees was directly and positively affected by MDT and leaf size. In conclusion, the growth of declining wild apple trees distributed in the narrow valley areas was more sensitive to interannual environmental changes than elevation changes. The results are of great significance for further revealing the decline mechanism of wild apple trees in the Tianshan Mountains.     

Environmental factors influencing snowfall and snowfall prediction in the Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

Snowfall is one of the dominant water resources in the mountainous regions and is closely related to the development of the local ecosystem and economy. Snowfall predication plays a critical role in understanding hydrological processes and forecasting natural disasters in the Tianshan Mountains, where meteorological stations are limited. Based on climatic, geographical and topographic variables at 27 meteorological stations during the cold season(October to April) from 1980 to 2015 in the Tianshan Mountains located in Xinjiang of Northwest China, we explored the potential influence of these variables on snowfall and predicted snowfall using two methods: multiple linear regression(MLR) model(a conventional measuring method) and random forest(RF) model(a non-parametric and non-linear machine learning algorithm). We identified the primary influencing factors of snowfall by ranking the importance of eight selected predictor variables based on the relative contribution of each variable in the two models. Model simulations were compared using different performance indices and the results showed that the RF model performed better than the MLR model, with a much higher R~2 value(R~2=0.74; R~2, coefficient of determination) and a lower bias error(RSR=0.51; RSR, the ratio of root mean square error to standard deviation of observed dataset). This indicates that the non-linear trend is more applicable for explaining the relationship between the selected predictor variables and snowfall. Relative humidity, temperature and longitude were identified as three of the most important variables influencing snowfall and snowfall prediction in both models, while elevation, aspect and latitude were of secondary importance, followed by slope and wind speed. These results will be beneficial to understand hydrological modeling and improve management and prediction of water resources in the Tianshan Mountains.     

赣江源自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值初步评价

森林是地球上重要的生态系统,森林的生态系统服务功能价值非常丰富,而且是人类赖以生存的基础。采用直接市场法、成本法、替代工程法、碳税法等方法,对江西省赣江源自然保护区的森林生态系统服务功能价值进行分析和评估。结果表明：赣江源自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能总价值为（75．59-760．05）亿元,其中,林产品价值为0．02亿元,森林休闲游憩价值为2．08亿元,森林涵养水源价值为（1．40-675．00）亿元,森林土壤保持价值为49．56亿元,森林C02固定价值为（7．23-26．19）亿元,森林02释放价值为（7．20-15．30）亿元等。可以看出,林产品价值和森林休闲游憩价值在森林生态系统服务功能总价值中所占比例较小,表明赣江源自然保护区可开发利用的功能价值潜力巨大。赣江源自然保护区作为赣江流域的源头区,对整个流域的生态环境都具有重要作用和影响,因此,应该建立源头区的生态补偿机制,加强自然保护区的保护和生态环境建设,维持森林生态系统服务功能的完整性,实现社会经济的可持续发展。